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[1] См., например, инаугурационную речь Джорджа Буша – младшего в 2005 году, в которой он сказал: «Исходя из последних событий и руководствуясь здравым смыслом, мы пришли к заключению: сохранение свободы в нашей стране в значительной степени зависит от успеха свободы в других странах. Самую большую надежду на мир дает распространение свободы по всей планете». ‘Bush Pledges to Spread Democracy’, CNN, 20 January 2005, http://edition.cnn.com/2005/ALLPOLITICS/01/20/bush.speech/, accessed 7 January 2018. Что касается Обамы, см., например, его последнюю речь в ООН: Katie Reilly, ‘Read Barack Obama’s Final Speech to the United Nations as President’, Time, 20 September 2016, http://time.com/4501910/president‑obama‑united‑nations‑speech‑transcript/, accessed 3 December 2017.
[2] William Neikirk and David S. Cloud, ‘Clinton: Abuses Put China “On Wrong Side of History”, Chicago Tribune, 30 October 1997, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997‑10‑30/news/9710300304_1_human‑rights‑jiang‑zemin‑chinese‑leader, accessed 3 December 2017.
[3] Eric Bradner, ‘Hillary Clinton’s Email Controversy, Explained’, CNN, 28 October 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/hillary‑clinton‑email‑controversy‑explained‑2016/index.html, accessed 3 December 2017.
[4] Chris Graham and Robert Midgley, ‘Mexico Border Wall: What is Donald Trump Planning, How Much Will It Cost and Who Will Pay for It?’, Telegraph, 23 August 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/mexico‑border‑wall‑donald‑trump‑planning‑much‑will‑cost‑will/, accessed 3 December 2017; Michael Schuman, ‘Is China Stealing Jobs? It May Be Losing Them, Instead’, New York Times, 22 July 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/business/international/china‑jobs‑donald‑trump.html, accessed 3 December 2017.
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[5] Несколько примеров из XIX и начала XX века см. в Evgeny Dobrenko and Eric Naiman (eds.), The Landscape of Stalinism: The Art and Ideology of Soviet Space (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003); W. L. Guttsman, Art for the Workers: Ideology and the Visual Arts in Weimar Germany (New York: Manchester University Press, 1997). Общую дискуссию см., например, в Nicholas John Cull, Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present (Santa Barbara: ABC–CLIO, 2003).
[6] Эту интерпретацию см.: Ishaan Tharoor, ‘Brexit: A modern‑day Peasants’ Revolt?’, Washington Post, 25 June 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/25/the‑brexit‑a‑modern‑day‑peasants‑revolt/?utm_term=.9b8e81bd5306; John Curtice, ‘US election 2016: The Trump – Brexit voter revolt’, BBC, 11 November 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/election‑us‑2016‑37943072.
[7] Самой известной работой, конечно, остается Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (London: Penguin, 1992).
[8] Ayelet Shani, ‘The Israelis Who Take Rebuilding the Third Temple Very Seriously’, Haaretz, 10 August 2017, https://www.haaretz.com/israel‑news/.premium‑1.805977, accessed January 2018; ‘Israeli Minister: We Should Rebuild Jerusalem Temple’, Israel Today, 7 July 2013, http://www.israeltoday.co.il/Default.aspx?tabid=178&nid=23964, accessed 7 January 2018; Yuri Yanover, ‘Dep. Minister Hotovely: The Solution Is Greater Israel without Gaza’, Jewish Press, 25 August 2013, http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking‑news/dep‑minister‑hotovely‑the‑solution‑is‑greater‑israel‑without‑gaza/2013/08/25/, accessed 7 January 2018; ‘Israeli Minister: The Bible Says West Bank Is Ours’, Al Jazeera, 24 February 2017, http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/upfront/2017/02/israeli‑minister‑bible‑west‑bank‑170224082827910.html, accessed 29 January 2018.
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[9] Katie Reilly, ‘Read Barack Obama’s Final Speech to the United Nations as President’, Time, 20 September 2016, http://time.com/4501910/president‑obama‑united‑nations‑speech‑transcript/, accessed 3 December 2017.
[10] Gregory R. Woirol, The Technological Unemployment and Structural Unemployment Debates (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1996), 18–20; Amy Sue Bix, Inventing Ourselves out of Jobs? America’s Debate over Technological Unemployment, 1929–1981 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 1–8; Joel Mokyr, Chris Vickers and Nicolas L. Ziebarth, ‘The History of Technological Anxiety and the Future of Economic Growth: Is This Time Different?’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 29:3 (2015), 33–42; Joe Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 255–257; David H. Autor, ‘Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and the Future of Workplace Automation’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 29:3 (2015), 3–30; Melanie Arntz, Terry Gregory and Ulrich Zierahn, ‘The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries’, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 89 (2016); Mariacristina Piva and Marco Vivarelli, ‘Technological Change and Employment: Were Ricardo and Marx Right?’, IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Discussion Paper No.10471 (2017).
