Passive Voice (Страдательный Залог)
КОЛЛЕДЖ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ СВЯЗЕЙ
Раздаточный материал для студентов 2 курса
Заочного отделения
(семестр 3)
Москва
Reported Speech
Прямая речь передает высказывание без изменений. В косвенной речи оно передается с изменением порядка слов, временных форм и с некоторыми лексическими изменениями.
- При переходе из прямой речи в косвенную само утверждение становится придаточным предложением, которое подчиняется правилу согласования времен, если главное предложение стоит в прошедшем времени.
e.g. I’m hungry.
She said she was hungry.
N . B. Say / tell употребляются в косвенной речи.
But ! Say может употребляться как с прямым и косвенным дополнением (say something to somebody), так и самостоятельно (she said:), тогда как Tell употребляется с косвенным дополнением (tell somebody something).
e.g. He said, “I’m tired.” He said (to me that) he was tired. He told me he was tired.
Remember!
- to say (He said that…)
- To tell smb (He told me…)
- To say smth to smb (He said it to me)
- To tell smb smth (He told me the news)
Tell употребляется без косвенного дополнения (smb) в следующих выражениях: to tell the truth/ a lie/ a story/ the difference/ smb apart/ one’s fortune.
- без прямого и косвенного дополнения в значении «видел, мог судить, понял»
|
|
|
e.g. I could tell she had been crying.
Say: good morning, etc., something/nothing, so, a few words, good-bye, one’s prayers.
- Общий вопрос вводится союзами if , whether (русское «ли»). Порядок слов прямой .
e.g. Do you understand me?
She wondered (asked) if I understood her.
Is it cold?
He asks if it is cold.
Remember!
- I wonder ( if )… - Интересно…Хотелось бы знать
- I wondered ( if ) – Мне было интересно…Я хотел знать
3. Специальный вопрос (special question) вводится союзным словом, соответствующим вопросительному слову в прямом вопросе. Порядок слов прямой .
e.g. Who has come?
She wants to know who has come.
How often do you meet here?
She wondered how often we met there.
Косвенные приказы , распоряжения , просьбы , предложения , идеи (reported commands, requests, offers, suggestions).
a. Commands: tell/order + infinitive
Raise your hands!
He ordered me to raise my hands.
Don’t look down.
He told us not to look down.
b. Requests: ask/beg + infinitive
Give me a hand, please.
Jean asked Tom to give her a hand.
Please, please, don’t report me to the police!
He begged Colin not to report him to the police.
c. Suggestions: suggest + gerund or suggest + (that) smb (should) do smth
Offers: offer + infinitive
Do not mix up!
Offer – действие будет совершать тот, кто предлагает его совершить.
e. g. Let me give you a lift.
He offered to give me a lift.
Let me pay for the taxi.
He offered to pay for the taxi.
Suggest – 1. действие будет производиться другими людьми 2. подающий идею совершит его вместе с ними.
e. g. Let Jerry give you a lift.
He suggested Jerry giving me a lift.
|
|
|
Or: He suggested (that) Jerry (should) give me a lift.
Let’s go out!
He suggested (us/our) going out.
Or: He suggested (that) we (should) go out.
5. Предложения вводятся следующими глаголами :
Add, advise, allow, describe, explain, complain, inform, insist, note, reply, remark, observe, order, promise, protest, remind, recommend, refuse, warn, wonder, offer, suggest, etc.
N . B . вводные слова и восклицания (междометия) в косвенной речи не передаются.
Please, wait here.
She asked me to wait there.
Oh, it tastes disgusting!
She exclaimed that it tasted disgusting.
