A) was – squash watt – wand

PRE-UNIT The A B C

A a [ ei ] B b [ bi: ] C c [ si: ] D d [ di: ] E e [ i: ] F f [ ef ] G g [ dζi: ] H h [ eit∫ ] I i [ ai ] J j [ dζei ] K k [ kei ] L l [ el ] M m [ em ]

N n [en] O o [ oυ ] P p [ pi: ] Q q [ kjυ: ] R r [ a: ] S s [ es ] T t [ ti: ] U u [ jυ: ] V v [ vi: ] W w [ 'dΛbl 'jυ: ] X x [ eks ] Y y [ ωai ] Z z [ zed ]

Таблица чтения гласных

закрытый слог	открытый слог	Гласные буквы	гласная + r	гласная + re
[ æ ] bag	[ ei ] make	A a	[ a: ] car	[ e¶ ] care
[ e ] pen	[ i: ] Pete	E e	[ ¶: ] her	[ i¶ ] here
[ o ] not	[ oυ ] no, rose	O o	[ o: ] north	[ o: ] more
[ Λ ] but	[ jυ: ] due, cube	U u	[ ¶: ] turn	[ jυ¶ ] cure
[ i ] little, gym	[ ai ] time, cry	I, Y	[ ¶: ] bird, myrtle	[ ai¶ ] wire, tyre

UNIT 1

1. открытый слог [ ei ] A a- закрытый слог [ æ ]	blame, fame, vale, blade, tape, lane, make, pale, sake, ale, hate sat, lamp, bad, fan, pan, lad, sand, van
2. открытый слог [ i: ] E e- закрытый слог [ e ]	eve, me, mete, Pete, bee net, lend, pen, spent, bent, left, let, bed, men, ten, best, rest, step
3. открытый слог [ oυ ] O o- закрытый слог [ o ]	so, no, stone, sole, zone, dome, nose, slope, rose, go lot, stop, not, on, off, spot, odd, slot, doll, dot, soft
4. [ s ] перед e, i, y C c- [ k ] перед a, o, u; в конце слова	centre, space, 'sentence, cent can, case, cor'rect, cone, cat
5. [ g ] передa, o, u в начале слова G g - [ dζ ] перед e, i, y	gale, god, grim, 'gossip, glad, gas, got [е] [i] [¶:] page, gym, 'gypsy, 'gentle But: get, give, girl

1 а) tram bag pan tramp pram mass grand ram drag lass

b) date

late

plate

state

skate

fate made trade wade safe

c) graze – braze – craze

maze – mane – dame

ale – sale – make

ape – tape – plate

ace – cape – crape

ate – tale – trade

save – sale – same

d) pan – pane flat – late

can – cane bat – bate

Sam – same hat – hate

tram – tame glad – glade

man – mane mat – mate

rat – rate lamp – lane

tap – tape fat – flake

Test yourself: blame, pale, mate, fate, make, fame, lamp, stamp, lake, bad, late, plan, ale, date, vale, bat, nave, tape, pan, fan, blade, lane, cake, brake, wake, flake, cape, Sam, tram, can, bake, tack, glad, hat, maze, grace, trace, skate, sad, bag, Ann, game sat, lamp.

2 a) trek pen Nell b) met – mete fence – Eve

stress press leg pet – Pete mend – Mede

mess left keg bed – be met - mete

hem dress peg bell – grebe zed – zee

lest stem egg wed – Swede melt – bede

beg spell desk cent – grebe

c) pen – pan men – man ten – tan

bed – bad leg – lag beg – bag

end – and lend – land deb – damp

met – mat bed – bat fet – fat

d) bat – bet – bade ass – mess – mace man – men – mane

bad – bed – bade dam – den – dam cab – ken – cane

flat – let – late pan – pen – pane lamp – led – lane

3 a) home – Rome prone – strove spoke – coke

bone – cone tone – phone broke – stoke

no – stone robe – rope dome – nose

strove – grove probe – grope home – rose

code – vote lode – note tone – close

smoke – woke lobe – lope pole – vote

b) trod pond prod prop smog

moss grog loss drop dot

lost stop bog spot loss

c) boss – broke cross – loss hop – hope blob – lobe

not – note stoke – coke mop – mope nod – node

mock – smoke rod – rode cod – code pop – pope

d) Oh, no! Go home alone! Don’t go slow. Don’t go slowly, Joe. Don’t go slowly, Joe, there is no snow. Don’t go slowly, Joe, there’s no snow on the road.

4 a) can act coŕrect camp clap

cat fact cost club crop

b) cent space trace cist place

ace nice ice cell pencil

face cell 'pencil price

c) cab – cad – cam cum – scum – cut

can – camp – cap fence – pence

cob – cod – con hence – trace

clog – crop – cop lance – trame

5 a) gem – gee b) gap – gas – gad

gest – gell got – god – gob

age – rage golf – glad – grab

page – strange grog – gloss – goblin

gentle – range

'gypsy [ 'dζipsi ]

c) bad – lag – hag – brag – crag

beg – leg – keg – clog – peg

big – pig – brig – Greg – big

bog – log – hog – fog – flog

Test yourself:'sentence, 'gypsy, range, cent, cor'rect, snow, bade, scene, rage, since, 'local, cell, smoke, code, probe, centre, glad, spent, lend, cape, mete, desk, late, hate, cane, bed, camp, page, age, crag, beg, 'traffic, hence, face, land, lace, hand, place, stop, Rome, close, test, rode, can, drive, cake, tent, page, state, pole, brake, code, lake, damp, tell, came, stand, trace, Celt, cent.

UNIT 2

6.Y y - [ j ] в начале слова	yes, yet, yell, yelp, yoke
7. открытый слог [ ai ] I, Y- закрытый слог [ i ]	by, dye, my, tie, size, mine, fine, dive, style, pine, like, time, tyke, bye, dyke, type, life if, nip, tip, fit, tin, kid, tint, is, did, 'system
8. открытый слог [ jυ: ] U u- [ υ: ] после r, l, j закрытый слог [ L ]	cube, rule, mule, use, Hume, rude, brume, June, junior nut, but, cut, bus, sum, hug, luck, brush But: buzy [ 'bizi ], study [ 'stΛdi ]
9. ck - [ k ]	lick, lack, stick, nick, black, sack, deck, pack, clock, stuck

