State Technical University of Orel
The State Technical University of Orel takes its beginning in 1954 as an educational(training) and tutorial station. Now it is one of the largest higher schools in Orel.
Today there are 10 faculties in our University, for example, electronics and instrument engineering faculty, transport and civil engineering faculty,etc. The university has several buildings for training and laboratory works, a computer centre, a scientific and technical library, a canteen, two hostels and a camp for phisical recreation and sports.
The Technical University trains engineers for different branches of industry. The future specialists for the national economy are trained by experienced professors and tutorial staff.
The academic year begins as a rule on the first of September and ends in June. It lasts ten months.
The academic year has two terms: the autumn term and the spring term. The autumn term begins in September and ends in December. It lasts about four months. The spring term begins early in February and ends in May. This term is shorter. It lasts only three months. Each term ends with examinations and credit tests, which take place in January and June.
Students go to the University every day except Sunday. As a rule students have two, three or four lessons a day. They attend the lectures, seminars and tutorials(practical classes).Classes at the University begin at a quarter to nine in the morning and are over at half past three in the afternoon.
In the first and second years of studies students take a foreign language- English, German or French, general engineering subjects such as technology of materials, drawing, descriptive geometry, strength of materials, machine elements, theoretical mechanics as well as higher mathematics, physics and chemistry. Students study also philosophy, the Russian History and Culture of Speech.
Professors and tutorial staff carry on research in different fields of science and technology. The results are put into practice. Many students also take part in research work. Some seniors and post-graduates make reports on their research at various conferences held in the State Technical University of Orel and in other universities and Research Institutes of the Russian Federation. The best students take part in different olympiads and winin them.
The University has a camp for physical recreation and sports not far from Orel in the forest near the river.
After graduation from the State Technical University of Orel its graduates work in industrial firms, design offices and research institutes, joint stock companies, private firms, construction and assembly firms.
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The course of training of engineers at the University lasts five years. At the end of the training course all graduates prepare their diploma projects. Those graduates who have keen interests in research are recommended for further study at post-graduate courses.
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
The United States of America, popularly called "The States". "U.S.A", "The Land of Liberty" is a vast country stretching across the middle of North America. This country which at one time inhabited by Red Indians, is now the home of "nation of nations". as people from every part of the world have gone to live in this land of wealth and promise. These settlers met, mingled, and worked with great enterprise, and as a result of their efforts, the United States has become one of the most important countries in the world.
In 1620 the; Pilgrim Fathers, a band of Puritans in England who sought freedom of worship, set forth for America in the sailing-ship Mayflower. Three months after leaving Plymouth Harbour, they reached the shores of what is now called new England, and Founded the America township of Plymouth. Although they often had difficult times with the native Red Indian tribes, the colony soon prospered and more and more settlers joined them. The Indians used a new kind of grain, which the settlers called "Indian corn" (now termed maize) and they ate strange birds called turkeys. On the fourth Thursday of November the Americans celebrate Thanksgiving Day with a feast of turkey and Indian corn.
A great many emigrants went from European countries to America and thirteen colonies were formed, all of them under English rule. The government in England, however, took little interest in the American colonies, except from the point of view of trade. When certain taxes and laws were ordered by the English Parliament, the colonists opposed them and it gradually led to war. At first the colonists fared badly, but later they rallied and eventually won final victory, under the able leadership of George Washington.
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Shortly after the discovery of the New World by Columbus, many Spaniards travelled northward from Mexico and settled along the western coast of America. That is why many places in this area such as San Francisco, Los Angeles, Sacramento, and Santa Barbara have Spanish names. In 1849 the chance discovery of gold brought many people to California and numerous mining towns sprang up in a very short time. "The Golden Gate" (the channel connecting the harbour of San Francisco with the Pacific Ocean) was so called because many of the seekers of the precious yellow metal passed this way to and from the rich gold-fields.
In American cities, men have built huge buildings (skyscrapers) some as many as fifty flats high. The national capital of the United States is Washington and the White House is the home of the President. The famous Statue of Liberty in New York harbour was a gift from France.
