WHAT IS ACCOUNTING AND BOOKKEEPING?

Методические указания

для выполнения домашней контрольной работы

по дисциплине «иностранный язык».

 

1. Данная домашняя контрольная работа имеет 10 вариантов. Номер варианта контрольной работы должен соответствовать последней цифре шифра.

2. Перед тем, как приступить к выполнению контрольной работы, необходимо изучить указанный в ней грамматический материал. Используйте для этого записи, сделанные на занятиях по иностранному языку во время установочной сессии, или один из грамматических справочников:

- Грамматика. Сборник упражнений под редакцией Голицынского Ю. Б.- М.: «КАРО», 2014, - 576с.

- Практическая грамматика английского языка с упражнениями и ключами. К.Н. Качалова, Е.Е. Израилевич. 8-е изд. - Киев: Методика, 2003 - 672с. (Т.1 - 368с., Т.2 - 304с.)

 

3. Контрольная работа должна соответствовать следующим требованиям:

- на обложке тетради указывается номер группы, ФИО студента, наименование предмета, шифр студента, номер контрольной работы;

- в тетради должны быть поля для исправлений и замечаний преподавателя;

- работа должна быть написана четко и разборчиво, в тетради в клетку следует писать через строку;

- формулировки заданий должны быть переписаны в тетрадь;

- при переводе предложений с английского языка на русский каждое предложение нужно писать с новой строки. Английское предложение – на левой, а его перевод – на правой стороне листа;

- выполняя перевод, следует выписать все незнакомые слова, предварительно установив, какой частью речи они являются, определить их значение по англо-русскому общему словарю, написать транскрипцию.

4. По выполненной и зачтенной контрольной работе проводится собеседование. Индивидуальное собеседование предполагает объяснение выполненных заданий, исправление отмеченных при проверке ошибок, чтение текста вслух.

5. Оценка «зачтено» ставится при полном, последовательном, грамотном выполнении домашней контрольной работы, с соблюдением всех норм и требований предъявляемым к студентам.

Оценка «зачтено условно» ставится при полном выполнении домашней контрольной работы с допущением некоторых ошибок или неточностей в грамматических упражнениях, либо в переводе текста.

Оценка «не зачтено» ставится при не полном выполнении домашней контрольной работы с допущением грубых грамматических, лексических и стилистических ошибок.

 

Студент должен знать: лексику в рамках изучаемого материала, основы

английской грамматики, формы неправильных глаголов, правила транскибирования английских слов.

 

Студент должен уметь: работать со словарем, переводить аутентичные тексты и предложения, применять грамматические знания на практике.

Грамматический материал

 

1. Множественное число имен существительных.
2. Видовременные формы глагола “to be”.
3. Правильные и неправильные глаголы.
4. Неличная форма глагола Infinitive.
5. Словосочетания с предлогом “of”.
6. Времена категории Simple.
7. Пассивный залог.
8. Типы вопросов (общий, специальный, альтернативный, разделительный).
9. Модальные глаголы should, may, must, can и их эквиваленты.
10. Порядок слов в английском предложении.

 

Вариант

       FINANCIAL PLANNING

Short-term planning is generally concerned with profit planning or budgeting. Long-term planning is generally strategic, setting goals for sales growth and profitability over a minimum of three to five years.

The tools for short- and long-term plans are: Income Statements, Cash Flow Statements or Budgets, Ratio Analysis, and pricing consid­erations. The business’s short-term plan should be prepared on a monthly basis for a year into the future, employing the Income State­ment and the Cash Flow Budget.

Long-Term Planning

The long-term or strategic plan focuses on Statements of Income prepared for annual periods three to five years into the future.

First determine a rate of growth that is desirable and reasonably at­tainable. Then employ Statements of Income and Cash Flow Budgets to calculate the capital required financing the inventory, plant, equip­ment, and personnel needs necessary to attain that growth in sales vol­ume. The business owner/manager must anticipate capital needs in time to make satisfactory arrangements for outside funds if internally generated funds from retained earnings are insufficient.