6 a) yes – yet bell – yell

you – yoke elm – yelp

yam – yak end – yes

7a) it – did nip – nib trip – big

bit – bid rip – rib strip – pin

it – lid strip – trim miss – print

kit – kid pin – bin him – grip

prim – brim prill – brill list – still

b) by style tyke fly – sly

my dyke type fry – pry

cry syce Tyke my – dry

c) file – tile mile – pile rid – ride tie – die

fine – dine lime – crime grid – bride bye – dye

pipe – ripe gripe – stripe scrip – scribe lie – pie

ride – side bride – pride mince – mine lye – rye

drive – wife strive – wife wince – wine

8 a) use – fuse – cute brume – Rome mule – mole

mute – fume – Hume rule – role Hume – home

cube – tube prune – prone fume – bone

huge – mule –due tune – tone huge – cola

b) Bruce – spruce plume – flute price – spruce

rune – prune flute – fluke rise – ruse

Hume – brume fluke – plume scribe – cube

prude – brute fly – flute rice – truce

rude – crude ply – plume due – huge

fly – rude dry – dune pro'duce – oppor'tu-

nity

c) cub – cube tub – tube huge – cute

hug – huge tune – truce tune – mule

cut – cute luck – Luke dune – spruce rug – glue

rud – rude nut – true suck – stuck duck – duke

run – rune rut – dug struck – cut brush – Brume

plum – plume bus – blue sum – mule luck – fluke

rub – rule rub – rude 'under dull – duke

d) 'customer, pro'duction, 'study, 'under, 'uncle, 'unit, un'like, un'til, up, up'set, up-to-day

a) pack – stack – slack Nick – stick – click deck – neck – reck duck – stuck – struck lock – clock – block

b) click – fleck – clock – cluck – clack dick – deck – dock – duck – back sick – neck – sock – suck – sack lick – lock – luck – lack – Luke

Test yourself: by, dye, my, tie, but, if, nip, tip, system, fit, mine, gum, fine, dive, tin, style, pine, fun, tug, life, lift, sin, pipe, tide, kid, like, time, up, tint, tyke, bye, dyke, yelp, dike, did, nine, type, life, slip, bug, dip, lid, mill, kill, like, file, smile, try, glade, glide, globe, dame, dime, dome, plug, grape, ripe, rope, stale, style, stole, huge, raze, yoke, rose, tape, type, cup, trope, bug, lug, nut, cock, left, page, deck, run, big, tube, study, cone, me, sunny, luck, rule, dry, since, mince, past, flask, vast.

UNIT 3

10. [ υ: ] перед m, l, n oo- k, t [ υ ]	fool, spoon, soon, tool, pool, too, zoo look, took, hook, good, brook, book, foot
11. j dge - [ dζ ]	just, June, jet, Jeff, Jam, Jack, jazz, jig badge, lodge, bridge
12. sh- [ ò]	she, shall, shop, ship, shape, fish, dish, fresh, ship
13. ch в словах англ. происхождения - [ tò ] tch	chest, check, inch, lynch, chap, chill, such, match, latch, ditch, catch, snatch, hatch, scratch, chop, chess

10 a) bug – book b) good – hook

hug – hook stood – took

tug – took foot – book

nut – nook wood – look

lug – look cook – wool

c) loo – too – zoo – woo d) poodle

loom – toon – zoom – swoon noodle

loop – stoop – swoop toodle

sloop – coop – troop – snoop tat`too – sa`loon

hoot – loot – root – moot bal`loon – ba`boon

11 a) gap – jab gut – jut got – jot jib – gin

gust – just gum – jam gog – jog jest – gest

gag – Jack gosh – Josh god – Jo just – gist jam – gem jin – gin

b) jest – yes jazz – yam

jet – yet Jack – yak

jam – yam Jam – yell

c) dog – dodge leg – fledge bad – badge

log – lodge hog – hedge odd – dodge

bag – badge brig – bridge bud – budge

plug – plunge egg – edge fled – fledge

fringe – hinge lunge – plunge led – ledge

12a) shop – shot b) ash – dash – rash – cash

shell – shelf mesh – dish – fresh – fish

shall – sham smash – splash – crash – trash

shock – shod rush – hush – flush – crush

chat – shunt shut – shim – shrill – shrimp

13 a) chess chest check b) hatch – latch – match – much

chap chat champ fetch – drench – crutch – snatch

chin chill chip itch – hitch – pitch – rich – scratch

chop chuck chat

c) chip – ship cash – catch d) back – batch – badge

chop – shop crush – Dutch block – blotch – lodge

crutch – grudge etch – edge deck – etch – edge

fetch – fledge inch – fringe luck – lunch – plunge

blotch – lodge check – change lick – lynch – hinge

[ 't∫eindζ ]

e) Madge – age cadge – cage

badge – page cadge – sage

Test yourself:fledge, luck, fetch, chip, itch, match, badge, yell, root, smash, wood, bug, sa'loon, bridge, June, joke, huge, gulf, yoke, good, took, inch, such, jazz, hook, zoo, stood, catch, fresh, fledge, crash, chat, crush, wool, jump, loop, jest, moon, fresh, hatch, check, shape, noodle, go, block, shelf, judge, shine, kitchen, cage, jungle, shell, ditch, spoon, shape, gum, chest, fridge, soot, pitch, trash, shall, chuck, jet, food, shock, cool, log, swoon, jab, loom.

UNIT 4

14. ee - [ i: ] ea	see, meat, feet, need, lead sleep, deed, sea, feed, fleet, zeal, east, keep, feel, pea, deal, leaf, mean
15. ai - [ ei ] ay	pain, vain, mail, day, lain, may, pay, say, clay, aim, fail, sail, bay, lay, claim, plain
16. e, i, y-[ i ] в безударном положении	'study, 'noisy, 'lobby, 'pony, 'sorry, 'lorry, 'duty, be'gin, di'vide
17. [ q ] th - [ ð ]	theme, thick, thin, depth, tenth, fifth they, these, then, with, them, those, thus, this, that, father
18. o в безуд. полож. a - [¶] u	'sofa, 'comma, 'husband, pa'rade a'gain, a'go, to'day, up'on

14 a) fee – tree keep – been – seen

feel – green speech – keen – green

sheet – sheep feed – need – sleeve

freeze – meet see – sweep – feet

bee – see need – deep – sleep

b) fee – feel c) eat – meat mete – meat – meet

glee – green tea – sea seam – seem – weak

lee – sleep pea – beam scene – scream – screen

bee – been heat – neat eat – pea – clean

see – seen tree – meat sea – seat – cheap

deep – keen east – deal deal – each – seat

d) week – weak e) weal, veal, teen, weed, real, deed, treat,

see – sea weald, wheel, beach, Greek, peak,

meet – meat sneeze, sheep, sweep, seal, reap

speech – speak

reed – read

seem – seam

screen – scream

f) lead – lid bean – bin g) feel – fill green – grin

leap – lip eat – it beet – bit heed – hid

least – list reach – rich week – wick sleet – slit

meal – mill seat – sit cheek – chick been – bit

peach – pitch heat – hit sleep – slip fleet – fit

beat – bit peak – pick read – rid sweet – wit

each – itch read – rid deed – did feel – fit

Read: The art of Biography

Is different from Geography.

Geography is about maps,

Biography is about chaps.

