N., a person employed in an office, bank, shop, etc., to keep records, accounts, etc.
14. n., a condition or a period of being a beginner or a novice;
15. v., understand, perceive;
16. n., dislike, distaste;
17. adj., detrimental;
18. v., stick fast to a surface, another substance, etc., follow in detail;
19. adv., all in agreement, held or given by general consent;
20. n. & v., a struggle or scuffle, be engaged in;
21. n., refusal to comply;
N., a member of the Society of Friends.
Ex. 2. Find words in the text and give their synonyms; suggest their Russian equivalents; use the words in sentences of your own.
The rapid expansion
Secular instruction
Endowed schools
Vocational training
Academic studies
Sea-borne trade
Mass education
The virtue of subordination
To burthen
A virtual monopoly
To avail of
To intervene
Mere appendages
Proffer
A work of supererogation
The dry husks of ancient learning
The delusions of political fanatics and knaves
The usual stunted course
The university precincts
Reading 1:THE HISTORY OF BRITISH EDUCATION AND THE ROLE OF INDEPENDENT BOARDING SCHOOLS.
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
1. Do you know how long the history of British education is?
2. What, to your knowledge, does the Education Act of 1944 imply?
Look through the text to find out if you answered correctly.
By Guardian Family
Posted November 9, 2016
The First British Boarding School
Boarding Schools, the practice of sending children away for schooling, date back over 1,400 years. The first boarding school is believed to be The King’s School, Canterbury – which is still in existence today. The Kings School was established in 598 AD by St. Augustine as part of his mission to evangelise England when he was sent over from Rome by Pope Gregory the Great.
St. Augustine arrived in Canterbury in 597 AD to find an absence of both churches and schools. He set straight to work developing the Canterbury cathedral monastery, establishing grammar schools to educate monks and priests, teaching them Latin and English literature.
There was also a need for choir boys to sing in the cathedral, so St. Augustine established song schools where sons of ‘gentlefolk’ were trained to sing in the cathedral choirs. In 604 AD St. Augustine, who was the 1st Archbishop of Canterbury, ordained two bishops who continued the development of these schools across England. Many schools were founded over the next century including The King’s School, Rochester (604 AD) and St. Peter’s School in York (627 AD).
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Early Development of Boarding Schools
In the 8th century Alcuin, who although a theologian was never ordained, became School Master at York in 778 AD. He played a significant role in the development of boarding schools, introducing standards into the education curriculum including grammar, rhetoric (the art of speaking and writing with the view to persuade), law, poetry, mathematics, geometry, music and the scriptures. After his death in 804AD and due to a Viking invasion in 866AD development throughout this period was not continuous. Progress was largely halted and again interrupted in 1066 AD by the Norman invasion. Between 1100 AD and 1500 AD most churches created associated schools as the demand was very high.
Wider Availability of Education
During the 12th the availability of education grew as all Cathedrals and collegiate churches across England had schools. Private tuition was also very popular with aristocratic families at this time. The church’s control of education began to diminish as many schools were removed from monastic control and became ‘free grammar schools’ (although some still charged fees). The monasteries tried to fight back, but were mainly unsuccessful.
With increasing needs and change to focus on liberal education (a focus on specific subjects like medicine or law) the development of independent, fee paying schools and universities was high. Oxford University formal beginnings and growth in prominence internationally occurred in the 12th & 13thcenturies.
Chantries
In the late 14th century the donations & income to monasteries began to diminish. The wealth favoured development of independent schools known as Chantries. These developed into what are commonly known as ‘Public Schools’. As they were not restricted to taking local students, they took admissions from across the nation. Winchester (Est. 1382 AD) and Eton college (Est. 1440 AD) were two of the earliest public schools and were run as independent, self governed corporations.
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