| Verb+ to-infinitive agree | Yes, I’ll give you a lift. | She agreed to give me a lift. |
| offer | Shall I carry the boxes? | She offered to carry the boxes. |
| promise | I’ll help you. | She promised to help me. |
| refuse | No. I won’t buy you a car. | She refused to buy me a car. |
| threaten | Stop talking or I’ll send you out. | He threatened to send me out if I didn’t stop talking. |
| Verb+ smb + to-infinitive advise | You really should see a doctor. | He advised me to see a doctor. |
| ask | Could you do something for me? | She asked me to do something for her. |
| beg | Please, please call the police. | She begged me to call the police. |
| command | Drop your weapons! | He commanded them to drop their weapons. |
| invite | Will you come to my party? | She invited me to her party. |
| order | Get out of the house! | She ordered me to get out of the house. |
| remind | Don’t forget to write to Paul. | She reminded me to write to Paul. |
| warn | Don’t go near the oven. | She warned me not to go near the oven. |
| Verb+ (prep)+ gerund admit | Yes, I stole the plans. | He admitted stealing the plans. |
| accuse | You lied to me. | He accused me of lying to him. |
| apologize | I’m sorry I shouted at you. | He apologized for shouting at me. |
| boast | I’m the cleverest of all, aren’t I? | He boasted of/about being the cleverest of all. |
| complain | I have a headache. | She complained to me of having a headache. |
| deny | I didn’t take your bag. | He denied taking the bag. |
| insist on | You must come round for dinner. | She insisted on my coming round for dinner. |
| suggest | Let’s visit Jane. | She suggested visiting Jane. |
N.B. Complain, deny, explain, exclaim, remark, promise, suggest, admit, advise, insist, remind can be followed by that-clause.
|
|
|
Sequence of Tenses
Согласование времен времена преобразуются следующим образом :
Present Simple переходит в Past Simple
Present Continuous переходит в Past Continuous
Present Perfect переходит в Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous переходит в Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple переходит в
Past Continuous не изменяется
Past Perfect не изменяется
Past Perfect Continuous не изменяется
Future Simple переходит в Future Simple in the Past
Future Continuous переходит в Future Continuous in the Past
Future Perfect переходит в Future Perfect in the Past
Future Perfect Continuous переходит в Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
III . Правило согласования времен не соблюдается в следующих случаях:
1. Если речь идет о прописных истинах.
e.g. “The earth is round.” The teacher said that the Earth is round.
But! “The Earth is flat.” She said that the Earth was flat.
- С модальными глаголами should , ought to , часто – must .
e. g. You should go out more often.
She said I should go out more often.
You must read this book!
She was sure I must read that book.
- В придаточных времени Past Simple и Past Continuous , как правило, не подвергаются сдвигу времен.
e. g. I haven’t met her since we broke up.
|
|
|
She said they hadn’t met since they broke up.
I had a cup of coffee while he was seeing the manager.
She said she had had a cup of coffee while he was seeing the manager.
- Past Continuous обычно не подвергается сдвигу времен.
e.g. When I came to the party everybody was dancing.
She told me that when she came to the party everybody was dancing.
- Согласование времен не обязательно, если указывается конкретная дата.
e.g. He said he was born in 1978.
Indirect questions
| General | Is she here? Did she manage? | Do you know if she is here? I wonder if she managed. |
| Special | Why is she crying? When did he come? | Do you know why she is crying? I wonder when she came. |
N . B . Do you know - questions часто переводятся как «Ты не знаешь…?»
Do you think-questions
| General | Is she here? Does she know him? | Do you think she is here? Do you think she knows him? |
| Special | Why is she crying? Who knows it? When did he come? How did she do it? | Why do you think she is crying? Who do you think knows it? When do you think he came? How do you think she did it? |
N . B . Помните, что по-русски все эти вопросы начинаются с «Как ты думаешь…?»
Passive Voice (Страдательный Залог)
- Видовременные Формы.
| Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Future Simple Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous To be going to . | Active Voice He gives a lecture every day. He’s giving a lecture now. He’s given a lecture. He’s been giving a lecture since morning. He gave a lecture yesterday. He was giving a lecture at three. He had given a lecture by five. When we came he had been giving a lecture for two hours. He’ll probably give a lecture tomorrow. He will be giving a lecture at 5 He will have given a lecture by five. He will have been giving a lecture for an hour by five. He’s going to give a lecture one of these days. | Passive Voice A lecture is given every day. A lecture is being given now. A lecture has been given. A lecture has been given since morning. A lecture was given yesterday. A lecture was being given at three. A lecture had been given by five. When we came a lecture had been given for two hours. A lecture will probably be given tomorrow. A lecture will be given at 5. A lecture will have been given by five. A lecture will have been given for an hour by five. A lecture is going to be given one of these days |
!!! N.B. В пассивном залоге отсутствуют все времен a группы Perfect Continuous (Present, Past, Future) и Future Continuous.
- В пассивном залоге употребляются переходные глаголы, т.е. глаголы, за которыми следует прямое дополнение ( something ).
To lie but to lay the table (the table has been laid)
To rise but to raise a question (the question was raised yesterday)
Дата добавления: 2020-12-22; просмотров: 152; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!