15 say sail stain main

day drain tail train

pay pail plain gait

way wail Spain lay

16 a) 'baby 'sorry b) 'carry – 'tarry 'merry – 'Perry

'lady 'lorry 'marry – 'parry 'cherry – 'sherry

'very 'crazy 'sorry – 'sherry fatty – jolly

'lobby 'finally 'ferry – 'cherry dandy – fancy

'berry happy

c) em'bed in'blame d) 'marry

re'cede in'scribe 'very

de'story dis'cover 'baby

re'ply 'public 'lady

de'fy 'story 'vary

de'ny

f) Be'gin to read. Re'peat it again.

Ex'plain it. 'Try it again.

Re'peat it, please.

The rain in Spain is mainly in the plain.

17a) thin thick theft thrift b) with

thump throb thin thus

thrill thrum thrill thud them

myth depth smith thug this

math tenth thug thrust that

thump theft depth myth then

kith filth smith cloth than

c) this – myth that – math with – filth

this – pith that – depth with – smith

this – throb that – thrill with – thrill

d) sick – thick zip – this dad – that

sin – thin zed – then dust – thus

silk – thrill Zen – then disk – this

mat – math tent – tenth den – then

tilt – filth kit – kith

18a) a'gain 'comma up'on a'gree suc'cess

a'go 'sofa un'less pro'pose 'algebra

to'day a'bout sug'gest o'pinion 'binary

a'gainst sa'lute un'like con'trol 'capital

b) a 'book, a 'house, a 'boy, a 'pen, a 'song, an 'end, a man, a dog, a club

Test yourself:zoom, ago, nurse, jest, ba'boon, 'traffic, foot, prize, ad'dress, 'comma, 'public, June, u'pon, jest, thrum, thug, 'hurry, crush, with, de'ny, pith, de'fy, em'bed, di'rect, breathe, re'cede, math, thrill, thus, in'flame, 'marry, mess, chum, 'family, ag'ree, theme, thick, happy, width, length, them, student, myth, story, rep`ly, gain, then, sixth, bathe, width.

UNIT 5

19. [ ks ] x- [ gz ] перед ударной гласной	next, text, vex, box, ex’cept, ex’pect, ’excellent, tax e'xam, e'xist, ex'ample, e'xact, e'xhibit [ ig’zibit ]
20. oi - [ oi ] oy	oil, point, boy, soil, noise, toy, coin, voice
21. kn-[ n ]	knee, knife, knock, knew, knell
22. ng - [ h ] nk -[ hk ] But: [ g ] 'single, 'finger, 'singular	English, ring, thing, bring, ink bank, wing, wrong, hang, rang, drink, length, strength, think
23. qu - [ kω ]	quick, quiz, quite, quote, quit
24. s, ss, sc- [ s ] s- [ z ] между гласными	bus, sense, miss, scent ease, tease, please, his, noise

19 a) fix next fox b) ex'act

text six flax ex'hibit [ ig'zibit ]

ox box ax ex'aggerate [ ig'zædζ∂reit ]

mix Max e'xist [ ig'zist ]

examin'ation [ igzæmi'nei∫∂n ]

ex'ample [ ig'za:mpl ]

20 a) boy soil join noisy 'boiler

toy spoil joist poison 'boycott

joy toil moist 'roister point

troy oil voice 'toilet coin

21a) knit – knock knap – nap

knife – knave knick – Nick

knick – knack knell – Nell

knap – knag knack – snack

knot – knob knot – not

knell – knelt knife – wife

b) knap – nap c) knap – cat

knick – Nick knick – kick

knell – Nell knot – cot

knack – snack knock – cock

knot – not knave – cave

knag – nag knob – rob

knife – wife knoll – lot

knave – wave knelt – net

22a) sing – king gang – tang b) ink – link

ring – bring bang – sprang brink – clink

sling – fling lung – flung drink – think

spring – swing song – gong tank – thank

flank – frank

bunk – chunk

c) sing – sang – sung d) ink sang

ring – rang – rung link ping

cling – clang – clung bank strong

sting – stang – stung trunk bring

spring – sprang – sprung wink swing

fling – flang – flung

e) ran – rang – range j) sing – singe – inch – ink

ban – bang – bank bring – cringe – pinch – pink

tan – tang – tank stink – stank – stunk – stitch

tug – rung – trunk king – fringe – winch – wink

thin – thing – think drink – drank – drunk

sink – sank – sunk flung – flunge – hunch – hunk

lung – lunge – bunch – bunk

f) 'single

'finger

'singular

23a) quill – quilt

quick – quip

quiz – quint

quell – well

quest – west

24 a) is – his b) bus 'person add'ress

as – has release 'sense res'ponse

rose – nose case suc'cess

rise – noise sus'pense c) his – kiss bus – is

lose – close re'set his – hiss plus – is

zone – those 'mesa his – miss us – is

rise – prize cross

zoo – zoom rose

braze – maze close

Test yourself:next, exist, quip, knit, 'singular, knick, set, bang, trunk, voice, e'xaggerate, joy, knag, tang, single, moist, troy, thing, thank, sale, be'long, meeting, ring, song, kneel, knoll, exact, send, e'xample, ex'hibit, fix, sane, sake, scent, scene, close, prose, science, quiz, oil, ex`treme, quite, point, text, depth, re`sponse, strength, toy, ex`cept, knee, these, prize, thing, `liquid, noise, knave, spring, swing, quick, boil, trunk, box, coil, muse, ruse, 'useful, re'fuse, us, use, fuss, fuse, dis'cuss, un'less, size, is, rise, loose, sock, dis'close, dis'cuss, tease, com'pose.

UNIT 6

25. ea-[ e ]перед d, th	dead, bread, ready, feather, leather, head But: break [ 'breik ], great [ 'greit ], steak ['steik], create [ kri: 'eit ]
26. o-[ L ] перед m, n, th, v	'company, be'come, done, won, 'mother, glove, dove, some, 'cover, front, month, love, 'wonder, a'bove, 'other, come, 'money
27. ew - [ jυ: ] eu	new, few, knew, stew, mew, dew, pew, hew 'neutral, 'feudal, 'Euclid, 'Eugene, 'Europe
28. i+ld,nd- [ ai ]	grind, be'hind, mild, kind, blind, wild, find But: gild [ gild ], wind [ ωind ], [ ωaind ]
29. igh-[ ai ]	fight, light, might, night, high, right, bright sight, tight, to'night

25a) head – read – spread – thread – dead – dread

feather – weather – breath – death – stead – lead

b) heading – 'deadly c) a'head heal – head

spread – 'dreadful in'stead deal – dead

thread – steady be'head steal – stead

be'spread beat – breath

be'stread treat – thread

d) heed – head e) Whether the weather be fine,

deep – death Whether the weather be not,

breed – bread Whether the weather be cold,

breed – breath Or whether the weather be hot,

deed – dead We’ll weather the weather

reed – fleet Whatever the weather

Whether we like it or not.