Growth can be funded in only two ways: with profits or by bor­rowing. If expansion outstrips the capital available to support higher levels of accounts receivable, inventory, fixed assets, and operating expenses, a business’s development will be slowed or stopped entirely by its failure to meet debts as they become payable. Such insolvency will result in the business’s assets being liquidated to meet the de­mands of the creditors. The only way to avoid this is by planning to control growth. Growth must be controlled. This requires knowledge of past financial performance and of the future requirements of the business.

These needs must be forecast in writing – using the Income State­ment in particular – for three to five years in the future. After project­ing reasonable sales volumes and profitability, use the Cash Flow Budget to determine (on a quarterly basis for the next three to five years) how these projected sales volumes translate into the flow of cash in and out of the business during normal operations. Where additional inventory, equipment, or other physical assets are necessary to support the sales forecast, you must determine whether or not the business will generate enough profit to sustain the growth forecast.

To develop effective long-term plans, you should do the following:

1. Determine the financial goals and objectives for the company (growth rates, return on investment, and direction as the busi­ness expands and matures).

2. Express these goals in specific numbers, for example, sales growth of 10 percent a year, increases in gross and net profit margins of 2 to 3 percent a year, a return on investment of not less than 9 to 10 percent a year. Use these long-range plans to develop forecasts of sales and profitability and compare actual
results from operations to these forecasts.

3. Develop long-range plans and strategies based upon careful analy­sis of all relevant factors (pricing strategies, market potential, competition, cost of borrowed and equity capital as compared to using only profits for expansions, etc.) to provide direction for the future of business.

4. Focus on the financial, human, and physical requirements nec­essary to fulfill the plans by developing forecasts of sales, ex­penses, and retain earnings (retained income) over the next three to five years.

5. Study methods of operation, product mix, new market opportu­nities, and other such factors to help identify ways to improve company’s productivity and profitability.

6. Compare your company’s financial performance regularly with current industry data to determine how your results compare with others in your industry. Learn where your business may have performance weaknesses. Don’t be afraid to modify your plans.

 

I Грамматические упражнения

1. Переведите следующие слова с английского на русский язык:

planning                            borrowing

to prepare                          growth

basis                                  account

to employ                          development

profit                                 to control

 

2. Переведите словосочетания с русского на английский язык:

внешние фонды

раз в три месяца

идти наравне с …, не отставать

размер валовой прибыли

прибыль на инвестируемый капитал

финансовое состояние

ценовой анализ

удовлетворить требование

 

3. Выпишите из текста 4-5 предложений, сказуемые которых выражены формой глагола “to be”.

 

4. Образуйте отрицательные и вопросительные формы следующих предложений. Определите время и категорию предложения, подчеркните главные члены предложения, переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. He invests much money to this business.

2. The long-term plan will focus on Statements of Income.

3. Growth was founded in only two ways.

4. Physical assets support the sale forecast.

 

5. Дайте 2 и 3 формы следующим неправильным глаголам:

 

to be

to pay

to meet

to compare

to require

 

6. Выпишите из текста 5-6 предложений с неличной формой глагола Infinitive. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

7. Выпишите из текста 3 предложения, сказуемые которых выражены модальными глаголами. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

 

8. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную формы следующих прилагательных:

 

small

long

high

profitable

slow

weak

 

9. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту контрольной работы:

1. How often a short-term business’s plan should be prepared?

2. How often a long-term or strategic plan should be prepared?

3. What are the steps necessary to develop effective long-term plans?

 

10. Переведите текст контрольной работы на русский язык письменно.

II Фонетические упражнения

1. Найдите в тексте по 5 слов, где

a [ei]

o [ou]

ou, ow [au]

i [i]

 

1. Протранскрибируйте следующие слова:

goal

income

financial

sale

percent

market

Вариант

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Financial Statements record the performance of business and allow to diagnose its strengths and weaknesses by providing a written summary of financial activities.

