The history of inorganic chemistry
1. Inorganic chemistry is the most important area of chemistry that investigates the characteristics of substances that are not organic, such as nonliving matter and minerals found in the earth's crust.
2. The history of inorganic chemistry, particularly before the mid-19th century, is closely interwoven with the general history of chemical knowledge. Metals that were encountered in nature as native ores (gold, silver, copper and mercury) were known even in remote antiquity in Egypt, India and China.
3. The attempt to convert base, «imperfect» metals into noble, «perfect» metals (gold and silver) was the reason for the appearance of alchemy which predominated from the fourth to the 16th century A.D. The alchemists created the framework for the chemical operations (evaporation, crystallization and distillation) that today are used for the isolation and purification of compounds. In 1752 Lomonosov proposed a division of substances into organic and inorganic. Lavoisier created the first rational chemical system of notation in 1787. In the early 19th century J. Dalton introduced the atomic theory into chemistry and gave the first table of atomic weights of the chemical elements. The discovery in 1869 of the periodic law and the construction by D. I. Mendeleev of the periodic system of elements solved the problem of rational classification of the elements. In the late 19th century the inert gases and radioactive elements were discovered.
4. Advances in nuclear physics made possible the synthesis of the transuranium elements. It opened up a new era in the history of inorganic chemistry. At the turn of the 20th century inorganic chemists were investigating two little-studied areas, metal alloys and complexes.
5. Up to now modern inorganic chemistry has become a science that is characterized by a remarkably wide variety of new methods for the study of the structure and properties of compounds and substances.
I . Руководствуясь контекстом, переведите следующие слова.
to investigate,
knowledge,
mercury,
appearance,
evaporation,
purification,
compound,
study,
to create,
framework,
to propose.
II . Переведите следующие словосочетания.
nonliving matter,
noble metals,
atomic weights,
a new era,
little-studied areas,
metal alloys,
wide variety,
III . Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What does inorganic chemistry investigate?
|
|
|
2. Who created the framework for such chemical operations as evaporation, crystallization and distillation?
3. When were inert gases and radioactive elements discovered?
4. What made possible the synthesis of the transuranium elements?
5. What is modern inorganic chemistry characterized by?
IV. Письменно переведите 1, 3 и 4 абзацы текста.
III . Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения:
- Золото, серебро, медь и ртуть были известны в далёкой древности.
- Ломоносов предложил разделение веществ на органические и неорганические.
- Открытие периодического закона решило проблему рациональной классификации элементов.
- В начале 20 века химики исследовали металлические сплавы.
5. Существует множество методов изучения структуры и свойств веществ.
Вариант 13
Advances in inorganic chemistry
1. Qualitative changes in inorganic chemistry were brought about by the discovery of the transuranium elements, by the efficient isolation (by chromatography and extraction) of the rare earth and other elements and by the economical preparation of rare elements and materials composed of them with particular properties. The production from such materials of single crystals with specific properties (for example, piezoelectrics, dielectrics, semiconductors, superconductors, and laser crystals) – and also their use – has become a special branch of industry. The chemistry of rare elements is developing especially rapidly.
2. A great deal of attention in modern inorganic chemistry is devoted to the study of the chemical bond, which is the most important feature of any chemical compound. Chemical bonds may be “seen” using physical instruments. Crystallographic methods, which are still very labor-intensive, are being replaced by rapid methods using automatic diffractometers in conjunction with electronic computers. The development of new physical methods and the interpretation of data require the combined work of inorganic chemists, physicists and mathematicians.
|
|
|
3. Inorganic compounds and materials are used under various operating conditions, under vigorous action of the medium (gases and liquids) and under mechanical loads. Thus, the study of the kinetics of inorganic reactions has great significance, especially in the development of new technologies and materials.
4. Inorganic chemistry is providing new types of fuel for aircraft and space rockets.
5. It is producing new hard and superhard materials for abrasive and cutting tools. Among other new products are construction materials, including lightweight materials, semiconductor and laser materials, heat-resistant metal alloys and new inorganic fertilizers. Inorganic chemistry is developing very rapidly and is one of the most important sources of scientific and technological progress.
I . Руководствуясь контекстом, переведите следующие слова:
alloy,
conditions,
data,
extraction,
fuel,
fertilizers,
isolation,
liquid,
production,
require,
semiconductor,
to use.
II . Переведите следующие словосочетания:
abrasive and cutting tools,
chemical bond,
heat-resistant metal alloys,
labor-intensive methods,
lightweight materials,
mechanical loads,
rare earth elements,
various operating conditions.
III. Ответьте на следующие вопросы :
- What were qualitative changes in inorganic chemistry brought about by?
- What is the most important feature of any chemical compound?
- What is inorganic chemistry producing for abrasive and cutting tools?
4. What are the latest developments of inorganic chemistry?
Дата добавления: 2019-11-16; просмотров: 439; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!