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TEXT 5
Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.
1. When was customary law spread mostly?
2. Where is customary law used?
CUSTOMARY LAW
Customary Law is a type of legal system that (1) serves as the basis of, or has influenced, present-day laws in approximately 40 countries - mostly in Africa, but some in the Pacific islands, Europe, and the Middle East. Customary law is (2) also referred to as "primitive law," "unwritten law," "indigenous law," and "folk law." There is no single history of customary law such (3) as that found in Roman civil law, English common law, Islamic law, or the Napoleonic Civil Code. The earliest systems of law in human society were customary, and usually developed in small agrarian and hunter-gatherer communities.
(4) As the term implies, customary law is based upon the customs of a community. Common attributes of customary legal systems are that they are seldom written down, they embody an organized set of (5) rules regulating social relations, and they are agreed upon by members of the community. (6) Although such law systems include sanctions for law infractions, resolution (7) tends to be reconciliatory rather than punitive. A number of African states practiced customary law many centuries prior to colonial influences. Following colonization, such laws were written down and (8) incorporated to varying extents into the legal systems imposed by their colonial powers.
Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим русским словосочетаниям.
a) несмотря на то, что такие правовые системы включают положения
b) как предполагает сам термин
c) может также называться
d) служит основой или испытывает влияние
e) включены в разной степени
f) как это может быть обнаружено
g) имеют большую тенденцию к мирному решению вопроса, чем к наказанию
h) правила, регулирующие общественные отношения
Соотнесите русские эквиваленты из правой колонки с английскими словосочетаниями из текста в левой колонке.
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1. written down and incorporated a) имеет тенденцию к мирному решению
2. approximately b) общие черты
3. indigenous law c) примерно
4. folk law d) местное (туземное) право
5. human society e) народное право
6. hunter-gatherer communities f) записанное и включенное
7. common attributes g) воплощены в свод правил
8. embody sets of rules h) нарушения законов
9. law infractions i) человеческое сообщество
10. tend to be reconciliatory j) общества, занимающиеся охотой и
собирательством
Выберите форму причастия и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The government considered new project (regulated, regulating, regulate) social relations.
2. (Following, followed, follow) the customary law of agrarian and hunter-gatherer communities, the new type of law, (amended, amend, amending) and (wrote, writing, written) down, came into being.
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3. State structure (imposed, imposing, impose) by former colonial empires to African and Asian countries was very much alike to European states.
4. (Written, writing, unwritten) law is a part of customary legal system.
10. Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями, используя ту или иную формулу речевого общения.
- I really think that..
- I’m sure that ..
- In my opinion….
- I disagree that…
- I consider it to be absolutely wrong…
- I can prove that it is …
- It can’t be true/false because…
1. Most countries of the world have customary law system.
2. Sometimes customary law is called in another way.
3. It is easy to codify because customary law has single history of development.
4. Customary law first appeared in the countries of Africa and Asia.
5. Customary law is based upon previous decisions of courts.
6. It regulates social relations in a number of African and Asian countries.
7. Customary law is the most punitive among other systems of law.
8. Customary law became a part of modern national legislation in post-colonial period
LANGUAGE IN USE
Having + V 3f
Переводятся на русский язык деепричастиями прошедшего времени, отвечающими на вопрос «что сделав?».
Example: Henry II, having established the king's court and designated that laws were "common" to the entire England…- король Генри II, установив королевские суды и объявив, что они становятся “общими”…
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