While English is the national language of the country, some immigrants have continued the manners, customs, and even tongue of their homeland, and newspapers, in all languages, may be seen in the book-stalls. Here are some common English words, for which the Americans have different names: sweets-candies, shop-store, motor-car-automobile, pavement-sidewalk, petrol-gas, lift-elevator, dust-bin, garbage-can, holiday-vacation, trousers-pants, waistcoat-vest, a jug-pitcher. There are also differences in the spelling of certain words: colour-color, honour-honor, programme-program.
The national banner of the United States of America, commonly known as "The Stars and Stripes" or "Old Glory", is a flag bearing 50 stars and 13 stripes. Each star represents a present-day state and each stripe stands for one of the original colonies. The national anthem is the "Star Sprangled Banner" and the national emblems are the eagle and the buffalo. The national sport may be said to be baseball.
Washington
Washington, the capital of the United States is situated on the Potomac River in the District of Columbia. The district is a piece of land which does not belong to any one state but to all the states. The district is named in honor of Columbus, the discoverer of America.
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Washington was founded in 1791 for the purpose of serving as the capital of the United States of America. George Washington chose the place located midway to keep at close touch as possible between the states. Washington is quite new as it didn't exist for two hundred years. The population of the city is nearly million people. It is not a very large city, but it is very important as the capital of the USA. There is a law in Washington against building structures higher than the Capitol; therefore it presents a different appearance from New York with its skyscrapers.
Washington has many historical places. The largest and tallest is the Capitol, where the Congress meets. It is a very beautiful building with white marble columns. Not far from the Capitol is the Library of Congress. It holds five million books.
The White House, the residence of the president is the oldest public structure in the capital and one of the most beautiful. It was built in 1799. It is a two storied white building. It is said that in 1812 when England was at war with America the British entered the city and some of the buildings, including the Capitol and the house of the president were set on fire. Two years later in order to hide the marks of the fire, the brown stone walls of the president's home were painted white and it has been the White House ever since.
Not far from the Capitol is the Washington monument, which looks like a very big pencil. It rises 160 meters and it is empty inside. A special lift brings visitors to the top in 70 seconds from where they can enjoy a view of the city.
The Jefferson Memorial was built in memory of the third President of the USA Thomas Jefferson, who was also the author of the Declaration of Independence. The Memorial is surrounded by cherry trees.
The Lincoln Memorial is devoted to the memory of the sixteenth President of the USA, the author of the Emancipation Proclamation, which gave freedom to Negro slaves in America.
New York
In 1626 two ships of the Dutch colonists arrived in the mouth of the Hudson River, set up their first settlement and named it New Amsterdam. In 1664 the colony was captured by the British fleet under Duke of York and renamed New York.
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Today New York is the largest city in the US and one of the largest cities in the world. It consists of five districts: Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn and Richmond. The heart of the city is Manhattan. It's the most beautiful part of New York too, its tall buildings reach the sky. The most famous skyscraper in the world is Empire State Building with 102 floors. But the tallest building in New York is the World Trade Centre which has 110 floors. From the top floor you can see the whole of New York. The bronze Statue of Liberty is on Liberty Island. It was presented to the United States by France in 1886 to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of American independence. Manhattan is crossed from north to south by avenues and from east to west by streets. There are eleven avenues and about 300 streets. Broadway near Times Square is a place where most theatres are situated. Wall Street is America's financial centre, it symbolizes the money market and financiers of the US. The United Nations Headquarters occupies the area from 42 to 48th Steets. Bridges and tunnels link Manhattan with the other districts of New York.
Among the places of interest that visitors can see is New York Public Library, the biggest library in New York. It also houses exhibition rooms and two art galleries. The geographic centre of New York is Columbus Circle, in the centre of which is Memorial to Christopher Columbus. There are some museums and art galleries in New York. The most famous are American Museum of Natural History and Metropolitan Museum of Art, which has a magnificent collection of American and European paintings.
The most important educational institutions in New York are New York University and Columbia University.
The uptown New York is the site of Harlem, the overcrowded black community. The population consists of Negroes and Latin Americans. It's the poorest part of New York.
New York is the city of contrasts. It is associated with big business, money, wealth, beauty, unemployment, poverty and crime.