There are two primary financial statements: the Balance Sheet and the Statement of Income.

The Balance Sheet

The Balance Sheet provides a picture of the financial health of a business at a given moment, usually at the close of an accounting pe­riod. It lists in detail those material and intangible items the business owns (known as its assets) and what money the business owes, either to its creditors (liabilities) or to its owners (shareholders’ equity or net worth of the business).

Assets include not only cash, merchandise inventory, land, buildings, equipment, machinery, furniture, patents, trademarks, and the like, but also money due from individuals or other businesses (known as accounts or notes receivable).

Liabilities are funds acquired for a business through loans or the sale of property or services to the business on credit. Creditors do not acquire business ownership, but promissory notes to be paid at a desig­nated future date.

Shareholders’ equity (or net worth or capital) is money put into a business by its owners for use by the business in acquiring assets,

At any given time, a business’s assets equal the total contributions by the creditors and owners, as illustrated by the following formula for the Balance Sheet;

Assets = Liabilities + Net worth

This formula is a basic principle of accounting. If a business owes more money to creditors than it possesses in value of assets owned, the net worth or owner’s equity of the business will be a negative number.

The Balance Sheet shows how the assets, liabilities, and net worth of a business are distributed at any given time. It is usually prepared at regular intervals; e.g., at each month’s end, but especially at the end of each fiscal (accounting) year.

Balance Sheet Categories

Assets; An asset is anything the business owns that has monetary va1ue.Assets and liabilities are divided into the following categories:

- Current Assets include cash, government securities, marketable securities, accounts receivable, notes receivable, inventories, prepaid expenses, and any other item that could be converted into cash within one year in the normal course of business.

- Capital (Fixed) Assets are those acquired for long-term use in a business such as land, plant, equipment, machinery, leasehold, furniture, fixtures, and any other items with an expected useful business life measured in years (as opposed to items that will wear out or be used up in less than one year). These assets are typically not for resale and are recorded in the Balance Sheet at their net cost less accumulated depreciation.

- Other Assets include intangible assets, such as patents, royalties, copyrights, exclusive use contracts.

- Liabilities: Liabilities are the claims of creditors against the as­sets of the business or debts owed by the business.

- Current Liabilities are accounts payable, notes payable to banks, accrued expenses (wages, salaries), taxes payable, the current portion (due and payable within one year) of long-term debt, and other obligations to creditors due within one year.

- Long-Term Liabilities are mortgages, intermediate and long-term bank loans, equipment loans, and any other obligation for money due to a creditor with a maturity longer than one year.

 

I Грамматические упражнения

1. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на русский язык:

to provide         to repay

owner                           equity

asset                             fiscal

for a business               net worth

shareholder                   to be established

 

1. Переведите словосочетания с русского языка на английский:

1. средства акционеров
2. активы и пассивы
3. нематериальные предметы
4. денежная стоимость
5. отчетный период

 

1. Выпишите из текста 4-5 предложений, сказуемые которых выражены формой глагола “to be”. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Сопоставьте следующие компоненты:

1. Accounting                                   а бухгалтерское дело
2. Accounts Payable                         б долгосрочный долг
3. Accounts Receivable        в доход в виде процента
4. Accumulated Depreciation г краткосрочные займы
5. Beginning equity                          д материально-производств запасы
6. Interest Income                            е накопленная амортизация
7. Inventory                                      ж налог на заработанную плату
8. Long Term Debt                           з расходы на аренду
9. Payroll Tax                                   и ремонт и тех обслуживание
10. Rental Expense                             й собственные средства
11. Repair and Maintenance               к счет продаж
12. Sales Accounts                             л счета к оплате
13. Short term loans                           м счета к получению

 

1. Дайте II и III формы следующих неправильных глаголов:

to grow

to wear

to tear

to sting

to arise

 

1. Образуйте II и III формы следующих прилагательных:

smart

popular

important

easy

far

 

7. Образуйте отрицательную и вопросительную формы следующих предложений. Определите время и категорию каждого предложения, выделите подлежащее и сказуемое. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. All Balance sheets contained the same categories of assets, liabilities, and net worth.
2. The system will be applied to all companies in our region.
3. The Balance Sheet shows how the assets, liabilities, and net worth of business are distributed at any given time.

