How is the newborn physical examination done?

⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 2 из 2

The healthcare professional will give your baby a thorough physical examination.

They'll also ask you questions about how your baby is feeding, how alert they are, and about their general wellbeing.

Your baby will need to be undressed for part of the examination.

During the examination, the healthcare professional will also:

look into your baby's eyes with a special torch to check how their eyes look and move
listen to your baby's heart to check their heart sounds
examine their hips to check the joints
examine baby boys to see if their testicles have descended into the scrotum

What does the newborn physical examination check for?

The examination includes an overall physical check, plus 4 different screening tests.

Eyes

The health professional will check the appearance and movement of your baby's eyes.

They're looking for cataracts, which is a clouding of the transparent lens inside the eye, and other conditions.

About 2 or 3 in 10,000 babies are born with cataracts in one or both eyes that need treatment.

But the examination cannot tell you how well your baby can see.

Find out more about childhood cataracts

Heart

The healthcare professional will check your baby's heart. This is done by observing your baby, feeling your baby's pulses, and listening to their heart with a stethoscope.

Sometimes heart murmurs are picked up. A heart murmur is where the heartbeat has an extra or unusual sound caused by a disturbed blood flow through the heart.

Heart murmurs are common in babies. The heart is normal in almost all cases where a murmur is heard.

But about 8 in 1,000 babies have congenital heart disease that needs treatment.

Find out more about congenital heart disease

Hips

Some newborns have hip joints that are not formed properly. This is known as developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).

Left untreated, DDH can cause a limp or joint problems.

About 1 or 2 in 1,000 babies have hip problems that need to be treated.

Find out more about developmental dysplasia of the hip

Testicles

Baby boys are checked to make sure their testicles are in the right place.

During pregnancy, the testicles form inside the baby's body. They may not drop down into the scrotum until a few months after birth.

Around 2 to 6 in 100 baby boys have testicles that descend partially or not at all.

This needs to be treated to prevent possible problems later in life, such as reduced fertility.

Find out more about undescended testicles

Does my baby have to have the examination?

The aim of the examination is to identify any of the problems early so treatment can be started as soon as possible.

It's strongly recommended for your baby, but not compulsory.

You can decide to have your baby examined and screened for any or all of the conditions.

If you have any concerns, you should talk to your midwife or the healthcare professional offering the examination.

When will we get the results?

The healthcare professional who does the examination will give you the results straight away.

If your baby needs to be referred for more tests, they'll discuss this with you there and then, too.

The results will be recorded in your baby's personal child health record (red book).

You'll need to keep this safe and have it to hand whenever your baby sees a healthcare professional.

If you have any concerns, you can discuss them with your midwife or the healthcare professional who does the examination.

Blood Typing;