26 son come love wonder other cover become

won some dove mother another money London

front above glove brother month company

27 a) feud few grew rue – drew

deuce new crew due – dew

Zeus chew threw flue – flew

true – sue

b) 'neutral – 'newly 'Andrew – 'Lewis

'Newton – 'Euclid 'newish – a'new

'Eugene – 'Newton re'new – 'newal

28-29a) wild – child – mild

nigh – sigh – nigh – thigh

fight – night – tight – sight – might

slight – light – right – bright – plight

kind – mind – find – bind – blind – rind

b)file – fight mite – might will – wild pile – plight

style – sight tile – tight chill – child

Nile – night lime – light mill – mild

b) wink – wing – wind

brink – bring – bind

sink – fling – find

Test yourself: London, night, wind, light, cover, bread, front, new, front, become, 'ready, 'feudal, some, a'nother, won, great, blind, high, Nile, weather, plight, hew, a'bove, to'night, breath, dead, thread, child, high, 'Monday, dew, son, mind, light, come, right, few, bright, find, head, knew, dove, sight, de'light, fight, break, weather, other, done, mild, tight, feather, flew, wonder, might, breath.

UNIT 7

30. [ ∫ ] в словах ch - франц. происх. [ k ] в словах греч. происхождения	ma'chine, chef, Chi'cago, chimes, chic, champagne [ ∫æm'pein ] 'scholar, chrome, chorus, chloride, 'architect, scheme, school
31. гласные в ударном слоге читаются как в открытом слоге перед согласной + le	'stable, 'title, 'able, 'idle, 'maple, 'Bible, 'sable
32. ph- [ f ] в словах греческого происхождения	'physics, phi'losophy, 'telephone, 'phrase, 'photo, 'photgraph, 'telegraph, 'alphabet, 'graphic, psychology
33. a+ff, th- [ a: ]	'pather, 'father, 'bathroom, path
34. a+lm [ m ] a+ lf [ f ] [ a: ] - a+nce a+nch a+nt	palm, balm, salmon, calm calf, half, halves dance, glance, France, chance ranch, branch grant, plant, can’t, shan’t
35. ey - [ ei ] ei	grey, o'bey, they, veil
36. a+s+cогл.- [ a: ]	ask, task, fast, grasp, plaster, master, pass, class, task, grass, last, vast, last

30 machine, chef, Chicago, chimes, chrome, chlorite, scheme, chorus, 'architect, me'chanic, 'technical, 'character

31a) tape – table b) rifle sable cobble

state – stable stifle cable noble

cape – cable trifle table ogle

ape – able cycle stable fugle

babe – fable title Maple Bible

idle bridle

32phone phase 'phantom 'telegraph

phlok phrase Phillip 'atmosphere

Phipps photo phut 'alphabet

Phony phobia 'paragraph

33a) staff – chaff b) calm – palm calves – halves

aft – craft – shaft calm – charm leaf – leaves

bath – path – lath balm – palm life – lives

staff – bluff – fluff calf – half wife – wives

c) France – chance – dance – glance shunt – shan’t d) bat – bath

plant – grant – can’t – shan’t hunt – can’t lad – lath

branch – stanch – ranch – planch stuff – staff pat – path

cuff – chaff

34a) calm – palm task – talk mask – chalk bask – balk

calf – half balm – palm ask – chalk cask – stalk

calve – halve

35 a) grey fey b) same – they plane – feint

rein vein face – fey wave – vein

veil trey trace – trey crane – rein

they skein

feint lei

36a) class – pass – glass – grass – brass

ask – task – flask – bask – mask

fast – past – cast – vast – mast

b) past – pass – grasp

fast – glass – clasp

cast – class – gasp

last – grass – rasp

Test yourself: ma'chine, phlok, 'telephone, rein, 'technical, 'alphabet, chaff, halves, phrase, glance, staff, chef, 'chronicle, path, grey, cable, obey, palm, calm, fast, de'mand, me'chanics, 'character, plant, noble, scholar, stable, physics, graphics, they, pass, glass, fast, task, class, past, branch, bath, half, hey, stable, photo, idle, calm, palm, balm, calf, half, carves, halves, scarf.

UNIT 8

37. au - [ o: ] aw	'autumn, hawk, law, paw, draw, August, 'saucer, fault, dawn, maul, Paul, pawl, 'raucid, raw, saw, sawn, 'saunter, saucy, tawdry, taut, 'tawny, pause, vaunt, bawd, awful
38. lt a- [ o: ] ll lse lk[ k ]	'Baltic, chalk, palsy, palter, talk, walk, waltz, altar, alter, 'altering, bald, balk, 'balsam, chalk, 'falcon, falter, halt, also, 'almost, all
39. oar-[ o: ]	oar, boar, hoard, hoar, hoarse, coarse
40. au + gh- [ o: ] ou	caught, fought, nought, brought, thought, taught, sought, 'naughty, draught, ought
41. qua-[ kωo: ]	'quadrant, quad, 'quadral, quaff, 'quadrate, 'quarrel, 'quality, 'quantity, quant, quart, quartz, quash, 'quarry

37a) paw saw b) haunt – taunt c) 'August – 'aurrist

maw raw haunch – launch 'aura – 'aural

jaw yaw 'Mauna – jaunt 'austral – 'auburn

law caw 'awful – 'sawmill 'auto – 'autumn

claw slaw 'bawdy – 'sawder (n не читается)

taw thaw 'trawler – 'crawler

38 a) all – fall – small – tall – stall b) talk – chalk all – balk

call – ball – salt – small – false chalk – walk wall – walk

falling – calling – stalling – wall small – talk stall – stalk

salty – fallen – baldly – spall all – chalk call – chalk

stalk – balk

c) calm – palm calf – half carves – halves

calm – balm palm – half calf – scarf

39 board, coarse, hoarse, roar, boar, oar, hoard, hoar, soar

40a) ought fought draught

nought saught daughter

bought thought brought

b) fort – fought ought

sort – sought daughter

thorn – thought draught

north – naught caught

41 a) quad – squad b) quadrant c) quail quiet

quash – squash quadral quaint quill

gosh – quarrel quadrate quake 'quota

quality queen

qualifi'cation quick

Test yourself: auto,bauble, fault, 'quality, half, 'naughty, coarse, wall, alter, Paul, wash, fought, quart, ought, hoar, walk, 'saucer, 'August, 'quarrel, 'daughter, 'almost, 'Baltic, draw, 'quarter, auto'matic, cause, call, brought, thought, law, caught, false, quantity, hoard, quant, pause, bought, thought, quash, stall, chalk, author.

