Конец ознакомительного фрагмента.
Текст предоставлен ООО «ЛитРес».
Прочитайте эту книгу целиком, купив полную легальную версию на ЛитРес.
Безопасно оплатить книгу можно банковской картой Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, со счета мобильного телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.
[1] Arthur Koestler, Janus: A Summing Up (New York: Random House; 1978), 229, in Larry Dossey, “Is the Universe Merely a Statistical Accident?” HuffPost Living, June 23, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr‑larry‑dossey/spiritual‑living‑is‑the‑u_b_621261.html.
[2] Francis Crick, The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul (New York: Simon & Schuster, Touchstone, 1995), 3.
[3] Dossey, “Is the Universe Merely a Statistical Accident?”
[4] M. R. Bennett, “Development of the Concept of Mind,” Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 41 (2007): 943‑56.
[5] Bennett, “Development of the Concept of Mind.”
[6] Richard Tarnas, The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View (New York: Ballantine Books, 1991).
[7] E. M. Sternberg and P. W. Gold, The Mind‑Body Interaction in Disease, http://being.publicradio.org/programs/stress/mindbodyessay.shtml.
[8] Tarnas, Passion of the Western Mind.
[9] Thomas Huxley, “On the Hypothesis That Animals Are Automata, and Its History,” Fortnightly Review 16 (1874): 555‑80.
[10] Ferdinand Schiller, Riddles of the Sphinx (London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1891).
[11] William James, “Human Immortality: Two Supposed Objections to the Doctrine,” in William James on Psychical Research, ed. G. Murphy and R. O. Ballou (New York: Viking, 1898), 279–308.
[12] James, “Human Immortality.”
[13] Wilder Penfield, Control of the Mind. Представлено на симпозиуме в медцентре Калифорнийского университета в Сан‑Франциско, 1961 г. Цитируется по изданию: Arthur Koestler, Ghost in the Machine (London: Hutchinson, 1967), 203‑4.
|
|
|
[14] Wilder Penfield, The Mysteries of the Mind (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1975).
[15] John C. Eccles, Evolution of the Brain: Creation of the Self (London: Routledge, 1989), 241.
[16] John C. Eccles, How the Self Controls Its Brain (Berlin/New York: Springer, 1994); F. Beck and J. C. Eccles, “Quantum Aspects of Brain Activity and the Role of Consciousness,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89 (1992): 11357‑61.
Экклс предположил, что дендриты, разветвленные отростки нейрона, проводящие импульсы от соседних нейронов внутрь, к телу клетки, – это основные рецептивные элементы мозговой коры (слоя серого вещества, покрывающего поверхность полушарий головного мозга). Пучки дендритов (которые Экклс назвал дендронами) связаны с ментальными элементами (или психонами), представляющими собой конкретное явление или опыт.
При формировании психических намерений, а также тогда, когда мышление направляется волей, говорил он, психоны воздействуют на дендроны и на время повышают вероятность выработки нейромедиаторов из пресинаптических пузырьков (маленьких пузырьков в оболочке, расположенных возле синапсов нейронов и содержащих нейромедиаторы). Этот процесс не противоречит закону сохранения энергии, поскольку чрезвычайно малые размеры синаптического «микроландшафта», испускающего нейромедиаторы, находятся в пределах допустимого согласно квантовой механике.
|
|
|
[17] H. Feigl, “The Mental and the Physical,” in Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science: Concepts, Theories and the Mind‑Body Problem, Vol. 2, ed. H. Feigl, M. Scriven and G. Maxwell (Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1958).
[18] P. M. Churchland, A Neurocomputational Perspective: The Nature of Mind and the Structure of Science (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992).
[19] R. W. Sperry, “Mind‑Brain Interaction: Mentalism, Yes; Dualism, No,” Neuroscience 5 (1980): 195–206.
[20] См., например: N. Murphy and W. S. Brown, Did My Neurons Make Me Do It? Philosophical and Neurobiological Perspectives on Moral Responsibility and Free Will (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2007).
[21] D. J. Chalmers, “Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness,” Journal of Consciousness Studies 2 (1995): 200–219.