 

8. Определите и выпишите из текста 5-6 предложений, сказуемые которых употреблены в форме пассивного залога. Подчеркните сказуемое. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту контрольной работы:

 

1. What is a Balance Sheet?
2. What does a Balance Sheet show?
3. What is called assets?
4. What do assets consist of?
5. What is called liabilities?
6. What is shareholders’ equity?
7. What do Current Assets include?
8. What do Capital Assets consist of?
9. What are Current Liabilities?
10. What are Long-term liabilities?

 

1. Переведите текст контрольной работы письменно.

 

II Фонетические упражнения

 

1. Найдите в тексте по 5 слов, где:

i [i]                               o [ou]

y [i]                              sh [∫]

 

1. Протранскрибируйте следующие слова:

generally

note

loan

contribution

value

 

 

Вариант

 

WHAT IS ACCOUNTING AND BOOKKEEPING?

Accounting and Bookkeeping is the process of identifying, measur­ing, recording, and communicating economic information about an or­ganization or other entity. Bookkeeping is the record-keeping aspect of accounting. Accounting principles are applied in the preparation of fi­nancial statements and other financial information.

Personal record keeping often uses a simple single-entry bookkeep­ing, in which amounts are recorded in column form. Such entries in­clude the date of the transaction, its nature, and the amount of money.

Record keeping of organizations is based on a double-entry system. Each transaction is recorded on the basis of its influence on the organi­zation’s financial position or operating results. Information about fi­nancial position of an enterprise is presented in a balance sheet, while operating results are displayed in an income statement account. Data relating to an organization’s liquidity and changes in its financial struc­ture are shown in a financial statement. Such financial statements are prepared to provide information about past performance, which in turn becomes a basis for readers to try to project what might happen in the future.

ACCOUNTING INFORMATION

Accounting information can be classified into two categories: fi­nancial accounting or public information and managerial accounting or private information.

Financial accounting includes information distributed to stock­holders, creditors, customers, suppliers, financial analysts, and trade associations. This information is also of interest to the company’s offi­cers and managers. Such information relates to the financial position, liquidity (that is, ability to convert to cash), and profitability of an en­terprise.

Managerial accounting deals with cost-profit-volume relation­ships, efficiency and productivity, planning and control, pricing deci­sions, capital budgeting, and similar matters. This information is not generally distributed outside the company. Managerial accounting provides a wide variety of specialized reports for division managers, department heads, project directors, section supervisors, and other man­agers.

Specialized Accounting

Of the various specialized areas of accounting that exist, the three most important are auditing, income taxation, and accounting for non-business organizations.

Auditing is the examination, by an independent accountant, of the financial data, accounting records, business documents, and other doc­uments of an organization in order to attest to the accuracy of its finan­cial statements. Large private and public enterprises sometimes also maintain an internal audit staff to conduct examinations concerned with operating efficiency and managerial effectiveness.

Income taxation is the second specialized area of accounting. Pre­paring an income tax form consists of collecting information and pre­senting data in a certain order; therefore, both individuals and businesses frequently hire accountants to determine their taxes.

Accounting for non-business organizations, such as universities, hospitals, churches, trade and professional associations is the third area of specialization. These organizations differ from business enterprises in that they do not have a profit orientation, and they have no defined ownership interests. As a result, these organizations have differences in record keeping, in accounting measurements, and in the format of their financial statements.