UNIT 9

42. er ir - [ ¶: ] в yr ударном ur слоге	herd, turn, skirt, sir, terse, dirty, serf, nerve, first, curd, purse, thirty, serf, girl, burst, spur, turtle, myrtle
43. eer - [ i¶ ] ear ere	cheer, beer, veer, steer, clear, ear, hear, near, fear, year, queer, deer, dear, merely, mere, sere, here But: were [ ω¶ ], [ ω¶: ]
44. ire - [ ai¶ ] yre	tired, mire, lyre, Shire, tyre, hire, sa'tire
45. ure-[ jυ: ]	lure, pure, cure, en'dure, se'cure
46. oor-[ υ¶ ]	moor, spoor, poor But:floor [ flo: ], door [do:]

42 a) her, ob'serve, 'verses, 'person, re'turn, merge, ab'surd, heard, re'serve

b) fur – 'further surd – 'surplus nurse – 'murder

fur – 'furnish Turk – 'Turkish surd – 'sturdy

fur – 'furnace turk – 'turnip urge – 'urgent

curl – 'curly purr – pure plur – lure

curt – cure 'purchase – 'turnover 'curtain – cure

occur – obs'cure fur – fure

c) thirst – third sir – 'circus first – firstly

firm – 'firman bird – birch dirt – dirty

[ ¶: ]

Read: I observed. I observed an absurd person. I observed the absurd person and I heard her. I observed the absurd person and I heard her recite the verses. When I returned I observed the absurd person and I heard her recite the verses.

43 a) deer beer sere sphere queer

ear near veer steer fear

Shear smear dear rear tear

Here mere spear hear clear

b) nearing, steering, fearing, rearing, clearing, cheering

44a) mire hire tire fire wiry wiring

spire sire quire byre miry firing

tyre pyre lyre squire hiring tiring

b) ad'mire at'tire de'sire

cons'pire re'spire ex'pire

re'quire in'spire re'tire

c) fine – fire type – tyre fir – fire

wide – wire site – sire sir – sire

hide – hire mile – mire bird – byre

spite – spire pipe – pyre birch – lyre

quite – quire ar'rive – ad'mire 'firman – 'fireman

45a) en'dure pure – purely

al'lure pure – purer

se'cure pure – purest

lure – luring

46a) poor – poorly b) cute – cure huge – pure

poor – poorer rule – poor mule – moor

poor – poorest plume – spoor

Test yourself:west, term, sphere, here, breeze, these, were, sere, chest, hem, stress, prefer, bed, germ, further, curtain, smart, burst, learn, pure, near, firm, turn, se'cure, wire, circle, hear, verb, cheer, curve, clear, spoor, cure, nerve, burn, re`tire, queer, fire, dirty, third, require, tyre, re'turn, dear, merge, poor, con'vert, ad'mire, hire, person, sir, fur, 'circuit, 'thermal, surface, university, early, 'thirsty.

UNIT 10

47. ar- [ a: ]	cart, hard, bar, large, yard, charm, harm, dark, star, bard, car
48. are- [ e¶ ]	rare, hare, care, square, stare, share, spare, bare, scare
49. air - [ e¶ ] eir	air, hair, fair, pair, chair, stair, dairy, fairy, their
50. or - [ o: ] ore	cord, fork, score, port, sport, more, born, core, store, short, sort, forty, ex'plore
51. wa-[ ωo ]	watch, want, wash, wand, wash, was, wander, water
52. war- [ ωo: ]	war, ward, warn, warm, re'ward
53. wor- [ ω¶: ]	word, worse, world, worst, 'worship, 'network

47-48 a) mar – mare dark – dare barn – bare

car – care spar – spare farm – fare

star – stare far – fare harm – hare

bar – bare charm – chair tar – tare

b) mate – mare wake – ware

crate – care rake – rare

state – stare bake – bare

shake – share fate – fare

c) far – car – bar – mar – tar – star

car – cart – barn – card – par – carp

part – start – tart – smart – cart – art

arm – farm – darn – barn – tarn – charm

d) cat – cart bad – bard fame – farm escape – scar

mat – smart match – march Dane – darn cape – carp

cap – cart cad – card shame – charm shape – sharp

bat – Bart dad – yard stake – stark spade – spar

e) calf – half half – harm calm – charm

calf – scarf balm – barn palm – farm

f) mare bare care dare fare share

air pair hair fair their careful

prepare parent hairy daring farewell careless

49a) fair – fairly pail – pair hail – hair air – airship

hair – hairless fail – fair air – aim pare – fairy

air – airless chain – chair stain – stair

b) they – their c) fair – fail dare – daring

they – there hair – hail stare – staring

they – where rare – rail share – sharing

where – there chair – chain care – caring

stair – stain pare – parent

air – aim flare – flaring

50 a) fort torn sport York short horse

b) for – form

sort – short

fork – cork

nor – norm

torch – scorch

ford – cord

or – storm

torn – thorn

born – corn

port – porter

storm – stormy

for – forty

c) fore bore tore ore spore more Yore shore core

d) cod – corn

odd – lord

cock – cork

fog – forge

Bob – born

code – cord

tone – torn

cone – corn

phone – form

stone – storm

e) sharp – short

card – cord

are – form

farm – form

parch – porch

a) was – squash watt – wand

watch – wash want – squat

b) 'warmer – wormy work – worker c) 'farmer – warder

warder – worker wored – woredly 'former – warder

wardress – worthy worse – worser varnish – warship

warship – worship worst – worsen Cornish – warty

re'ward – reword worth – worthy [‘ω¶:ði] barman – wardress

a'ward – a word word – wordy corner – warmer

'farther – warmer corny – warship

d) tapper – taper – Tarter ladder – lazy – larder

chatter – chaser – charter manner – maker – market

panty – paper – partner

Test yourself:mare, charm, wormy, award, want, worst, forty, ex'plore, worse, store, share, watch, work, born, card, cord, world, more, far, hard, fair, forty, store, yore, York, porch, phone, are, sore, morning, code, core, harm, their, torn, forge, spore, scorch, far, barn, shake, fare, trade, tale, bag, Sam, dare, care, car, mate, smart, card, rare, fate, square, stare, shame, bart, yard, bare, ware, re'ward, re`port, walk, prepare, article, pair.