[22] Однако научный мир далек от консенсуса по вопросу природы взаимоотношений между разумом и мозгом. Существует множество других теорий, пытающихся объяснить взаимосвязь между разумом и мозгом, – таких как функционализм, биологический натурализм, нейтральный монизм, панпсихизм. В этой главе я не рассматриваю их все, поскольку книга написана главным образом для непосвященных. Читателям, которые хотят больше узнать о других теориях, можно порекомендовать обратиться к таким научным работам, как «Кембриджский справочник сознания» (The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness) и «Справочник по сознанию» (The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness).
|
|
|
[23] Ради знакомства с трудами и взглядами Фредерика Майерса рекомендую прочитать превосходную книгу: E. F. Kelly and E. W. Kelly, eds., Irreducible Mind: Toward a Psychology for the Twenty‑First Century (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007).
[24] В науке не только наблюдения определяют теории, но и теории влияют на полученные в экспериментах результаты наблюдений.
[25] Anne Harrington, The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1997), 1.
[26] B. Klopfer, “Psychological Variables in Human Cancer,” Journal of Projective Techniques and Person Assessment 21 (1957): 331‑34.
[27] M. Brooks, “Anomalies: 13 Things That Don’t Make Sense,” New Scientist, March 19–25, 2005.
[28] A. Hróbjartsson and P. C. Götzsche, “Is the Placebo Powerless? An Analysis of Clinical Trials Comparing Placebo with No Treatment,” New England Journal of Medicine 344 (2001): 1594–1602.
[29] В 2007 году я написал научную статью с обзором нескольких исследований эффекта плацебо, в которой утверждал, что эти исследования наглядно свидетельствовали о нашей способности в значительной степени влиять на наш мозг и тело с помощью одних только наших убеждений. Первая глава представляет собой популяризированную версию этой статьи. M. Beauregard, “Mind Does Really Matter: Evidence from Neuroimaging Studies of Emotional Self‑Regulation, Psychotherapy, and Placebo Effect,” Progress in Neurobiology 81 (2007): 218‑36.
|
|
|
[30] A. K. Shapiro and L. A. Morris, “The Placebo Effect in Medicine and Psychological Therapies,” in Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change: An Empirical Analysis, 2nd ed., ed. S. L. Garfield and A. Bergin (New York: Wiley, 1978), 369–410.
[31] T. J. Kaptchuk, C. E. Kerr, and A. Zanger, “Placebo Controls, Exorcisms, and the Devil,” Lancet 374 (2009): 1234‑35.
[32] H. K. Beecher, “The Powerful Placebo,” Journal of the American Medical Association 159 (1955): 1602‑6.
[33] G. S. Kienle and H. Kienle, “The Powerful Placebo Effect: Fact or Fiction?” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 50 (1997): 1311‑18.
[34] F. Benedetti, Placebo Effects: Understanding the Mechanisms in Health and Disease (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009).
[35] R. Ornstein and D. Sobel, The Healing Brain: Breakthrough Discoveries About How the Brain Keeps Us Healthy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987).
[36] D. Evans, Placebo: The Belief Effect (London: HarperCollins, 2004).
[37] D. E. Moerman, “Cultural Variations in the Placebo Effect: Ulcers, Anxiety and Blood Pressure,” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 14 (2000): 51–72.
[38] A. J. de Crean et al., “Effect of Colour of Drugs: Systemic Review of Perceived Effect of Drugs and of Their Effectiveness,” British Medical Journal 313 (1996): 1624‑26.
[39] I. Hashish et al., “Reduction of Postoperative Pain and Swelling by Ultrasound Treatment: A Placebo Effect,” Pain 33 (1988): 303‑11.
[40] J. D. Levine, N. C. Gordon, and H. L. Fields, “The Mechanism of Placebo Analgesia,” Lancet 312 (1978): 654‑57.
[41] J. K. Zubieta et al., “Placebo Effects Mediated by Endogenous Opioid Neurotransmission and i‑opioid Receptors,” Journal of Neuroscience 25 (2005), 7754‑62.
[42] R. de la Fuente‑Fernandez et al., “Expectation and Dopamine Release: Mechanism of the Placebo Effect in Parkinson’s Disease,” Science 293 (2001): 1164‑66.
[43] A. J. de Craen et al., “Placebo Effect in the Treatment of Duodenal Ulcer,” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 48 (1999): 853‑60.
[44] K. Schapira et al., “Study on the Effect of Tablet Colour in the Treatment of Anxiety States,” British Medical Journal 2 (1970): 446‑49.
[45] I. Kirsch and G. Sapirstein, “Listening to Prozac but Hearing Placebo: A Meta‑analysis of Antidepressant Medication,” Prevention & Treatment 1 (1998): 2a. Документ на сайте: http://journals.apa.org/prevention.