Reagents ID-Card ̋ABO/Rh for Newborns˝ contains a mixture of polyclonal and monoclonal anti-A (cell line: A5), polyclonal anti-B and anti-AB antibodies of human origin within the gel matrix. The anti-D used is a blend of human IgG antibodies. The anti-human globulin serum is a blend of rabbit anti-IgG and monoclonal anti-C3d (cell line: C139-9). The microtube ctl is the negative control. Preservative: < 0.1% NaN3. Caution: The source materials from which these products were manufactured, were found non reactive for HBsAg, HCV and HIV (1+2) when tested with licensed reagents. However, no known test method can assure that infectious agents are absent. Products from human blood should be considered potentially infectious. Do not store near any heat, air conditioning sources or ventilation outlets. Stability: see expiry date on label. Additional reagents required • ID-Diluent 2: modified LISS for red cell suspensions. • ID-Diluent 1: modified bromelin solution. (see related package insert) Further materials required • ID-Dispenser • ID-Pipetor • ID-Tips (pipetor tips) • Tubes for suspensions • ID-Working table • ID-Centrifuge 6, 12 or 24 Sample material Draw blood samples using acceptable phlebotomy techniques. Cord or heel prick samples may be used. It is normally not necessary to wash the cells before use (see ̋Remarks˝). Where cord samples are used, care must be taken to avoid contamination with Wharton’s jelly. Preferably, blood samples should be drawn into Citrate, EDTA or CPD-A. For reliable results, use of freshly collected blood is indicated. Preparation of blood sample Prepare a 0.8% red cell suspension in ID-Diluent 2 as follows: Allow the diluent to reach room temperature before use. 1. Dispense 1.0 ml of ID-Diluent 2 into a clean tube. 2. Add 10 µl of packed red cells or 20 µl of whole blood, mix gently. The cell suspension may be used immediately. Controls Known positive and negative samples should be included in accordance with the relevant guidelines of quality assurance. Test procedure Do not use ID-Cards which show signs of drying, have bubbles, damaged seals, drops of gel or supernatant in the upper part of the microtubes or on the underside of the aluminium foil. 1. Identify the ID-Card with the unique patient or donor number/details as appropriate. 2. Remove the aluminium foil from as many microtubes as required by holding the ID-Card in the upright position. 3. Pipette 50 µl of the red cell suspension to all microtubes of the ID-Card. 4. Add 25 µl of ID-Diluent 1 (allow to reach room temperature 18–25 °C before use) to the first 5 microtubes (A, B, AB, D, ctl). 5. Incubate the ID-Card for 10 minutes at room temperature (18–25 °C). 6. Centrifuge the ID-Card for 10 minutes in the ID-Centrifuge. 7. Read and record the results. ABO/Rh for Newborns ID-Card Deutsch B001017 06.13 A, B, AB, D, ctl/DAT Bestimmung der ABO/Rh Blutgruppen bei Neugeborenen mit dem direkten Antiglobulintest (DAT), mit humanen Antikörpern Produkt-Identifikation: 50061 Einleitung Anti-A-, Anti-B- und Anti-AB-Testseren werden für die Bestimmung der A/B-Antigene benötigt. Da die Antigene A und B bei der Geburt noch nicht vollständig entwickelt sind, können die Reaktionen schwächer sein als bei Erwachsenen. Untergruppen können nicht immer bestimmt werden. Das Serum von Erwachsenen enthält Antikörper gegen die auf den Erythrozyten nicht vorhandenen Antigene A und B. Diese Antikörper treten nach den ersten 4 bis 6 Lebensmonaten auf. Entsprechend kann die Serumgegenprobe bei Neugeborenen nicht durchgeführt werden. Es wird deshalb angezeigt, dass beim Neugeborenen die zu bestimmende Blutgruppe nach 2 bis 4 Jahren zu bestätigen ist, wenn die Antigene A und B sowie die Isoagglutinine voll entwickelt sind. Das Antigen D