Political system of US
Washington, the capital of the United States is situated on the Potomac River in the District of Columbia. The district is a piece of land which doesn't belong to any state but to all the states. All these states are sovereignty.
Under the Constitution, the federal government is divided into three branches.
The legislative power is vested in Congress and made up of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representative. There are 435 members in the House of Representative and 100 senators. Each state elects two members of the 100-member Senate.
The executive branch is headed by the President, who proposes bills to Congress, enforces federal laws, serves as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces and with the approval of the Senate, makes treaties. President can veto a bill unless Congress by a two-thirds vote shall overrule him.
The vice President, elected from the same political party as the President, acts as chairman of the Senate, and in the event of the death of the President, assumes the Presidency.
The judicial branch is made up of Federal District Courts, 11 Federal Courts and the Supreme Court. Federal judges are appointed by the President for life. Federal courts decide cases involving federal law, conflicts between citizens of different states. The Supreme court may rule the law to be unconstitutional.
Now about the elections. The President is chosen in nation-wide elections every 4 years together with the Vice-President.
Constitution. Constitution has been amended 26 times. The Bill of Rights guarantee individual liberties: freedom of word, religion and so on. Later amendments abolish slavery, grant the vote to women and allow citizens to vote at age 18.
EDUCATION IN RUSSIA
In Russia children begin going to school at the age of seven. First they study at the elementary school. It lasts three or four years. At the elementary school children get the elementary education, they learn to read, write and count. From the fifth form the secondary education begins. Children begin learning different subjects, such as Literature, Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Computing, Foreign Languages and soon. The nine-year secondary education is compulsory in our country, but after completing the nine-year schooling pupils face the first serious decision in their lives. They have to decide either to continue their studies in the tenth and eleventh forms at a general secondary school, or to transfer to specialised colleges, that is to say, choose a particular career. Colleges give young people a secondary education plus trade training. This means that after finishing a college they are both educated and financially independent, able to go straight to a job.
Except general secondary schools there are a lot of specialised schools, where more attention is paid to a particular subject, mostly to a foreign language. Besides, the-re are many private schools now, where the education is not free of charge.
After finishing school or college young people may enter institute or university to get the higher education. After finishing the fourth course they get the bachelor's degree and after graduating from the higher educational establishment — the master's degree.
To study is not an easy thing, of course, but nowadays it is quite necessary to be highly skilled and educated specialist.
Education in GB
I know English boys and girls begin to go to school (it is called "infant") at five; at seven they go to junior schools or departments; at eleven they go to secondary schools. (After selection procedures at the age of eleven they can study at different types of secondary school: grammar schools which provide an academic education oriented towards university entry; secondary modern schools which were originally designed to give a general education ; a few secondary techniques schools offering a general education related to industry, commerce and agriculture; and schools providing all three or any two types of education, in separately organized streams known as multilateral or bilateral schools).
These schools consist of denominational and non-denominational schools. I'd like to yell you about non-denominational school. One must study there for 6 years. It's open to all boys and girls. There are the six years in this school. During the first year all classes receive the same basic core of subjects namely English, maths, history, geography, science, French, art, music, P.E., technical subjects & home economics. Toward the end of the second year pupils are asked to make their subject choices for third and forth years. Decisions on this stage are only taken after interviews involving parents, staff and the pupils themselves. The curriculum in 3rd and 4th years consists of compulsory section which includes English, math and an options section made up of those subjects chosen by the pupil at the end of the second year. Optional courses are designed to give a sound basic education.
The system of higher education in Britain includes universities, colleges of education and advanced courses at various colleges.
There are more than 44 universities in Britain. But not all universities are equal. They differ from one another in history and tradition. The oldest and world-known universities are Oxford and Cambridge.
A university usually consists of colleges. The departments of the colleges are organized into faculties. In the university students have a series of lectures, seminars, tutorials and laboratory classes. Lectures are given to large groups of students while seminars are much smaller than lectures. Lectures and seminars are all one hour in length, laboratory classes last 2 or 3 hours. The academic year divides into 3 terms. First two terms last for 24 weeks; the 3rd term is reserved for classes and examinations and lasts for six weeks.
After three years of study a university graduate will leave with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts or Science. Student can continue to take his Master's Degree and then the Doctor's.
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