[11] См., например, как ИИ побеждает людей в авиационных симуляторах, и особенно в воздушном бое: Nicholas Ernest et al., ‘Genetic Fuzzy based Artificial Intelligence for Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle Control in Simulated Air Combat Missions’, Journal of Defense Management 6:1 (2016), 1–7; интеллектуальные обучающие системы: Kurt VanLehn, ‘The Relative Effectiveness of Human Tutoring, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, and Other Tutoring Systems’, Educational Psychologist 46:4 (2011), 197–221; алгоритмический трейдинг: Giuseppe Nuti et al., ‘Algorithmic Trading’, Computer 44:11 (2011), 61–69; финансовое планирование, управление портфелем ценных бумаг и т. д.: Arash Baharammirzaee, ‘A comparative Survey of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Finance: Artificial Neural Networks, Expert System and Hybrid Intelligent Systems’, Neural Computing and Applications 19:8 (2010), 1165–1195; анализ сложных данных в медицинских системах, постановка диагноза и назначение лечения: Marjorie Glass Zauderer et al., ‘Piloting IBM Watson Oncology within Memorial Sloan Kettering’s Regional Network’, Journal of Clinical Oncology 32:15 (2014), e17653; создание оригинальных текстов на естественном языке из большого объема данных: Jean‑Sébastien Vayre et al., ‘Communication Mediated through Natural Language Generation in Big Data Environments: The Case of Nomao’, Journal of Computer and Communication 5 (2017), 125–148; распознавание лиц: Florian Schroff, Dmitry Kalenichenko and James Philbin, ‘FaceNet: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clustering’, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2015), 815–823; управление автомобилем: Cristiano Premebida, ‘A Lidar and Vision‑based Approach for Pedestrian and Vehicle Detection and Tracking’, 2007 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (2007).
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[12] Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011); Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational (New York: Harper, 2009); Brian D. Ripley, Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007); Christopher M. Bishop, Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (New York: Springer, 2007).
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[13] Seyed Azimi et al., ‘Vehicular Networks for Collision Avoidance at Intersections,’ SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars – Mechanical Systems 4 (2011), 406–416; Swarun Kumar et al., ‘CarSpeak: A Content‑Centric Network for Autonomous Driving’, SIGCOM Computer Communication Review 42(2012), 259–270; Mihail L. Sichitiu and Maria Kihl, ‘Inter‑Vehicle Communication Systems: A Survey’, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials (2008), 10; Mario Gerla, Eun‑Kyu Lee and Giovanni Pau, ‘Internet of Vehicles: From Intelligent Grid to Autonomous Cars and Vehicular Clouds’, 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF‑IoT) (2014), 241–246.
[14] David D. Luxton et al., ‘mHealth for Mental Health: Integrating Smartphone Technology in Behavioural Healthcare’, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 42:6 (2011), 505–512; Abu Saleh Mohammad Mosa, Illhoi Yoo and Lincoln Sheets, ‘A Systematic Review of Healthcare Application for Smartphones’, BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 12:1 (2012), 67; Karl Frederick Braekkan Payne, Heather Wharrad and Kim Watts, ‘Smartphone and Medical Related App Use among Medical Students and Junior Doctors in the United Kingdom (UK): A Regional Survey’, BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 12:1 (2012), 121; Sandeep Kumar Vashist, E. Marion Schneider and John H. T. Loung, ‘Commercial Smartphone‑Based Devices and Smart Applications for Personalised Healthcare Monitoring and Management’, Diagnostics 4:3 (2014), 104–128; Maged N. Kamel Bouls et al., ‘How Smartphones Are Changing the Face of Mobile and Participatory Healthcare: An Overview, with Example from eCAALYX’, BioMedical Engineering OnLine 10:24 (2011), https://doi.org/10.1186/1475‑925X‑10‑24, accessed 30 July 2017; Paul J. F. White, Blake W. Podaima and Marcia R. Friesen, ‘Algorithms for Smartphone and Tablet Image Analysis for Healthcare Applications’, IEEE Access 2 (2014), 831–840.
[15] World Health Organization, Global status report on road safety 2015 (2016); ‘Estimates for 2000–2015, Cause‑Specific Mortality’, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html, accessed 6 September 2017.
[16] Анализ причин автомобильных аварий в США см.: Daniel J. Fagnant and Kara Kockelman, ‘Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations’, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 77 (2015), 167–181; анализ данных по всему миру см., например: OECD/ITF, Road Safety Annual Report 2016 (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/irtad‑2016‑en.