 

I Грамматические упражнения

1. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на русский язык:

accounting                   customer

column                        supplier

entry                            pricing

transaction                   auditing

liquidity                       tax

 

1. Переведите словосочетания на английский язык:

1. финансовое положение
2. бухгалтерский баланс
3. управленческий учет
4. финансовый аналитик
5. ассоциация производителей и дилеров одной и той же отрасли производства

 

3. Выпишите из текста 4-5 предложений, сказуемые которых выражены формой глагола ‘to be’. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

4. Выпишите из текста 4-5 предложений, сказуемые которых употреблены в пассивном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

 

1. Дайте II и III формы следующих неправильных глаголов:

 

to set

to come

to spread

to write

to give

 

1. Образуйте II и III степени сравнения следующих прилагательных:

witty

wonderful

lucky

late

clever

 

7. Образуйте отрицательную и вопросительную формы следующих предложений. Определите время и категорию предложения, выделите подлежащее и сказуемое. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Personal record keeping often uses a simple single-entry book-keeping.
2. This information was always of interest to the company’s officers and managers.
3. Financial statements will be prepared to provide an important information.

 

8. Выпишите из текста 5-6 предложений с неличной формой глагола ‘Infinitive’. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

9. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту контрольной работы:

1. What is done during the process of accounting and bookkeeping?

2. Where are accounting principles applied?

3. What is the difference between single-entry bookkeeping and a double-entry system?

4. What information is presented in a balance sheet?

5. Who is interested in financial accounting?

6. What does managerial accounting deal with?

7. Who can use managerial accounting information?

8. What is the aim of financial auditing?

 

10.Переведите текст контрольной работы письменно.

 

II Фонетические упражнения

1. Найдите в тексте по 5 слов, где:

ea [i:]                           a [æ]

i [ai]                             e [e]

 

1. Протранскрибируйте следующие слова:

customer

budget

internal

audit

liquidity

 

                                                       

                                                       

Вариант

THE BALANCE SHEET

Of the two traditional types of financial statements, the balance sheet relates to an entity’s position, and the income statement-or profit and loss account-relates to its activity. The balance sheet pro­vides information about an organization’s assets, liabilities, and own­ers’ equity on the last day of the accounting or fiscal period. The format of the balance sheet reflects the basic accounting equation: assets equal equities. Assets are economic resources of the organization. Equities consist of the organization’s liabilities together with the equity interest of its owners. (For example, a certain house has assets worth $70,000;

its unpaid mortgage is a liability of $45,000, and the equity of its own­ers is $25,000.)

Assets are categorized as current or long-lived. Current assets are usually those that management could reasonably be expected to con­vert into cash within one year; they include cash, receivables, merchandise inventory, and short-term investments in stocks and bonds. Long-lived assets include land, buildings, machinery, motor vehicles, computers, furniture, and fixtures. Long-lived assets also include in­tangibles such as patents and trademarks.

Liabilities are obligations that the organization must remit to other parties, such as creditors and employees. Current liabilities usu­ally are amounts that are expected to be paid within one year, including salaries and wages, taxes, short-term loans, and money owed to suppli­ers of goods and services. Noncurrent liabilities are usually debts that will come due beyond one year-such as bonds, mortgages, and long-term loans. Whereas liabilities are the claims of outside parties on the assets of the organization, the owners’ equity is the investment in­terest of the owners in the organization’s assets. When an enterprise is operated as a sole proprietorship or as a partnership, the balance sheet may disclose the amount of each owner’s equity. When the organiza­tion is a corporation, the balance sheet shows the equity of the owners (stockholders) as consisting of two elements: (1) the amount originally invested by the stockholders; and (2) the corporation’s cumulative re­invested income, or retained earnings (that is, income not distributed to stockholders as dividends), in which the stockholders have equity.

The Income Statement

Income statement is often known as the profit-and-loss account. Prepared for a well-defined time interval, such as three months or one year, this statement summarizes the enterprise’s revenues, expenses, gains, and losses.

Revenues are transactions that represent the inflow of assets as a result of operations-that is, assets received from selling goods and rendering services.

Expenses are transactions involving the outflow of assets in order to generate revenue, such as wages, rent, interest, and taxation.