wie auch schwaches D ist bei der Geburt vollständig entwickelt. Bei Rh-negativen Müttern ist die Bestimmung des RhD und des schwachen D beim Neugeborenen unerlässlich. Die Durchführung des direkten Antiglobulintests (DAT) bei Neugeborenen ist Routineuntersuchung, da es wichtig ist festzustellen, ob die Erythrozyten des Neugeborenen mit Antikörpern in utero beladen sind. Reagenzien Die ID-Karte ̋ABO/Rh for Newborns˝ enthält ein Gemisch aus polyklonalem und monoklonalem Anti-A (Zellinie: A5) sowie polyklonales Anti-B und Anti-AB in der Gelmatrix. Das verwendete Anti-D ist eine Mischung humaner IgG Antikörper. Das Antihumanglobulin-Serum ist eine Mischung von Kaninchen-Anti-IgG und monoklonalem Anti-C3d (Zellinie C139-9). Das Mikroröhrchen ctl dient zur negativen Kontrolle. Konservierungsmittel: < 0,1% NaN3. Achtung: Die Ausgangsmaterialien, aus denen diese Produkte hergestellt wurden, haben sich bei der Prüfung mit zugelassenen Reagenzien als nicht reaktiv für HBsAg, HCV und HIV (1 und 2) erwiesen. Allerdings kann kein verfügbares Testverfahren das Nichtvorhandensein infektöser Substanzen garantieren. Aus Humanblut gewonnene Produkte sollten immer als potentiell infektiös angesehen werden. Nicht in der Nähe von Hitzequellen, Klimaanlagen oder Lüftungsausgängen lagern. Stabilität: siehe Verfallsdatum auf dem Etikett. Zusätzlich benötigte Reagenzien • ID-Diluent 2: Modifiziertes LISS zur Herstellung der Erythrozytensuspensionen. • ID-Diluent 1: Modifizierte Bromelin-Lösung. (siehe diesbezügliche Packungsbeilage) Weitere erforderliche Materialien • ID-Dispenser • ID-Pipetor • ID-Tips (Pipetor-Spitzen) • Suspensionsröhrchen • ID-Arbeitsplatz • ID-Zentrifuge 6, 12 oder 24 Probenmaterial Blutproben werden nach allgemeingültigen Entnahmeverfahren gewonnen. Nabelschnurproben oder Fersenpunktate können verwendet werden. Die Erythrozyten müssen vor Gebrauch nicht gewaschen werden (siehe ̋Anmerkungen˝). Wenn Nabelschnurproben verwendet werden, sollte darauf geachtet werden, eine Kontamination mit Wharton-Sulze zu vermeiden. Die Probengewinnung sollte in Citrat, EDTA oder CPD-A erfolgen. Um verlässliche Resultate zu erhalten, empfiehlt sich die Verwendung von frisch entnommenem Blut. Vorbereitung der Blutprobe Eine 0,8%ige Erythrozytensuspension in ID-Diluent 2 wie folgt herstellen: Diluent vor Gebrauch auf Raumtemperatur bringen. 1. 1,0 ml ID-Diluent 2 in ein sauberes Röhrchen pipettieren. 2. 10 µl Erythrozytenkonzentrat oder 20 µl Vollblut hinzugeben; leicht mischen. Die Erythrozytensuspension kann sofort verwendet werden. Kontrollen Bekannte Antigen-positive und -negative Erythrozyten sollten in Übereinstimmung mit den gültigen Richtlinien zur Qualitätssicherung mitgeführt werden. TestduRchführung Keine ID-Karten benutzen mit Anzeichen von Austrocknung, Luftblasen, beschädigter Versiegelung oder Tropfen des Gels bzw. des Überstandes im oberen Teil der Mikrokammer oder auf der Unterseite der Versiegelung. 1. Die ID-Karte mit den Patienten- oder Spenderdaten beschriften. 2. Aluminiumfolie von den benötigten Mikroröhrchen in aufrechter Kartenposition entfernen. 3. 50 µl der Erythrozytensuspension in alle Mikroröhrchen der ID-Karte pipettieren. 4. 25 µl ID-Diluent 1 (Diluent vor Gebrauch auf Raumtemperatur 18–25 °C bringen) in die ersten 5 Mikroröhrchen (A, B, AB, D, ctl) dazugeben. 5. ID-Karte 10 Minuten bei Raumtemperatur (18–25 °C) inkubieren. 6. ID-Karte 10 Minuten in der ID-Zentrifuge zentrifugieren. 7. Reaktionen ablesen und aufzeichnen. DiaMed GmbH Pra Rond 23 1785 Cressier FR Suisse DiaMed GmbH Pra Rond 23 1785 Cressier FR Switzerland DiaMed GmbH Pra Rond 23 1785 Cressier FR 0123 Schweiz Les modifications apportées à la version 03.12 sont colorées en gris. Changes to the version 03.12 are shaded grey.

