Features and types of modern international systems
Неделя 6. The international system
Практическое занятие №6
Содержание практического занятия:
The concept of the system of international relations, its structure
International relations (IR) or international affairs (IA)—commonly also referred to as international studies (IS), global studies (GS), or global affairs (GA)—is the study of politics, economics and law on a global level. Depending on the academic institution, it is either a field of political science, an interdisciplinary academic field similar to global studies, or an independent academic discipline that examines social science and humanities in an international context.
In all cases, international relations is concerned with the relationships between political entities (polities) such as sovereign states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), other non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs), and the wider world-systems produced by this interaction. International relations is an academic and a public policy field, and so can be positive and normative, because it analyses and formulates the foreign policy of a given state.
As a political activity, international relations dates from at least the time of Greek historian Thucydides (c. 460–395 BC), but emerged as a discrete academic field within political science in the early 20th century.[Note 1] In practice, international relations and affairs forms a separate academic program or field from political science, and the courses taught therein are highly interdisciplinary.[2]
For example, international relations draws from the fields of politics, economics, international law, communication studies, history, demography, geography, sociology, anthropology, criminology and psychology. The scope of international relations encompasses issues such as globalization, diplomatic relations, state sovereignty, international security, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, global finance, terrorism, and human rights.
2.Historical types of international systems
The authors of the book "System, structure and development of modern international relations" consider the regional (as well as group and bilateral) aspects of interactions between states as structural levels of the interstate system. Compared to the above typology, this approach looks more logical, since, by designating the place of this kind of system in the general system of international relations, it allows not to reduce the latter to an interstate system. The main disadvantage of the regional approach is the lack of sufficiently clear criteria for identifying a particular region as an object of study, which may have negative consequences for a general understanding of the international political processes taking place in them. 3. As a relatively independent - functional system - the literature often considers types of international (interstate) relations: economic, political, military-strategic, etc. systems. 4. Depending on the objectives of the research, such types of international systems as stable and unstable (or revolutionary, according to S. Hoffman's definition), conflict and cooperative, open and closed, etc. can be its object. 5. Political realism became the basis for such widely known concepts as bipolar, multipolar, equilibrium and imperial international systems. The bipolar system is dominated by the two most powerful states. If other powers reach comparable power, the system is transformed into a multipolar one. In an equilibrium system, or a system of balance of power, several large states retain approximately the same influence on the course of events, mutually curbing each other's "excessive" claims. In the international system of an imperial type, a single superpower dominates, far ahead of all other states in its aggregate power (size of territory, level of weapons, economic potential, reserves of natural resources, etc.).
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M. Kaplan. Six types of systems: 1) "single veto system", in which each actor has the ability to block the system using certain means of blackmail. (in case of general proliferation of nuclear weapons.) 2) "balance of power system" - characterized by multipolarity. Within such a system, there must be at least five great powers. If their number is less, then the system will inevitably transform into a bipolar system. 3) “Flexible bipolar system.” Actors-states and unions and blocs of states, as well as universal actors (international organizations) coexist in it. A) highly hierarchical and authoritarian , when the will of the head of the coalition is imposed on its allies. b) non-hierarchical, if the bloc line is formed through mutual consultations between states relatively autonomous from each other. 4) "rigid bipolar system." , in contrast to him, both blocks are organized here in a strictly hierarchical way. The universal actor plays here very limited. Within the framework of both poles, effective conflict resolution, the formation of directions of diplomatic behavior, the use of aggregate force are carried out. 5) The "universal system" as the next type actually corresponds federation. 6) "Hierarchical system - world state state. National states lose their importance in it, becoming simple territorial units, and any centrifugal tendencies on their part are immediately suppressed
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Features and types of modern international systems
The types of international (interstate) relations are often considered as a relatively independent functional system in the literature: economic, political, military-strategic, etc. system.Depending on the objectives of the study, its object can be such types of international systems as stable and unstable, conflict and cooperative, open and closed, etc.At the same time, the diversity of the typology of international systems should not be misleading. Virtually any of them is markedly marked by the theory of political realism: the basis of their selection, whatever external criteria they may be guided by, is usually the determination of the number of great powers or superpowers, the distribution of power, interstate conflicts, etc. concepts from the dictionary of the traditional trend in the science of international relations.It was political realism that became the basis of such well-known concepts as bipolar, multipolar, equilibrium and imperial international systems. In thе bipolar system, the two most powerful states dominate. If other powers reach comparable powers, the system transforms into a multipolar one. In the equilibrium system, or the system of the balance of power, several large states retain approximately the same influence on the course of events, mutually curbing each other’s “excessive” claims. Finally, in the international system of the imperial type, a single superpower dominates, far ahead of all other states with its combined power (size of territory, level of armaments, economic potential, natural resources, etc.).Based on this understanding, M. Kaplan builds his famous typology of international systems. It includes six types of systems, most of which (with the exception of two) are hypothetical, a priori.The first type is the “single veto system” in which each author has the ability to block the system using certain means of blackmail.
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