C3. Complete the sentences using the text.
LESSON 2
A. READING
A1. Read the text, pay attention to the underlined words, memorize them
And be ready to discuss the text.
KEY VOCABULARY
legal ( a ) – правовой, законный,юридический
substantial (a) – существенный,важный
provide (v) – давать,обеспечивать
rival (a) – соперничающий
assert (v) – утверждать
immanent (a) – постоянный
enact (v) – постановлять,принимать
correspond (v) –соответствовать
summarize (v) – резюмировать,подводить итог
unjust (a) – несправедливый
notion (n) – понятие, мнение,представление
sovereign (n) – монарх,правитель
back (v) – поддерживать
threat (n) – угроза
set forth ( v ) – излагать,формулировать
statute (n) – статут, писанныйзакон
profound (a) – глубокий
influence (n) - влияние
influential (a) – влиятельный
Anglophone (a) – англоязычный
argue (v) – утверждать , доказывать
Philosophy of law
Philosophy of law is a branch of philosophy and jurisprudence which studies basic questions about law and legal systems, such as “what is the law?”, “what is the relationship between law and morality?” and many other similar questions. The question “What is law?” has received the most substantial attention from philosophers of law. Three schools of thought have provided rival answers to this question.
Natural theory asserts that there are laws that are immanent in nature, to which enacted laws should correspond as closely as possible. This view is frequently summarized by the maxim: an unjust law is not a true law, in which “unjust” is defined as contrary to natural law.
Legal positivism is the view that the law is defined by the social rules or practices that identify certain norms as laws. Historically, the most important part of this theory was developed by Jeremy Bentham, whose views were popularized by his student, John Austin. Austin’s version of legal positivism was based on the notion that the law is the command of the sovereign backed by the threat of punishment.
Legal realism is the view that the law should be understood as it is practiced in the courts, law offices, and police stations, rather than as it is set forth in statutes.
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In the 20th century, two great legal positivists had a profound influence on the philosophy of law. On the continent, Hans Kelsen was the most influential theorist, and his legal views are still influential. In the Anglophone world, the most influential figure was Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart, Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford University, who is considered one of the most important legal philosophers. Hart’s most famous work is The Concept of Law first published in 1961. He argued that the law should be understood as a system of social rules. Hart’s theory, although widely
admired, was criticized by a variety of late 20th century philosophers of law .
B. COMPREHENSION
B1. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Make the false
Statements true.
1) The text is about philosophers of law.
2) Philosophy of law studies particular differences of legal systems.
3) There are three schools of thought providing identical answers to the question “What is law?”
4) Natural theory asserts that enacted laws should closely correspond laws of nature.
5) The most important part of positivist theory was developed byJ.Austin.
6) In the 20th century legal realism had a great influence on the philosophy of law.
7) The legal views of H.L.A.Hart are still influential.
B2. Choose the best word (law, rule, regulation) to fill in the blanks:
1. There is a……….against cruelty to animals.
2. In some organizations safety ……….are very strict.
3. Do you want me to explain you the ……….of the game?
4. The ……….of gravity was explained by Newton.
5. If you put a plural verb with a singular noun, you’re breaking a basic
……….of grammar.
6. Everyone is equal under the …………
7. He makes it a ……….to do an hour’s work in the garden every day.
8. You can’t smoke in here – it’s against the ………. .
9. I asked my secretary to get copies of all prison ………. .
10. Health and safety ……….are enforced by inspectors.
11. He lives with his own ……….about washing and mealtimes.
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12. This ……….doesn’t apply to graduate students.
13. Each family has its own ………about bedtime.
14. We shall need more stringent ……….against pollution.
C3. Complete the sentences using the text.
D. TRANSLATION
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