UNIT 11

54. ou - [ aυ ] ow - [ aυ, oυ ]	[ au ] out, a'bout, round, town, ground, brown, pound, a'mount, gown, loud, down [ ou ] row, know, show, blow, throw, snow
55. our - [ aυ¶ ] ower	our, flour, sour, flower
56. wr- [ r ]	wrist, wrench, wry, write, wrap, wrong
57. wh- [ ω ] wh + o [ h ]	whine, why, wheel, whale, while, whim, wheat whose [ hυz ], who [ hυ ], whom [ hυm ]

54 [aυ] [oυ]

bow allow browse bow slow

row account crown row tow

cow dis'count ground show mow

now output noun glow flow

'powerful found mouse known borrow

b) lone – glow stone – mown

so – slow rose – row

no – mow snow – smoke

c) faun – found sauce – house d) hawk – how

haunt – hound fault – foul dawn – down

laud – loud staunch – stout claw – clown

Maude – mound pause – rouse pawn – pound

pawl – foul

55 a) our – sour – dour – flour – scour – hour [au¶]

b) our – out sour – stout hourly

hour – oust flour – flounce sourly

scour – scout dour – doubt flouring

our – noun sour – south dourer

hour – mouth hour – house scouring

56write – wrote write – wrung wrest – west

writ – wrist wrong – wring wring – wing

wrest – wreck wren – wrench wrote – wove

wrack – wrap wry – wren

wrest – rest write – rite

wrack – rack wrench – trench

wring – ring wry – try

57a)when – which – why – what b) while – wine which – witch

whole – hole – whole – hole what – watt whale – wake

who [ υ: ] – whose [ υ: ] who – rule why – wide

when – wet

[ v – f ] [ w ]

a) vat – fat b) wet – went – well

van – fan west – wept – swept

vet – vent will – win – wit

vend – felt swim – swift – swell

van – fin twin – twist – dwell

Read:

a) bid – bed – bond – bump – bard still – stem – stop – stump – stamp

pit – pet – pot – but – bat – spill – spell – spot – pump – stand

rib – red – rob – run – tram – grip – get – grog – grunt – grand

trip – trek – trod – truss – flax – print – press – prop – plump – pram

strip – stress – prod – bust – tramp

miss – mess – moss – muss – mass

him – hem – loss – hum – ham b) timber – timer – thirty

list – lest – lost – last – lass sister – spider – skirmish

big – bed – bog – bug – bag finish – final – firmer

pin – pen – pond – pun – pan differ – diver – dirty

Test yourself:wiry, follow, expire, show, yellow, voted, secure, moor, snow, mountain, vet, whose, our, south, stress, down, wrack, while, dwell, wrench, count, slow, low, why, twist, print, hour, wrong, whole, flower, whom, finish, still, swim, write, noun, hourly.

UNIT 12

58. после глух.согл. - [ s ] окончание (e)s - после звонк. согл., гласн. [ z ] после s, ss, ch, sh, x, c, -ge- [ iz ]	ports, months, slopes, cases, forces, pages, chairs, rooms, cameras, borders
59. ea-[ e ] перед sure [ ζ¶ ]	'leisure, 'pleasure, 'measure, 'treasure But:sure [ 'òu¶ ], sugar [ 'òυg¶ ]
60. ture- [ tò¶ ]	'picture, 'lecture, 'future, 'culture, 'nature, 'structure,
61. tion cian -[ òn ] ssion sion - [ ζn ]	'nation, 'Russian, 'dictation, 'station, de'cision, 'action, di'vision, trans'lation, opp'ression

58a) cut – cuts beg – begs refuses

clock – clocks pig – pigs finishes

weep – weeps will – wills changes

shout – shouts bard – bards buses

b) beef – beeves life – lives

calf – calves wolf [ υ ] – wolves [ υ ]

half – halves loaf – loaves

leaf – leaves scarf – scarves

wife – wives sell – selves

shelf – shelves thief – thieves [ i: ]

[ s ] [ z ] [ iz ]

c)cut – cuts beg – begs bus – buses

clock – clocks cave – caves gas – gases

paint – paints pig – pigs plus – pluses

drink – drinks grave – graves match – matches

stop – stops hill – hills fetch – fetches

fork – forks wave – waves rich – riches

mark – marks club – clubs age – ages

flirt – flirts ale – ales dress – dresses

hope – hopes stab – stabs rose – roses

vote – votes pole – poles race – races

take – takes hand – hands breeze – breezes

grape – grapes hole – holes hinge – hinges

shape – shapes band – hands brush – brushes

flake – flakes eve – eves tax – taxes

point – points ten – tens fox – foxes

wait – waits drive – drives fix – fixes

suit – suits fan – fans rise – rises

fruit – fruits lime – limes horse – horses

boot – boots run – runs fuss – fusses

root – roots style – styles dish – dishes

hawk – hawks ring – rings boss – bosses

fault – faults crime – crimes dash – dashes

haunt – haunts tire – tires flash – flashes

boat – boats kiss – kisses

[ s ] [ z ] [ iz ]

toast – toasts fire – fires force – forces

weep – weeps wire – wires lodge – lodges

cheek – cheeks side – sides fuzz – fuzzes

creep – creeps song – songs

cheat – cheats long – longs

street – streets tribe – tribes

hook – hooks tube – tubes

book – books lung – lungs

mount – mounts carve – carves

count – counts mule – mules

coast – coasts starve – starves

'object – objects spoil – spoils

'traffic – traffics hire – hires

'subject – subjects try – tries

rocket – rockets serve – serves

stripe – stripes join – joins

bite – bites fly – flies

white – whites sire – sires

wake – wakes dry – dries

[ z ]

nerve – nerves rain – rains hear – hears

bard – bards train – trains steer – steers

lord – lords maid – maids boy – boys

firm – firms need – needs stair – stairs

term – terms read – reads pair – pairs

curl – curls cry – cries trey – treys

form – forms leave – leaves sea – seas

ward – wards sleeve – sleeves fir – firs

bird – birds town – towns day – days

car – cars fry – fries fur – furs

star – stars toy – toys fee – fees

care – cares grey – greys stare – stares

59-60

a)measure – measuring 'picture 'culture 'sculpture

pleasure – pleasurer nature future feature

treasure – treasurer fixture mixture texture

lecture – lecturer capture torture gesture

structure – structural furniture signature [ ‘sign∂tò∂ ]

b) Eat at pleasure,

Drink with measure

What do you usually do at leisure?

61 `section re'ception att'raction de'duction 'motion

action at'tention refraction reduction 'notion

sanction cor'rection distraction production

pro'motion commotion translation e'quation [ i’kweiò∂n ]

Test yourself: dairy, flour, measure, matches, production, structure, leisure, stair, ear, lecturer, veer, sour, decision, treasure, illusion, sculpture, queer, year, 'emotion, 'furniture, action, fair, cheer, our, 'confusion, tele'vision, mathema'tician, dresses, cares, leaves.