[17] Kristofer D. Kusano and Hampton C. Gabler, ‘Safety Benefits of Forward Collision Warning, Brake Assist, and Autonomous Braking Systems in Rear‑End Collisions’, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 13:4 (2012), 1546–1555; James M. Anderson et al., Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2014), esp. 13–15; Daniel J. Fagnant and Kara Kockelman, ‘Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations’, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 77 (2015), 167–181; Jean‑Francois Bonnefon, Azim Shariff and Iyad Rahwan, ‘Autonomous Vehicles Need Experimental Ethics: Are We Ready for Utilitarian Cars?’, arXiv (2015), 1–15. О предложениях по созданию межтранспортных сетей для предотвращения аварий см.: Seyed R. Azimi et al., ‘Vehicular Networks for Collision Avoidance at Intersections’, SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars – Mechanical Systems 4:1 (2011), 406–416; Swarun Kumar et al., ‘CarSpeak: A Content‑Centric Network for Autonomous Driving’, SIGCOM Computer Communication Review 42:4 (2012), 259–270; Mihail L. Sichitiu and Maria Kihl, ‘Inter‑Vehicle Communication Systems: A Survey’, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 10:2 (2008); Mario Gerla et al., ‘Internet of Vehicles: From Intelligent Grid to Autonomous Cars and Vehicular Clouds’, 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF‑IoT) (2014), 241–246.
[18] Michael Chui, James Manyika and Mehdi Miremadi, ‘Where Machines Could Replace Humans – and Where They Can’t (Yet)’, McKinsey Quarterly (2016), http://www.mckinsey.com/business‑functions/digital‑mckinsey/our‑insights/where‑machines‑could‑replace‑humans‑and‑where‑they‑cant‑yet, accessed 1 March 2018.
[19] Wu Youyou, Michal Kosinski and David Stillwell, ‘Computer‑based personality judgments are more accurate than those made by humans’, PANS, vol. 112 (2014), 1036–1038.
[20] Stuart Dredge, ‘AI and music: will we be slaves to the algorithm?’ Guardian, 6 August 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/06/artificial‑intelligence‑and‑will‑we‑be‑slaves‑to‑the‑algorithm, accessed 15 October 2017. Обзорный анализ методов см.: Jose David Fernández and Francisco Vico, ‘AI Methods in Algorithmic Composition: A Comprehensive Survey’, Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 48 (2013), 513–582.
[21] Eric Topol, The Patient Will See You Now: The Future of Medicine is in Your Hands (New York: Basic Books, 2015); Robert Wachter, The Digital Doctor: Hope, Hype and Harm at the Dawn of Medicine’s Computer Age (New York: McGraw‑Hill Education, 2015); Simon Parkin, ‘The Artificially Intelligent Doctor Will Hear You Now’, MIT Technology Review (2016), https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600868/the‑artificially‑intelligent‑doctor‑will‑hear‑you‑now/; James Gallagher, ‘Artificial intelligence “as good as cancer doctors”, BBC, 26 January 2017, http://www.bbc.com/news/health‑38717928.
[22] Kate Brannen, ‘Air Force’s lack of drone pilots reaching “crisis” levels’, Foreign Policy, 15 January 2015, http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/15/air‑forces‑lack‑of‑drone‑pilots‑reaching‑crisis‑levels/.
[23] Tyler Cowen, Average is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation (New York: Dutton, 2013); Brad Bush, ‘How combined human and computer intelligence will redefine jobs’, TechCrunch (2016), https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/01/how‑combined‑human‑and‑computer‑intelligence‑will‑redefine‑jobs/.
[24] Ulrich Raulff, Farewell to the Horse: The Final Century of Our Relationship (London: Allen Lane, 2017); Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 286; Margo DeMello, Animals and Society: An Introduction to Human‑Animal Studies (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 197; Clay McShane and Joel Tarr, ‘The Decline of the Urban Horse in American Cities’, Journal of Transport History 24:2 (2003), 177–198.
[25] Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger, ‘The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015’, National Bureau of Economic Research (2016); Peter H. Cappelli and J. R. Keller, ‘A Study of the Extent and Potential Causes of Alternative Employment Arrangements’, ILR Review 66:4 (2013), 874–901; Gretchen M. Spreitzer, Lindsey Cameron and Lyndon Garrett, ‘Alternative Work Arrangements: Two Images of the New World of Work’, Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 4 (2017), 473–499; Sarah A. Donovan, David H. Bradley and Jon O. Shimabukuru, ‘What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers?’, Washington DC: Congressional Research Service (2016), https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44365.pdf, accessed 11 February 2018; ‘More Workers Are in Alternative Employment Arrangements’, Pew Research Center, 28 September 2016, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/10/06/the‑state‑of‑american‑jobs/st_2016‑10‑06_jobs‑26/, accessed 11 February 2018.