Parents' blood group	Possible groups in offspring	Groups not possible in offspring
A×A	A, O	B and AB
A×B	A, B, AB, and O	−
A×AB	A, B, and AB	O
A×O	A and O	B and AB
B×B	B and O	A and AB
B×AB	A, B, and AB	O
B×O	B and O	A and AB
AB×AB	A, B, and AB	O
AB×O	A and B	AB and O
O×O	O	A, B, and AB

CONCLUSION

Infant mental health refers to the behavioural and social development of children from birth to the age of three. Research has shown that babies are born biologically programmed to seek contact and to form relationships. The care giver is the baby’s first relationship, and first relationships matter. Parents may be surprised to discover that their baby is drawn to their face, their voice and their smell and indeed craves physical contact. Encourage parents to follow their baby’s cues and to talk and sing to their baby. These behaviours help them to form a strong attachment or bond with their baby. The Newborn Clinical Exam can be used as an opportunity to demonstrate this to the parent, encouraging early relationship building strategies such as following the baby’s cues, talking, singing to, and holding their baby. These behaviours help them to form a strong attachment or bond with their baby.

Health promotion

The newborn clinical examination is a wonderful opportunity for a healthcare professional to engage and involve parents in the health of their newborn baby, and to offer opportunistic health promotion. Messages that can be delivered at this time include:

· The importance of breastfeeding

· Nutrition and weaning

· SIDS prevention

· Prevention of accidents and injuries

· Immunisations

· Recognition of illness

Blood typing:

Blood group evidence has been accepted by courts of law in cases of disputed paternity for more than 50 years, but it is only in the last few years that a legal framework has been recognized in this regard (Vij, 2011). The question of disputed paternity may arise in cases of alleged adultery and suits for nullity of marriage, when the child is born in lawful wedlock, and the husband denies being the father of the child and seeks divorce on these grounds. In other cases, the mother can accuse or even blackmail a particular man as the father of a child, although the man denies the accusation. Maternity, however, may be questioned in instances when two women claim to be the mother of the same child, in accusations of swapping of newborns in hospital, in cases of missing and abandoned children, or in cases of a kidnaped child when the kidnaper claims to be the mother of the child, etc.

Lately, blood grouping has been largely replaced by DNA methods in most forensic laboratories throughout the world; however, it is still used as a reliable investigation in developing countries.

REFERENCES:

Bibliography CSO.ie (2018) Irish Life Tables No. 16 2010-2012 – CSO – Central Statistics Office. [online] Available at: http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/er/ilt/irishlifetablesno162010-2012/ De-Wagh Granelli, A., Wennergren, M., Sandberg, K. et al. (2009). Impact of pulse oximetry screening on the detection of duct dependant congenital heart disease: a Swedish prospective screening study in 39,821 newborns. BMJ, 228(January 08 2), pp. a3037 Green K, Oddie S. The value of the postnatal examination in improving child health Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2008 Sep;93(5):F389-93 HSE (2013) National Consent Policy Available at: https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/qid/other-qualityimprovement-programmes/consent/ HSE Growth Monitoring Resources Available at: https://www.hse.ie/eng/health/child/growthmonitoring/ HSE Evidence Review for the Child Health Model (Version 3) Health & Wellbeing Division 2016 Royal College of Physicians in Ireland The Impact of Early Childhood on Future of Health Position Paper of the Faculty of Public Health Medicine 2017 HSE An introduction to Children First Available at: https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/primarycare/childrenfirst/training.html Kemper AR, Mahle WT, Martin GR, et al. Strategies for implementing screening for critical congenital heart disease. Pediatrics 2011; 128:e1259. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016) Jaundice in newborn babies under 28 days CG98 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence London National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2006) Postnatal care up to 8 weeks after birth NICE guideline (CG37) Paediatric and Child Health Division of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians (2009). Examination of the Newborn Royal Australian College of Physicians Available at: http://www.adhb.govt.nz/newborn/Guidelines/Admission/ExaminationoftheNewborn-08_05_2009.pdf NIPE Newborn and Infant Physical Examination Service Specification No. 21 Public Health England (September 2018) Available at: https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Gateway-ref-07842-180913- Service-specification-No.-21-NHS-Newborn-and-Infant-Physical-Examination.pdf NIPE Newborn and Infant Physical Examination Screening Programme Handbook Public Health England (April 2018) Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/newborn-and-infant-physical-examinationprogramme-handbook/newborn-and-infant-physical-examination-screening-programme-handbook NIPE Newborn and Infant Physical Examination Screening Programme Standards 2016/2017 Public Health England (April 2016) Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/692020/NIPE_ Programme_Standards_2016_to_2017.pdf Queensland Clinical Guideline Routine newborn assessment (previously examination of the newborn baby) MN14.4.V4.R19 Queensland Clinical Guidelines Steering Committee (Oct 2014) Available at: https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0029/141689/g-newexam.pdf Rahi JS, Dezateux C. National cross sectional study of detection of congenital and infantile cataract in the United Kingdom: role of childhood screening and surveillance The British Congenital Cataract Interest Group. BMJ. 1999;318(7180):362-5 Russell, H., McDougall, V., Dutton, G. Congenital cataract. BMJ 2011 342:d3075 Shorter D, Hong T, Osborn DA. Screening programmes for developmental dysplasia of the hip in newborn infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD004595. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004595.pub2. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. (2006) WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/Height-for-age, Weight-for-age, Weight-for-length, Weight-for-height and Body Mass Index-for age Methods and Development ISBN 92 4 154693 X. 68 Acknowledgement List for those involved in the development of the Newborn clinical Examination handbook: · Prof John Murphy, Consultant Neonatologist, Clinical Lead Paediatric & Neonatology Clinical Programme. · Dr. Caroline Mason Mohan, Specialist in Public Health Medicine, Department Of Public Health, Donegal. · Ms. Geraldine Duffy, Assistant Director of Midwifery, National Maternity Hospital, Holles Street, Dublin. · Ms. Grace Turner, Programme Manager, Integrated Care Programme for Children, Clinical Strategy & Programmes Division. · Ms. Carmel Brennan, Programme Manager, National Healthy Childhood Programme, Dept Public Health, Tullamore. · Dr. Fiona McGuire, Senior Medical Officer Public Health, Dept Public Health, Tullamore (joined the group in October 2016). · Dr. Jacqueline McBrien, Consultant Paediatrician, HSE Midland Regional Hospital Portlaoise, (Community Paediatrician with special interest in Child Health) (Resigned from the group in April 2017). · Dr. Jana Semberova, Consultant Paediatrician, Coombe Women and Infant’s University Hospital, Midlands Regional Hospital Portlaoise/ Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital Crumlin (joined the group in May 2017). · Ms. Jacinta Egan, Administrative Support, National Healthy Childhood Programme, Dept Public Health, Tullamore

1. Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1 .

2. ^ Jump up to:^a^b^c^d "Red Cell Immunogenetics and Blood Group Terminology" . International Society of Blood Transfusion . 2021. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2020.

3. ^ Dean 2005, The ABO blood group "... A number of illnesses may alter a person's ABO phenotype ..."

4. ^ Stayboldt C, Rearden A, Lane TA (1987). "B antigen acquired by normal A1 red cells exposed to a patient's serum". Transfusion. 27(1): 41–4. doi : 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1987.27187121471.x . PMID 3810822 .

5. ^ Matsushita S, Imamura T, Mizuta T, Hanada M (November 1983). "Acquired B antigen and polyagglutination in a patient with gastric cancer". The Japanese Journal of Surgery. 13 (6): 540–2. doi : 10.1007/BF02469500 . PMID 6672386 .

6. ^ Kremer Hovinga I, Koopmans M, de Heer E, Bruijn J, Bajema I (2007). "Change in blood group in systemic lupus erythematosus". Lancet. 369 (9557): 186–7, author reply 187. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60099-3 . PMID 17240276 .

7. ^ Chown B.; Lewis M.; Kaita K. (October 1957). "A new Kell blood-group phenotype" . Nature. 180 (4588): 711. doi : 10.1038/180711a0 . PMID 13477267 .