[46] L. A. Cobb et al., “An Evaluation of Internal‑Mammary‑Artery Ligation by a Double‑Blind Technique,” New England Journal of Medicine 260 (1959): 1115‑18.
[47] J. B. Moseley Jr. et al., “Arthroscopic Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Perspective, Randomized, Placebo‑Controlled Trial: Results of a Pilot Study,” American Journal of Sports Medicine 24 (1996): 28–34.
[48] J. B. Moseley et al., “A Controlled Trial of Arthroscopic Surgery for Osteoarthritis of the Knee,” New England Journal of Medicine 347 (2002): 81–88.
[49] C. McRae et al., “Effects of Perceived Treatment on Quality of Life and Medical Outcomes in a Double‑Blind Placebo Surgery Trial,” Archives of General Psychiatry 61 (2004): 412‑20.
[50] McRae et al., “Effects of Perceived Treatment on Quality of Life,” 418‑19.
[51] E. D. Eaker, J. Pinsky, and W. P. Castelli, “Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Death Among Women: Psychosocial Predictors from Twenty‑Year Follow‑Up of Women in the Framingham Study,” American Journal of Epidemiology 135 (1992): 854‑64.
[52] W. P. Kennedy, “The Nocebo Reaction,” Medical World 95 (1961): 203‑5.
[53] R. R. Reeves et al., “Nocebo Effects with Antidepressant Clinical Drug Trial Placebos,” General Hospital Psychiatry 29 (2007): 275‑77.
[54] Reeves et al., “Nocebo Effects.”
[55] A. J. Barsky and J. F. Borus, “Functional Somatic Syndromes,” Annals of Internal Medicine 130 (1999): 910‑21.
[56] M. G. Myers, J. A. Cairns, and J. Singer, “The Consent Form as a Possible Cause of Side Effects,” Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic 42 (1987): 250‑53.
[57] M. Flaten and T. D. Blumenthal, “Caffeine‑Associated Stimuli Elicit Conditioned Response: An Experimental Model of the Placebo Effect,” Psychopharmacology 145 (1999): 105‑12.
[58] M. Shepherd, “The Placebo: From Specificity to the Non‑Specific and Back,” Psychological Medicine 23 (1993): 569‑78.
[59] R. A. Preston et al., “Placebo‑Associated Blood Pressure Response and Adverse Effects in the Treatment of Hypertension,” Archives of Internal Medicine 160 (2000): 1449‑54.
[60] J. A. Turner et al., “The Importance of Placebo Effects in Pain Treatment and Research,” Journal of the American Medical Association 271 (1994): 1609‑14.
[61] P. Enck, F. Benedetti, and M. Schedlowski, “New Insights into the Placebo and Nocebo Responses,” Neuron 59 (2008): 195–206.
[62] T. Koyama et al., “The Subjective Experience of Pain: Where Expectations Become Reality,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (2005): 12950‑55.
[63] H. Benson, “The Nocebo Effect: History and Physiology,” Preventive Medicine 26 (1997): 612‑15.
[64] C. K. Meador, “Hex Death: Voodoo Magic or Persuasion?” Southern Medical Journal 85 (1992): 244‑47.
[65] H. Basedow, The Australian Aborigenal (Adelaide, Australia: Preece, 1925). Цитируется по изданию: W. B. Cannon, “Voodoo Death,” American Anthropology 44 (1942): 169‑81.
[66] Meador, “Hex Death.”
[67] H. Pilcher, “The Science of Voodoo: When Mind Attacks Body,” New Scientist, May 13, 2009. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20227081.100‑the‑science‑of‑voodoo‑when‑mind‑attacks‑body.html.
[68] Meador, “Hex Death.”
[69] S. Silberman, “Placebos Are Getting More Effective. Drugmakers Are Desperate to Know Why,” Wired Magazine, September 17, 2009. http://www.wired.com/medtech/drugs/magazine/1709/ff_placebo_effect?currentPage=all.
[70] Silberman, “Placebos Are Getting More Effective.”
[71] Silberman, “Placebos Are Getting More Effective.”
[72] Silberman, “Placebos Are Getting More Effective.”
[73] L. Colloca and F. G. Miller, “How Placebo Responses Are Formed: A Leaning Perspective,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366 (2011): 1859‑69.
[74] J. Robbins, A Symphony in the Brain: The Evolution of the New Brain Wave Biofeedback, rev. ed. (New York: Grove Press, 2008), xv.
[75] Robbins, Symphony in the Brain.
