Contraction ( Сокращение гласных )
Middle English: Historical Background, Spelling and Phonetics.
Aims:
· to familiarize with the term “Middle English”;
· to account for major external and internal influences on its development;
· to perceive the linguistic consequences of the Norman Conquest;
· to define the return of English as a standard;
· to learn the peculiarities of spelling and phonology of the Middle English period.
Plan
1. Historical events affecting the English language in the 11th–18th centuries.
2. Linguistic situation on the territory of Britain in the periods under study.
3. Innovations in spelling in ME as compared with Old English.
4. Quantitative and qualitative changes in the vocalic system in ME.
5. Consonant changes in ME.
6. Towards a new written standard for English.
7. Great Vowel shift and other New English phonetic changes; their effect on Modern English.
Obligatory:
David Crystal. The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of The English Language.— Cambridge University Press .—1994.—PP.30-44
L.Verba. History of the English language. - Vinnitsa, 2004. - PP. 102-118
Иванова И. П. Практикум по истории английского языка [Текст] : учеб. пособие / И. П. Иванова, Л. П. Чахоян, Т. М. Беляева. - 3-е изд., перераб. - СПб. : Авалон ; СПб. : Азбука-классика, 2005. – С. 86-96.
Additional
Аракин В. Д. История английского языка. - М., 1985. - C. 110-131.
Simon Horobin and Jeremy Smith An Introduction to Middle English. - Edinburgh University Press, 2002. – PP. 40-64.
Practical Assignments for Seminar №1
Threshold Level
Exercises
I. True or False:
Write “T” for true and “F” for false beside each of the following statements
1. At London in October 1066 William, Duke of Normandy, defeated King Harold elected by Anglo-Saxon Lords, surrounded London and on Christmas was crowned in Westminster.
2. The events at Hastings were woven depicted in the Doomsday Book.
3. The approximate number of French settlers after the Conquest as about 200 000.
4. The Normans spoke pure French.
5. Latin was the only language of education.
6. French changed English grammar a lot.
7. The changes in spelling that took place in that period laid the basis for present-day English spelling.
8. During the 12th century, English became more widely used among the upper classes, and there was an enormous amount of intermarriage with English people.
|
|
|
9. The Middle English dialects can be divided into four major groups.
10. The Peterborough Chronicle is so called because it was first copied by Peter Laud.
11. The most prominent work of art by G. Chaucer is The Canterbury Tales.
12. The new written standard for English was based on the South-Eastern dialect.
13. The Old English inflectional system decayed because it was increasingly difficult to hear them, because of the way words had come to be stressed during the evolution of the Germanic languages.
14. The Anglo-Saxon poetic tradition apparently dies out in the 11th century, to reappear in the 13th.
15. The genealogy of modern Standard English goes back to Chaucer, not Chancery.
16. William Caxton established a national literary standard in printing based on the written standard of official documentation.
17. The written word in ME is very much like Modern, although it sounded different.
18. By the beginning of the 15th century, English spelling was a mixture of two systems, Old English and French.
19. The final sound disappeared, the -e spelling disappeared as well.
20. In the course of phonetic assimilation stress was shifted to the immediately preceding unstressed syllable (recessive tendency).
II. Multiple Choice:
Select the best response for each of the following questions\ statements
1. In 878 England was divided into Danish territory (Danelaw) and the Anglo-Saxon territories under Wessex:
a) by the Battle at Hastings;
b) by the Conquest;
c) by the Proclamation of Henry III;
d) by the Wedmore Peace Treaty concluded under Alfred.
2. The Black Death reduced the population in...
a) 1347;
b) 1351;
c) 1349;
d) 1444.
3. “Sir Gawaine and the Green Knight” represents
a) East Midland dialect;
b) Northern dialect;
c) South-Western dialect;
d) West Midland dialect.
4. During the 13th century Chancery was permanently located in
a) Oxford;
b) Peterborough;
c) Westminster;
d) St. Paul’s Cathedral.
|
|
|
5. Short vowels were identified by consonants …, in cases where there might be confusion.
a) doubling;
b) lengthening;
c) omission;
d) substitution.
6. The poems by J.Gower are largely neglected. Among them:
a) “Man of Law’s Tale”;
b) “Golden Legend”;
c) “Le Roman de la Rose”;
d) “Confessio Amantis”.