8. ^ Miller LH, Mason SJ, Clyde DF, McGinniss MH (August 1976). "The resistance factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks. The Duffy-blood-group genotype, FyFy". The New England Journal of Medicine. 295 (6): 302–4. doi : 10.1056/NEJM197608052950602 . PMID 778616 .

9. ^ Kwiatkowski DP (August 2005). "How Malaria Has Affected the Human Genome and What Human Genetics Can Teach Us about Malaria" . American Journal of Human Genetics. 77 (2): 171–92. doi : 10.1086/432519 . PMC 1224522 . PMID 16001361 . The different geographic distributions of α thalassemia, G6PD deficiency, ovalocytosis, and the Duffy-negative blood group are further examples of the general principle that different populations have evolved different genetic variants to protect against malaria

10. ^ "Position statement: Red blood cell transfusion in newborn infants" . Canadian Pediatric Society. April 14, 2014. Archived from the original on 19 May 2018.

11. ^ Jump up to:^a^b Schmidt, P; Okroi, M (2001), "Also sprach Landsteiner – Blood Group 'O' or Blood Group 'NULL'", Infus Ther Transfus Med, 28 (4): 206–8, doi : 10.1159/000050239

12. ^ "Your blood – a textbook about blood and blood donation" (PDF). p. 63. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 26, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-15.

13. ^ Talaro, Kathleen P. (2005). Foundations in microbiology (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 510–1 . ISBN 0-07-111203-0 .

14. ^ Moise KJ (July 2008). "Management of rhesus alloimmunization in pregnancy". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 112 (1): 164–76. doi : 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31817d453c . PMID 18591322 .

15. ^ "Rh 血型的由來 " . Hospital.kingnet.com.tw. Retrieved 2010-08-01.

16. ^ Goodell, Pamela P.; Uhl, Lynne; Mohammed, Monique; Powers, Amy A. (2010). "Risk of Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions Following Emergency-Release RBC Transfusion" . American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 134 (2): 202–206. doi : 10.1309/AJCP9OFJN7FLTXDB . ISSN 0002-9173 .

17. ^ Mais, Daniel (2014). Quick compendium of clinical pathology. United States: American Society for Clinical Pathology Press. ISBN 978-0-89189-615-9 . OCLC 895712380 .

18. ^ Possible Risks of Blood Product Transfusions from American Cancer Society. Last Medical Review: 03/08/2008. Last Revised: 01/13/2009

19. ^ 7 adverse reactions to transfusion Pathology Department at University of Michigan. Version July 2004, Revised 11/5/08

20. ^ Nickel RG; Willadsen SA; Freidhoff LR; et al. (August 1999). "Determination of Duffy genotypes in three populations of African descent using PCR and sequence-specific oligonucleotides". Human Immunology. 60 (8): 738–42. doi : 10.1016/S0198-8859(99)00039-7 . PMID 10439320 .

21. ^ Bruce, MG (May 2002). "BCF – Members – Chairman's Annual Report" . The Blood Care Foundation. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-15. As Rhesus Negative blood is rare amongst local nationals, this Agreement will be of particular value to Rhesus Negative expatriates and travellers

22. ^ Freeborn, Donna. "Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)" . University of Rochester Medical Center. Retrieved 30 November2020.

23. ^ Jump up to:^a^b E.A. Letsky; I. Leck; J.M. Bowman (2000). "Chapter 12: Rhesus and other haemolytic diseases". Antenatal & neonatal screening (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-262826-8 .

24. ^ Daniels G, Finning K, Martin P, Summers J (September 2006). "Fetal blood group genotyping: present and future". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1075: 88–95. doi : 10.1196/annals.1368.011 . PMID 17108196 .

25. ^ "Use of Anti-D Immunoglobulin for Rh Prophylaxis" . Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists . May 2002. Archived from the original on December 30, 2008.

26. ^ "Pregnancy – routine anti-D prophylaxis for D-negative women" . NICE . May 2002.