UNIT 13

62. после звонк. согл., гласн. - [ d ] ed - после глух.согл. - [t ] после t, d - [ id ]	'mated, 'fainted, re'ferred, 'married, opp'ressed, 'sweeped, 'dropped, re'laxed, 'aired, 'entered, 'learned, di'vided
63. o + ld = [ ould ]	old, cold, fold, gold
64. ing – [ iη ]	ring, sing, planning

[ t ] [ d ] [ id ]

62 a)chop – chopped bar – barred vote – voted

shop – shopped star – starred de'bate – de'bated

stop – stopped pre'fer – pre'ferred note – noted

chip – chipped offer – offered hate – hated

shock – shocked dare – dared found – founded

chuck – chucked air – aired date – dated

tax – taxed play – played faint – fainted

mix – mixed de'stroy – de'stroyed seat – seated

match – matched lodge – lodged heat – heated

greet – greeted

boot – booted

wait – waited

[ t ] [ d ] [ d ]

b) flop – 'flopped blame – blamed row – 'rowed

fix – 'fixed try – 'tried charge –'charged

tax – 'taxed flame – flamed tire - 'tired

ship – 'shipped fry – 'fried sneeze – sneezed

chip – 'chipped rage – raged sleeve – sleeved

force – forced cry – 'cried ease – eased

roof – roofed dare – 'dared cool – cooled

back – 'backed cone – coned dream – dreamed

pack – 'packed care – 'cared clean – cleaned

crack – 'cracked stone – stoned peal – pealed

check – 'checked share – 'shared fool – fooled

peck – 'pecked close – closed bag – `bagged

link – 'linked stare – 'stared slow – `slowed

wink – 'winked tune – tuned rub – `rubbed

thank – 'thanked fear – 'feared fog – `fogged

flank – 'flanked fuse – fused pin – `pinned

smash – 'smashed near – 'neared poise – poised

crash – 'crashed use – used skin – `skinned

fish – 'fished fire – 'fired rail – railed

cash – 'cashed charm – charmed leg – `legged

wash – 'washed hire – 'hired plug – `plugged

wish – 'wished scorn – scorned show – 'showed

[ t] [ t ] [ d ]

box – 'boxed step – `stepped play – 'played

cheek – cheeked watch – watched stave – starved

press – 'pressed fork – forked fail – failed

dress – 'dressed cork – corked web – 'webbed

kiss – 'kissed pace – paced trim – 'trimmed

ask – asked trace – traced name – named

fetch – fetched leash – leashed carve – carved

mark – marked sweep – sweeped call – called

63a)old – cold – fold – hold – bold – gold

b) curl – old c) boat – bold d) oil – old

bird – bold soap – sold boil – bold

hurl – hold goat – gold coil – cold

firm – fold coat – cold soil – sold

turn – told foam – fold toil – told

murk – mold wove – wold foil – fold

64 'planning 'rubbing 'boxing 'potting

sitting robbing nesting sensing

stopping digging fishing fencing

hitting bidding singing solving

humming milling sticking flashing

Test yourself:old, cold, fold, gold, 'mated, 'fainted, re'ferred, 'married, opp'ressed, 'sweeped, 'dropped, re'laxed, 'aired, 'entered, 'learned, di'vided, a'voided, ring, sing, planning, walked, priced, liked, scraped, hoped, sloped, talked, asked, washed.

Additional Exercises

Exercise 1

a) cod – code – cork – core mat – mate – mar – mare

stock – stoke – storm – store plum – plume – blur – lure

shot – shone – short – shore punch – pule – purr – pure

net – neat – nerve – near Nack – shake – shark – share

hen – heat – her – here stack – stake – star – stare

quench – queen – perm – queer cut – cute – curt – cure

fin – fine – fir – fire sit – site – sir – sire

spit – spite – spurt – spire

Exercise 2

'Safe, 'even, 'mine, tube, 'nylon, due, life, style, dry, same, smoke, fame, mile, pole, drive, 'duty, 'eve, those, 'battle, club, jump, much, 'subject, myth, lorry, re'sult, 'butter, cute, pigs, 'budget, 'tiny.

Exercise 3

Bare, pure, care, core, rare, pre'pare, square, fire, 'tired, cure, 'merely, 'circus, star, chart, 'Turkey, term, 'surface, serve, 'hardly, 'organize, trans'form, force, firm, 'murder, 'turnip, con'serve, shore, sphere.

Exercise 4

Pet, peep, been, bee, sleeve, end, mess, bee, smell, seed, life, lift, pine, pin, tie, lie, side, snip, snipe, by, bind, fight, mild, find, site, sight, bay, maid, fleece, pale, cliff, cite, 'tailor, pain, mat, cede, cave, fat.

Exercise 5

Star, wrack, sharp, spends, bone, charm, weave, wrap, bold, doom, coke, fees, witch, arch, cool, whale, cock, wreck, cash, seems, wrist, wheat, boar, wheeze, took, pool, sold, told, shells, whence, while.

Exercise 6

'Tower, wing, pink, quite, worm, knelt, 'diagram, hire, 'power, single, flank, quaint, worst, knave, 'diary, spire, 'flower, sprinkle, quake, worth, knob, 'via, 'wiry, sung, quack, words, knees, 'diamond, shire, 'shower, quest, 'worthy, tire, knives, 'pioneer, de'sire, vio'lin, wires, tire, 'angry.

Exercise 7

Crew, suc'cess, arti'ficial, bathe, laugh, whole, de'cay, 'storage, knuckle, 'moisture, be'hind, sidle, me'chanic, 'pressure, caught, 'virgin, 'naughty, 'fountain, 'sympathy, o'bey, 'feather, sledge, pew, true, exact, cow, 'casque, aunt, a'ware.

Exercise 8

Sport, wove, slave, solve, hunt, ward, hard, stove, worry, hurry, pause, care, ware, as, was, soar, sour, sore, war, pore, square, spoor, flour, more, moor, pure, urge, lynx, hear, room, raze, roam, here, prey, tire, fair, raise, rise, rood, rude, four, or, there, hair, their, they, fare, fur, far, fire, cool, coal, curl, girl, dire, dear, true, warm, work, farm, where, your, tyre, fear, deal, air, quire, world, noun.

Exercise 9

Deep snow, clean seat, raw meat, new grain, each toy, low voice, flew low, smooth Brown, shrewd boy, grey soil, new glue, good wood, frail mail, green paint, main jail, took aim, wool goat, staunch crowd, gay queen, plain boot, low lawn, round cloud, foul hawk, sharp teeth, new tooth, dark hood, proud joy, loud noise, good choice, cheep clay, sea coast.

Exercise 10

Calf – carve, loose – lose, lip – fib, heat – heed, duck – dug, fetch – edge, lent – lend, sink – sing, cliff – live – leaf – leave, bit – bid – beat – bead. Give me five minutes. I believe in a good laugh. Please, use a pencil. His ties look nice. I need a good guide. He died at night. He used to buy used cars. He meets us in Leeds. He left his 'luggage in a 'village pub. Put out your tongue. I think things are changing.

Exercise 11 [ æ – e ]

Man, hand, bad, cap, hat, back, stand back. The man had his hat in his hand. Man – men, land – lend, gas – guess. Fin – fen – fan, miss – mess – mass, bit – bet – bat, bid – bed – bad. Bit – bid, bet – bed, bat – bad. Can I get a black hat? Mack’s neck is fat. The cat has 'blackspecks on her back. He let the cat out of the bag. Lend us a hand. My bed isn’t bad. She has a bad leg. I never said that. The man had ten tinned cans in his bag.