In addition to showing revenues and expenses (the principal com­ponents of income), the income statement also lists gains and losses from other kinds of transactions, such as the sale of plant assets (for ex­ample, a factory building) or the early repayment of long-term debt.

I Грамматические упражнения

1. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания:

profit account              to remit

fiscal period                rate

revenues                      obligation

house                           to come due

current assets               to exclude

 

1. Переведите на английский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. ценные бумаги и облигации
2. краткосрочные инвестиции
3. неоплаченный залог
4. счет прибылей и убытков
5. период налогообложения

 

3. Выпишите из текста 4-5 предложений, сказуемые которых выражены формой глагола ‘to be’. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Выпишите из текста 5-6 конструкций с предлогом ‘of’. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык, подчеркните предлог.
2. Дайте II и III формы следующих неправильных глаголов:

to win

to become

to spend

to lend

to withdraw

 

1. Образуйте II и III степени сравнения следующих прилагательных:

competitive

wide

interesting

bad

near

1. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык:

1. В компании такие изымаемые активы называются дивидендами.
2. Третьим важным финансовым отчетом является отчет о поступлении капитала.
3. Отчет о нераспределенной прибыли показывает доход и перераспределение средств лицам.

 

1. Задайте общий тип вопроса к следующим предложениям:

1. The income statement excludes the amount of assets withdrawn by the owners.
2. It was always known as the profit-and-loss account.
3. This statement will summarize the enterprise’s revenues, expenses, gains, and losses.

 

1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту контрольной работы:

1. What information gives the balance sheet?
2. What do current events include?
3. What do long-lived assets include?
4. What are liabilities?
5. What does the balance sheet show?

 

1. Переведите текст контрольной работы письменно.

II Фонетические упражнения

1. Найдите по 5 слов в тексте, где:

u [ju]                            c [k]

o [ou]                           ow [ou]

 

1. Протранскрибируйте следующие слова:

invest

cash

noncurrent

withdraw

position

Вариант

                                   SOURCES OF CAPITAL

In order to secure the capital they need, business owners must un-stand the various sources of money that are available to them such is the following:

1. Capital generated internally.

2. Capital available from trade creditors.

3. Borrowed money.

4. Sale of an ownership interest in the business to equity inves­tors.

Each of these capital sources has unique characteristics. These characteristics must be fully understood to know what sources are available and which source is best suited to the needs of the business.

Managing Internal Capital

Internal sources of capital are those generated within the business. External sources of capital are those outside the business such as sup­pliers, lenders, and investors. For example, a business can generate cap­ital internally by accelerating collection of receivables, disposing of surplus inventories, retaining profit in the business or cutting costs.

Capital can be generated externally by borrowing or finding inves­tors who might be interested in buying a portion of the business.

Before seeking external sources of capital from investors or lenders, a business should thoroughly explore all reasonable sources for meeting its capital needs internally. Even if this effort fails to generate all of the needed capital, it can sharply reduce the external financing require­ments, resulting in less interest expense and lower repayment obliga­tions. With a lower requirement, the business's ability to secure external financing will be improved. Further, the ability to generate maximum capital internally and to control operations will enhance the confidence of outside investors and lenders. With more confidence in the business and its management, lenders and investors will be more willing to commit their capital.

Internal Sources of Capital

There are three principal sources of internal capital:

1. Increasing the amount of earnings kept in the business.

2. Assets management.

3. Cost control.

Increased Earnings Retention. Many businesses are able to meet all of their capital needs through earnings retention. Each year, share- holders' dividends or partners' draws are restricted so that the largest reasonable share of earnings is retained in the business to finance its growth.

As with other internal capital sources, earnings retention not only reduces any external capital requirement, but also affects the business' ability to secure external capital. Lenders are particularly concerned with the rate of earnings retention. The ability to repay debt obliga­tions normally depends upon the amount of cash generated through operations. If this cash is used excessively to pay dividends or to permit withdrawals by investors, the company's ability to meet its debt obliga­tions will be threatened.