7. In ME such English new letters as … were introduced:
a) d, h, t, g, j;
b) l, s, g, t, v;
c) k, q, w, f, d;
d) g, j, k, q, v.
8. Those letters which the French did not employ were as follows:
a) b, ӡ, d, þ ;
b) c, ð, ӡ, w;
c) æ, ð, þ, ӡ;
d) þ, ӡ, s, a.
9. The voiced fricatives became phonemic in Middle English (in OE they had been allophones of [f, θ, s]):
a) z, ð, k;
b) f, g, z;
c) ð, f, v;
d) v, ð, z.
10.Final consonants in unstressed syllables tend to … in Middle English
a) be weakened;
b) be lost;
c) be lengthened;
d) be inserted.
11. [y] and [y:] unrounded to … in all dialects by the end of the Middle English period:
a) [a] and [a:];
b) [e] and [e:];
c) [æ] and [æ:];
d) [i] and [i:].
12.[æ] lowered to … in all dialects
a) [i:];
b) [e];
c) [a];
d) [e:].
13.At the beginning of ME short vowels were lengthened before certain consonants clusters:
a) lg, ng, mf;
b) kl, ld, ml;
c) nk, mb, ld;
d) ld, mb, nd.
14. OE ūwas changed into ME …
a) ou and ow ;
b) au and ow;
c) ou and aw;
d) u and ew.
15. Letter o sometimes represented …
a) [e];
b) [æ];
c) [u];
d) [a].
16. OE cw were changed into ME …
a) cu;
b) ku;
c) kv;
d) qu.
17. Short vowels were identified by consonant …:
a) reduction;
b) lengthening;
c) dropping;
d) doubling.
18.C was used instead of s before…
a) a;
b) e;
c) i;
d) u.
19. English literary standard was made up by:
a) G. Chaucer;
b) W. Caxton;
c) W. Laud;
d) Chancery.
20.What letters fell into disuse in ME?
a) dg and gg;
b) æ and oe;
c) sh and sc;
d) j and g.
21. The extralinguistic factor happened in 1066 which is considered to be the borderline between the Old English and the Middle English periods in traditional periodisation is the _________.
|
|
|
22. Which period of English is marked by appearance of analytical forms?
23. The event which marks the end of the Middle English period and the beginning of the New English period and took place in 1475 is the introduction of _________.
a) printing
b) standardization
c) grammar studies
d) writing
24. Diphthongs in such ME words as “wey, bowe” appeared as a result of the process called _________.
a) shortening of vowels
b) Great Vowel shift
c) lengthening of vowels
d) vocalisation of consonants
25. What vowel phoneme (monophthong) found in Old English disappeared in Middle English?
26. Lengthening of short vowels in early Middle English occurred _________.
a) before a cluster of three consonants
b) in a short syllable
c) before a cluster of a sonorant and a plosive
d) before a cluster of a fricative and a plosive
e) after a palatal consonant
f) in an open syllable
27. Which process is responsible for the change of pronunciation in “find” from [i:] into [ai]?
Intermediate Level
Rea
d
ing Rules in ME
1. Read the words with letters а , о :
[a]: was был, appel яблоко, hath имеет, al все, ladder лестница;
[a:]: tale рассказ, maken делать, haven иметь, waken будить, same такой же;
[ɔ:]: throte горло, stolen украденный, brothet брат, dores двери, open открывать;
[u]: comen приходить, sone сын, some некоторый, wonder чудо, aboven наверх.
2. Read the words with digraphs ou, ow:
[u:]: out наружу, mous мышь, wound рана, our наш; town город, how как, now теперь, cow корова;
[ou]: owen собственный, bowe дуга, knowen знать, snow снег.
Find OE variants of words with ow and define why it may be read in a different ways.
3. Read the words with letter е :
[e:]: feet ноги, street улица, breed хлеб, heath вереск; chief главный, field поле, shield щит; thief вор; receiven получать, deceiven обманывать, receipt рецепт;
|
|
|
[ɛ:]: year год, dead мертвый, meat мясо;
[eʋ]: knew знал, trewe истинный, dew роса.
Contraction ( Сокращение гласных )
Дата добавления: 2021-07-19; просмотров: 458; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!