Exercise12 [ o – o: ], [ æ – υ ]

Got, lock, Tom. The pot is hot. He stopped the clock. Got – gut, lock – luck, gone – gun. The gun has gone off. She’s sung a song. Tom got a shock in the hot hut. Mop – mob, got – god, dock – dog. Tom is fond of hock. You’ve got a nice job. Short, talk, horn, law, more. They talked about Maude’s naughty daughter. No, home, moment. I don’t smoke. Law – low, court – coat, hall – hole. I bought a boat. The porter had mown the lawn. Court – cord, coat – code. He’s short of cord. Maude bought a long board. They found the code in his coat. Shot – short, lot – lord, fog – fork. Bob knocked at the door. We’ve got four bottles of Scotch. Cut – cot – caught – coat, cud – cod – cord – code.

Exercise 13 [ ei ]

Day, game, make, face, nation. Let’s play a game. Haste makes waste. Play – plays – place, may – made – mate, pain – pained – paint. He waits – he wades. His pains were in vain. He stayed in that state till May.

Exercise 14 [ i, υ,e¶, jυ: ]

Fear, idea, fierce. He feared her tears. The fierce storm filled us with fears. Fee – fear, peace – pierce, bead – beard. She hears him sneeze. Poor, sure, tour. What can’t be cured must be endured. Are you sure the doors are secured? Shoe – sure, two – tour, queue – cure. I am sure this is a tour for you too. Hair, share, affair, scarce. They glared and stared at the bear. Take care of your fair hair. May – mare, ways – wears. Can you pay my fare? Dear – dare, fear – fare, really – rarely. I fear it’s not fair. Can you spare a bottle of beer? 'Zero, 'period, ma'terial. The in'terior of the 'theatre was 'seriously 'damaged.

Exercise 15 [ ¶: ]

Fur, firm, nurse, 'service, oc'curring. My turn comes first. Don’t 'dirty your new shirt. The nurse pulled back the 'curtains. Word, work, worse. His first 'verses are even worse. The early bird catches the worm. Fur – firs – first, learn – learns – learnt. Hurt – herd, burnt – turned. I heard the girl was hurt. First come, first served. The third word is a verb. Fir – fare, stir – stare, early – fairly. Where do you work? It was 'dirty in there.

Exercise 16 [ z – s ]

Zinc – sync, zip – sip, z – said. See, set, sick, seat, 'supper. He seems to be sea-sick. I’ve never seen such sunsets. I like soup for supper. Sing a song of 'sixpence. He sug'gested a 'system of 'simple 'symbols.

Exercise 17 [ ω, tω, ω – v ]

Win, weak, white. In winter the 'weather was wet and windy. What a wonderful week-end! We 'wondered where 'William went. West – vest, wine – vine, 'William – 'village. He went on a 'visit to the West Indies. What a 'wonderful voice! We waited in vain for William and his wife. This word is a verb. We 'never know the 'value of water till the well is dry.

Exercise 18 [ t, d, id ]

Cramped, boxed, listed, plotted, hoped, worked, walked, fasted, hooked, passed, lasted, standed, roofed, sanded, called, curved, minded, knifed, dried, talked, charged, lighted, clipped, pressed, sealed, cited, backed, locked, rushed, nodded, aimed, waved.

Exercise 19

'Surface, earth, cause, air, de'posit, 'valley, flood, 'glacier, ice, 'weather, 'nature, en'vironment, vol'cano, ge'ology, e'rosion, 'quality, e'cology, 'industry, pol'lution, environ'mental 'safety, drought, plant, 'shower, hu'midity, 'lightning, water, wind, pour, south, north, west, east, 'climate, 'damage, o'zone, 'acid, 'dangerous, 'human, 'flora, 'fauna, 'animal, re'cycle, 'temperature, conser'vation, pro'tection, 'atmo'sphere, ex'tinction, 'scientist, area, sea, 'pressure, 'habitant, 'wildlife, re'sources, 'species, 'ocean, 'island, e'quator.

Exercise 20

To'pography, meteo'rology, hyd'rology, 'mountain, high, mig'ration, 'season, type, vege'tation, 'forecast, 'minus, mass, clima'tology, swamp, 'purify, 'desert, 'autumn, de'bris, 'forest, grass, 'mammal, 'origin, 'eco'friendly, waste, re'serve, recre'ation, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon di'oxide.

Exercise 21 [ t, d, id ]

cook – cooked, dry – 'dried, dance – danced, spray – 'sprayed, mask – masked, flay – 'flayed, pass – passed, free – 'freed, weep – weeped, fee – 'feed, map – 'mapped, stall – stalled, help – 'helped, wall – walled, face – faced, shape – shaped, pat – patted, pad – padded, end – ended, bed – bedded, test – tested, land – landed, list – listed, skid – skidded, tend – tended, hand – handed, state – stated, date – dated, cite – cited, pride – prided, white – whited, hate – hated, trade – traded, vote – voted, code – coded, start – started, sort – sorted, port – ported, lord – lorded, cord – corded, root – rooted, paint – painted, need – needed, speed – speeded, point – pointed, hoist – hoisted, found – founded, sound – sounded, ground – grounded, pound – pounded.

Exercise 22

Tourism, hotel, company, guest, enquiry, reservation, fax, confirm, concierge, receptionist, through, advertisement, accommodation, departure, menu, seafront, luxurious, cafe, luxury, facilities, charismatic, canal, laundry, cruise, purse, beverage, chef, executive, staff, chief, steward, horizon, guide, journey, registration, fee, address, ruins, four, agency, agent, resort, lively, brochure, industry, career, museum, insurance, suite, decor, comfort, safary, hiking, flight, leisure, karaoke, tango, island, scenery, package, entertainment, economy, profile, development, nationality, cabin, variety, lounge, sauna, castle, ancient, tourist.

TEXT A

TEA-LEAVES

Many years ago tea was un'known in European countries. Many people didn’t even know the word “tea”, though drinking tea was very popular in the East.

Once a young sailor came back from India. He was the only son of an old woman and every time he returned to Great Britain from a far-away country he brought his mother a gift. Of course, he tried to bring her something unusual, that she could show to her friends.

This time he brought her a box of tea. The old woman didn’t know anything about tea, but she liked the smell, and invited all her friends to come and try it.

When her guests arrived, she invited them to the dining table. The old woman treated them to cakes, fruit and tea-leaves.

When the sailor entered the room and saw a big plate filled with the tea-leaves, he understood everything. He smiled when he saw his mother’s friends eating tea-leaves with butter and salt. They pretended they liked it, but it was clear they didn’t enjoy eating the leaves.

“Where is the tea, Mother?” the sailor asked. His mother pointed to the plate in the middle of the table. “No, this is only the leaves of the tea”, the sailor said. “Where is the water?”

“The water!?” his mother said. “I threw the water away, of course”.

leaf – лист to treat – угощать smell – запах

gift – подарок to point – указывать

TEXT B

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