Asset Management. Many businesses have non-productive as­sets that can be liquidated (sold or collected) to provide capital for short-term needs. Collecting outstanding receivables, with particu­lar emphasis on amounts long outstanding, can often produce signif­icant amounts of capital. Similarly, inventories can be analyzed and those goods with relatively slow sales activity or with little hope for future fast movement can be liquidated. The liquidation can occur through sales to customers or through sales to wholesale outlets, as required.

Any of the above steps can be taken to lessen short-term cash short­ages. On a long-term basis, the business can minimize its external capi­tal needs by establishing policies and procedures that will reduce the possibility of cash shortages caused by ineffective asset management. These policies could include the establishment of more rigorous credit standards, systematic review of outstanding receivables, periodic anal­ysis of slow-moving inventories, and establishment of profitability cri­teria so that fixed asset investments are most closely controlled.

Cost Reduction. Careful analysis of costs can improve profitabil­ity and therefore the amount of earnings available for retention. At the same time, cost control minimizes the need for cash to meet obligations to trade creditors and others.

Decisions to hire extra personnel, lease additional space, or incur other additional costs can be reviewed closely before they are made.

In general, management should review all actual costs carefully. Expenses can be compared with objectives, experience in previous peri­ods, or with other companies in the industry. Whenever an apparent excess is identified, the cause of the excess should be closely explored and corrective action taken to prevent its recurrence.

 

I Грамматические упражнения

1. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания:

investor                  earnings retention

supplier                  lease

cost control            to incur costs

lender                    actual costs

outstanding           recurrence

 

2. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык:

1. дивиденды акционеров

2. удовлетворять нужды

3. регулирование затрат

4. фактические издержки

5. ликвидация избыточного запаса товаров

 

3. Выпишите из текста 5-6 предложений, где сказуемое выражено модальным глаголом “can”. Переведите предложения на русский язык, подчеркните сказуемое.

 

4. Выпишите из текста 4-5 предложений в пассивном залоге (Passive Voice). Подчеркните сказуемое, переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

5. Дайте II и III формы следующих неправильных глаголов:

to wake

to understand

to let

to lie

to withdraw

 

6. Поставьте сказуемые следующих предложений в форму прошедшего простого (Past Simple) и будущего простого (Future Simple) времени. Переведите предложения на русский язык и подчеркните сказуемые.

1. Each of these capital resources has unique characteristics.

2. This effort fails to generate all of the needed capital.

3. With the lower requirement, the business’s ability to secure external financing is improved.

4. Cost control minimizes the need for cash to meet obligations to trade creditors and others.

 

7. Выпишите из текста 5-6 предложений с неличной формой глагола “Infinitive”. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

8. Задайте 4 типа вопроса к следующим предложениям:

1. Many businesses have non-productive assets.

2. The liquidation can occur through sales to customers.

3. Fixed asset investments are most closely controlled.

 

9. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту контрольной работы:

1. What are the internal sources of capital?

2. What are the external sources of capital?

3. What is short-term financing?

4. What is long-term financing?

 

10.Переведите текст контрольной работы на русский язык письменно.

 

II Фонетические упражнения

1. Найдите в тексте 5 слов, где:

i [ai]                       a [æ]

t [∫]                         ear [ε:]

 

2. Протранскрибируйте следующие слова:

receivable              incur

expense                  actual

ownership

Вариант

credit

Credit is a term used to denote transactions involving the transfer of money or other property on promise of repayment, usu­ally at a fixed future date. The transferor thereby becomes a credi­tor, and the transferee becomes a debtor. Hence, credit and debt are simply terms describing the same operation viewed from op­posite sides.

Types of Credit

The principal classes of credit are the following:

• commercial credit (trade credit), which merchants extend to one another to finance production and distribution of goods.

• investment credit, used by business firms to finance the acquisi­tion of plant and equipment and represented by corporate bonds, long-term notes, and other proofs of indebtedness.

• bank credit, consisting of the deposits, loans, and discounts of
depository institutions.