[76] Robbins, Symphony in the Brain.
[77] http://www.aapb.org/.
[78] Robbins, Symphony in the Brain.
[79] Robbins, Symphony in the Brain.
[80] M. B. Sterman, L. R. Macdonald and R. K. Stone, “Biofeedback Training of the Sensorimotor Electroencephalogram Rhythm in Man: Effects on Epilepsy,” Epilepsia 15 (1974): 395–416.
[81] M. B. Sterman and L. R. Macdonald, “Effects of Central Cortical EEG Feedback Training on Incidence of Poorly Controlled Seizures,” Epilepsia 19 (1978): 207‑22.
[82] M. B. Sterman, “Biofeedback in the Treatment of Epilepsy,” Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 77 (2010): S60‑S67.
[83] Russell A. Barkley, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment (New York: Guildford, 1996).
[84] S. Mannuzza et al., “Educational and Occupational Outcome of Hyperactive Boys Grown Up,” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36 (1997): 1222‑27.
[85] M. Arns et al., “Efficacy of Neurofeedback Treatment in A. D. H. D.: The Effects on Inattention, Impulsivity and Hyperactivity: A Meta‑analysis,” Clinical Electroencephalography and Neuroscience 40 (2009): 180‑89.
[86] Robbins, Symphony in the Brain.
[87] J. Levesque, M. Beauregard and B. Mensour, “Effect of Neurofeedback Training on the Neural Substrates of Selective Attention in Children with Attention‑Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study,” Neuroscience Letters 394 (2006): 216–221; M. Beauregard and J. Levesque, “Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation of the Effects of Neurofeedback Training on the Neural Bases of Selective Attention and Response Inhibition in Children with Attention‑Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,” Applied Psychophysiology Biofeedback 31 (2006): 3‑20.
[88] J. Levesque et al., “Effect of Neurofeedback Training on the Neural Substrates of Selective Attention in Children with Attention‑Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder”; Beauregard and Levesque, “Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation of the Effects of Neurofeedback Training on the Neural Bases of Selective Attention and Response Inhibition in Children with Attention‑Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.”
[89] Медленные волны, возникающие в этом участке мозга, не оказывают негативного влияния на когнитивную деятельность.
[90] E. G. Peniston and P. J. Kulkosky, “Alpha‑Theta Brainwave Training and Beta‑Endorphin Levels in Alcoholics,” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 13 (1989): 271‑79.
[91] E. G. Peniston and P. J. Kulkosky, “Alpha‑Theta Brain Wave Neurofeedback for Vietnam Veterans with Combat Related Post Traumatic Stress Disorder,” Medicine and Psychotherapy 4 (1991): 1‑14.
[92] R. C. deCharms, “Application of Real‑Time fMRI,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 (2008): 720‑29.
[93] R. C. deCharms et al., “Learned Regulation of Spatially Localized Brain Activation Using Real‑Time fMRI,” Neuroimage 21 (2004): 436‑43.
[94] R. C. deCharms et al., “Control over Brain Activation and Pain Learned by Using Real‑Time Functional MRI,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102 (2005): 18626‑31.
[95] J. P. Hamilton et al., “Modulation of Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activity with Real‑Time Neurofeedback,” Human Brain Mapping 32 (2011): 22–31.
[96] http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/brain/experiments/.
[97] Нейропротез – устройство, восполняющее двигательную или сенсорную способность, утраченную в результате болезни или травмы. Кохлеарный имплантат – один из примеров нейропротеза.
[98] J. J. Daly and J. R. Wolpaw, “Brain‑Computer Interfaces in Neurological Rehabilitation,” Lancet Neurology 7 (2008): 1032‑43.
[99] N. Birbaumer et al., “A Spelling Device for the Paralysed,” Nature 398 (1999): 297‑98.
[100] http://www.innovationwatcharchive.com/choiceisyours/choiceisyours. 2006.11.30.htm.
[101] D. Graham‑Rowe, “Dialing with Your Thoughts,” April 12, 2011, http://www.technologyreview.com/communications/37357/?pi=Ai&a=f.
[102] H. Yomogida, “NeuroSky Demos Brain‑Controlled Mobile Phone Applications,” September 11, 2008, http://www.technologyreview.com/communications/37357/?pi=Ai&a=f.
[103] M. Snider, “New Toy Trains to Use ‘The Force,’” http://www.mindpowernews.com/LearnThe Force.htm.
Дата добавления: 2021-01-21; просмотров: 32; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!