Законный, дозволенный законом
Text 1
WORD LIST:
1. togovern – [' g ʌ v (ǝ) n ] – управлять, править
2. ancientpeoples – [' e ı n ʃǝ nt ] – древние народы
3. tocompile – [ k ɔ m ' pa ı l ] – составлять (книгу, сборник и т.д.)
4. comprehensive – [ˏ kɔmprıʹhensıv] - полный
5. statement –изложение, заявление, утверждение
6. tablet – [ʹtæblıt] – дощечка (с надписью)
7. archive – [ʹɑ: kaıv] –архив
8. to carve – высекать
9. cuneiform – [ʹkju:nıˏfɔ:m] - клинопись
10. pillar – [ʹ pılǝ] – столб, колонна
11. slaves – рабы
12. inheritance – [ınʹherıt(ǝ)ns] - наследование
13. settlement of debts –расчет (оплата) долгов
14. harsh – [ hɑ:ʃ] - суровый
15. revenge – [ rıʹvendʒ] - месть
16. B.C. (before Christ) –донашейэры
HISTORY OF LAW.
Hammurabi’s Code
Since the time when people first began living together, rules have been adopted to protect individuals and groups and to govern their relationships. Even the most ancient peoples compiled law codes. A law code is a more or less systematic and comprehensive written statement of laws. The oldest law code is tablets from the ancient archives of the city of Ebla (now Tell Mardikh, Syria), which dates about 2400 B.C. The earliest known legal text was written by Ur-Nammu, a king of Mesopotamian city of Ur in about 2100 B.C.
The earliest written law was also the Law Code of Hammurabi, a King who reigned over Babylon (on the territory of the modern Iraq) in about 1758 B.C. Hammurabi’s Code had 282 paragraphs and was carved in cuneiform on a pillar made of a very hard stone. This pillar was set up in a temple to the Babylonian god Marduk so that everyone could read it.
It included real and personal property law(the rights of slave owners and slaves, inheritance and property contracts), family law (divorce and marriage), criminal law (crimes and punishment of crimes), and business law (settlement of debts and even regulations about taxes and prices of goods).
The Code gave very harsh punishment for almost all crimes. The punishment was based on the principle of revenge: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. But nevertheless, the penalty according to Hammurabi’s Code could not be harder than the crime.
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These laws were written by the King and only he could change them. This absolutism of power in the monarch was typical of legal systems until the time of the Greeks around 300 B.C.
I. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
1. Why have rules been adopted to?
2. What is a law code?
3. What is the oldest law code?
4. Who was Hammurabi? Where and when did he reign?
5. Where and why was the pillar with carved Hammurabi laws set up?
6. What kinds of law did Hammurabi’s Code deal with?
7. What principle was this Code based on? How can you explain it?
8. Was the Hammurabi’s monarchy absolute or limited?
9. Why is it necessary for all people to make laws?
II. Pay attention to the word ‘legal’ which has the following meanings in russian:
1. Юридический
Legal person - юридическое лицо
Правовой
Legal text - правовой текст
Судебный
Legal action - судебный иск
Законный, дозволенный законом
Legal owner - законный владелец
Легальный
Legal activities - правомерная, законная деятельность
TRY TO MATCH THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH EXPRESSIONS WITH THEIR RUSSIAN EQUIVALENTS:
| 1. legal activities | a) законные права |
| 2. legal address | b) законный владелец |
| 3. legal advice | c) имеющий законную силу |
| 4. legal age | d) использовать свое законное право |
| 5. legal costs | e) история права |
| 6. legal decision | f) консультация юриста |
| 7. legal document | g) правовая защита |
| 8. legal entity | h) правовой документ |
| 9. legal ethics | i) правовой статус |
| 10. legal expert | j) правомерная, законная деятельность |
| 11. legal history | k) профессиональная этика юриста |
| 12. legal language | l) решение суда |
| 13. legal owner | m) совершеннолетие |
| 14. legal procedure | n) стать юристом |
| 15. legal protection | o) судебные издержки |
| 16. legal rights | p) судопроизводство |
| 17. legal status | q) юридическая терминология |
| 18. of legal force | r) юридический адрес |
| 19. to enjoy one’s legal rights | s) юридическое лицо |
| 20. to enter the legal profession | t) юрисконсульт, юридический советник |
III. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN:
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1. The text by Ur-Nammu dealt largely with compensation for bodily injuries and with the penalties for witchcraft and runaway slaves.
2. According to Hammurabi’s Code the punishment was based on the principle of revenge: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.
3. The laws were written by the King and only he could change them.
4. The laws of Hammurabi’s Code took into account the circumstances of the offender as well as the offence itself.
5. After the fall of Babylon in the 16th century B.C. the pillar was lost for centuries.
6. Nowadays the pillar is in Paris in the Louvre museum.
7. The Hammurabi’s Code dealt with many of the same subjects as our legal system today.
IV. MATCH THE WORDS AND COMBINATIONS:
| 1. Include | a) Суровое наказание |
| 2. penalty | b) семейное право |
| 3. carve | c) клинопись |
| 4. criminal law | d) наказание, штраф |
| 5. govern | e) включать |
| 6. ancient archives | f) древние архивы |
| 7. family law | g) управлять, править |
| 8. harsh punishment | h) уголовное право |
| 9. cuneiform | i) древние народы |
| 10. ancient peoples | j) высекать |
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V. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES INTO ENGLISH:
1. В 1901 году французские археологи обнаружили каменный столб у города Сузы.
2. Текст, высеченный на столбе, был древнейшим сводом законов.
3. Автором свода законов был Хаммурапи, царь Вавилона в 18 веке до н.э.
4. Согласно кодексу наказание должно быть «равным» преступлению – «око за око, зуб за зуб».
5. Кодекс Хаммурапи охватывал все сферы жизни.
6. Кодекс Хаммурапи состоит из 282 статей.
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