• consumer or personal credit, which comprises advances made to individuals to enable them to meet expenses or to purchase, on a deferred-payment basis, goods or service for personal consump­tion.

• real-estate credit, composed of loans secured by land and build­ings.

• public or government credit, represented by the bond issues of national governments.

• international credit, which is extended to particular govern­ments by other governments, by the nationals of foreign countries, or by international banking institutions, such as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop­ment.

Function of Credit

The principal function of credit is to transfer property from those who own it to those who wish to use it, as in the granting of loans by banks to individuals who plan to initiate or expand a business. The transfer is temporary and is made for a price, known as interest, which varies with the risk involved and also with the demand for, and supply of, credit.

Credit puts to use property that would otherwise lie idle, thus en­abling a country to more fully employ its resources. Without credit, the tremendous investments required for the development of the large-scale enterprise on which the high living standards of the indus­trialized world are based would have been impossible.

The use of credit also makes feasible the performance of the com­plex operations involved in modern business without the constant han­dling of money. Credit operations are carried out by means of documents known as credit instruments, which include bills of ex­change, money orders, cheques, drafts, promissory notes, and bonds. These are usually negotiable instruments; they may legally be trans­ferred in the same way as money. When the party issuing the instrument desires to prevent its use by anyone other than the party to whom it is issued, he or she may do so by inscribing the words "not negotiable" on the instrument.

Issuance of Credit

Creditors sometimes require the debtor's credit standing. Some­times more tangible security, such as the guarantee of a third party, is re­quired. Also, the debtor may be obliged to assign the rights to some other property, which is at least equal in value to the loan, as collateral security for payment. When goods are sold on a deferred-payment or hire-purchase plan, the seller may either retain legal ownership of the goods or hold a chattel mortgage until the final payment is made. The depositing of funds in a bank for safekeeping may also be regarded as a form of credit to the bank, as such funds are used for loan and invest­ment purposes, and the bank is legally bound to repay them as an ordi­nary debtor.

 

I Грамматические упражнения

1. Переведите следующие слова на русский язык:

transaction                   granting

to transfer        idle

debtor                          feasible

to extend                     bill

acquisition                   to assign

 

1. Переведите на английский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. перевод денежных сумм
2. обещание выплаты
3. оборотный кредитно-денежный документ
4. материальное обеспечение
5. отсрочиваемая оплата

 

3. Выпишите из текста 4-5 предложений, сказуемые которых выражены формой глагола “to be”. Переведите предложения на русский язык, подчеркните сказуемое.

 

4. Выпишите из текста 405 предложений в пассивном залоге (Passive Voice). Подчеркните сказуемое, переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Дайте II и III формы следующих неправильных глаголов:

to begin

to take

to draw

to fly

to bite

 

1. Образуйте II и III степени сравнения следующих прилагательных:

far

near

interesting

quiet

suspicious

 

7. Образуйте отрицательную и вопросительную формы следующих предложений. Определите время и категорию сказуемого каждого предложения, подчеркните подлежащее и сказуемое. Переведите

предложения на русский язык:

1. Merchants extend commercial credit to one another.
2. Credit operations will be carried out by means of documents.
3. This security was in the form of a mortgage.

 

1. Задайте 4 типа вопроса к следующим предложениям:

1. Such funds are used for loan and investment purposes.
2. It is necessary to supply some kind of collateral in business transactions.

 

1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту контрольной работы:

1. What do we call credit?
2. What are the types of credit?
3. What are the functions of credit?
4. What is a credit interest?
5. What are large-scaled credits aimed to?
6. Who can issue a credit?
7. What is a collateral?

 

1. Переведите текст контрольной работы на русский язык письменно.

 

IIФонетические упражнения

1. Найдите в тексте по 5 слов, где:

er [ə]                            a [æ]

g [dз]                           e [e]

 

2. Протранскрибируйте следующие слова:

       chattel

       mortgage

       retain

       tangible

       idle

 

 

Вариант

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