27. ^ Jump up to:^a^b American Association of Blood Banks (24 April 2014), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" , Choosing Wisely : an initiative of the ABIM Foundation , American Association of Blood Banks, archived from the original on 24 September 2014, retrieved 25 July 2014, which cites

§ The Chief Medical Officer's National Blood Transfusion Committee (c. 2008). "The appropriate use of group O RhD negative red cells" (PDF). National Health Service . Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 25 July2014.

28. ^ "RBC compatibility table" . American National Red Cross. December 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2008-07-15.

29. ^ Blood types and compatibility Archived 2010-04-19 at the Wayback Machine bloodbook.com

30. ^ "Blood Component ABO Compatibility Chart Red Blood Cells and Plasma" . Blood Bank Labsite. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2014.

31. ^ "Plasma Compatibility" . Matching Blood Groups. Australian Red Cross. Archived from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020.

32. ^ Fauci, Anthony S.; Eugene Braunwald; Kurt J. Isselbacher; Jean D. Wilson; Joseph B. Martin; Dennis L. Kasper; Stephen L. Hauser; Dan L. Longo (1998). Harrison's Principals of Internal Medicine . McGraw-Hill. p. 719 . ISBN 0-07-020291-5 .

33. ^ "Universal acceptor and donor groups" . Webmd.com. 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2010-08-01.

34. ^ Anstee DJ (2009). "Red cell genotyping and the future of pretransfusion testing". Blood. 114 (2): 248–56. doi : 10.1182/blood-2008-11-146860 . PMID 19411635 . S2CID 6896382 .

35. ^ Avent ND (2009). "Large-scale blood group genotyping: clinical implications" . Br J Haematol. 144 (1): 3–13. doi : 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07285.x . PMID 19016734 .

36. ^ Landsteiner K (1900). "Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe". Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten. 27: 357–362.

37. ^ Kantha, S.S. (1995). "The blood revolution initiated by the famous footnote of Karl Landsteiner's 1900 paper" (PDF). The Ceylon Medical Journal. 40 (3): 123–125. PMID 8536328 .

38. ^ Landsteiner, Karl (1961) [1901]. "On Agglutination of Normal Human Blood". Transfusion. 1 (1): 5–8. doi : 10.1111/j.1537-2995.1961.tb00005.x . PMID 13758692 Originally published in German in Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 46, 1132–1134

39. ^ Farhud, D.D.; Zarif Yeganeh, M. (2013). "A brief history of human blood groups" . Iranian Journal of Public Health. 42 (1): 1–6. PMC 3595629 . PMID 23514954 .

40. ^ Von Decastello, A.; Sturli, A. (1902). "Concerning isoagglutinins in serum of healthy and sick humans". Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift. 26: 1090–1095.

41. ^ Farr AD (April 1979). "Blood group serology—the first four decades (1900–1939)" . Medical History. 23 (2): 215–26. doi : 10.1017/s0025727300051383 . PMC 1082436 . PMID 381816 .

42. ^ Landsteiner, K.; Levine, P. (1927). "A New Agglutinable Factor Differentiating Individual Human Bloods". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 24 (6): 600–602. doi : 10.3181/00379727-24-3483 .

43. ^ Landsteiner, K.; Levine, P. (1927). "Further Observations on Individual Differences of Human Blood". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 24 (9): 941–942. doi : 10.3181/00379727-24-3649 .

44. ^ Coombs RR, Mourant AE, Race RR (1945). "A new test for the detection of weak and incomplete Rh agglutinins" . Br J Exp Pathol. 26: 255–66. PMC 2065689 . PMID 21006651 .

45. ^ Jump up to:^a^b "Despite scientific debunking, in Japan you are what your blood type is" . MediResource Inc. Associated Press. 2009-02-01. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-13.

46. ^ Nuwer, Rachel. "You are what you bleed: In Japan and other east Asian countries some believe blood type dictates personality" . Scientific American. Retrieved 16 Feb 2011.

Дата добавления: 2021-07-19; просмотров: 79; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!

Поделиться с друзьями:

⇐ Предыдущая 12

Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!