[26] David Ferrucci et al.,‘Watson: Beyond Jeopardy!’, Artificial Intelligence 19–200 (2013), 93–105.
[27] ‘Google’s AlphaZero Destroys Stockfish in 100‑Game Match’, Chess.com, 6 December 2017, https://www.chess.com/news/view/google‑s‑alphazero‑destroys‑stockfish‑in‑100‑game‑match, accessed 11 February 2018; David Silver et al., ‘Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self‑Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm’, arXiv (2017), https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.01815.pdf, accessed 2 February 2018; see also Sarah Knapton, ‘Entire Human Chess Knowledge Learned and Surpassed by DeepMind’s AlphaZero in Four Hours’, Telegraph, 6 December 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2017/12/06/entire‑human‑chess‑knowledge‑learned‑surpassed‑deepminds‑alphazero/, accessed 11 February 2018.
[28] Cowen, Average is Over, op. cit.; Tyler Cowen, ‘What are humans still good for? The turning point in freestyle chess may be approaching’ (2013), http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2013/11/what‑are‑humans‑still‑good‑for‑the‑turning‑point‑in‑freestyle‑chess‑may‑be‑approaching.html.
[29] Maddalaine Ansell, ‘Jobs for Life Are a Thing of the Past. Bring On Lifelong Learning’, Guardian, 31 May 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/higher‑education‑network/2016/may/31/jobs‑for‑life‑are‑a‑thing‑of‑the‑past‑bring‑on‑lifelong‑learning.
[30] Alex Williams, ‘Prozac Nation Is Now the United States of Xanax’, New York Times, 10 June 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/10/style/anxiety‑is‑the‑new‑depression‑xanax.html.
[31] Simon Rippon, ‘Imposing Options on People in Poverty: The Harm of a Live Donor Organ Market’, Journal of Medical Ethics 40 (2014), 145–150; I. Glenn Cohen, ‘Regulating the Organ Market: Normative Foundations for Market Regulation’, Law and Contemporary Problems 77 (2014); Alexandra K. Glazier, ‘The Principles of Gift Law and the Regulation of Organ Donation’, Transplant International 24 (2011), 368–372; Megan McAndrews and Walter E. Block, ‘Legalizing Saving Lives: A Proposition for the Organ Market’, Insights to A Changing World Journal 2015, 1–17.
[32] James J. Hughes, ‘A Strategic Opening for a Basic Income Guarantee in the Global Crisis Being Created by AI, Robots, Desktop Manufacturing and BioMedicine’, Journal of Evolution & Technology 24 (2014), 45–61; Alan Cottey, ‘Technologies, Culture, Work, Basic Income and Maximum Income’, AI & Society 29 (2014), 249–257.
[33] Jon Henley, ‘Finland Trials Basic Income for Unemployed,’ Guardian, 3 January 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/03/finland‑trials‑basic‑income‑for‑unemployed, accessed 1 March 2018.
[34] ‘Swiss Voters Reject Proposal to Give Basic Income to Every Adult and Child’, Guardian, 5 June 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/05/swiss‑vote‑give‑basic‑income‑every‑adult‑child‑marxist‑dream.
[35] Isabel Hunter, ‘Crammed into squalid factories to produce clothes for the West on just 20p a day, the children forced to work in horrific unregulated workshops of Bangladesh’, Daily Mail, 1 December 2015, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article‑3339578/Crammed‑squalid‑factories‑produce‑clothes‑West‑just‑20p‑day‑children‑forced‑work‑horrific‑unregulated‑workshops‑Bangladesh.html, accessed 15 October 2017; Chris Walker and Morgan Hartley, ‘The Culture Shock of India’s Call Centers’, Forbes, 16 December 2012, https://www.forbes.com/sites/morganhartley/2012/12/16/the‑culture‑shock‑of‑indias‑call‑centres/#17bb61d372f5, accessed 15 October 2017.
[36] Klaus Schwab and Nicholas Davis, Shaping the Fourth Industrial Revolution (World Economic Forum, 2018), 54. On long‑term development strategies, see Ha‑Joon Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (London: Anthem Press, 2003).
[37] Lauren Gambini, ‘Trump Pans Immigration Proposal as Bringing People from “Shithole Countries”’, Guardian, 12 January 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/us‑news/2018/jan/11/trump‑pans‑immigration‑proposal‑as‑bringing‑people‑from‑shithole‑countries, accessed 11 February 2018.
[38] Мысль о том, что абсолютное улучшение условий может сочетаться с относительным усилением неравенства, см., в частности, в Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty‑First Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013).
[39] ‘2017 Statistical Report on Ultra‑Orthodox Society in Israel’, Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies (2017), https://en.idi.org.il/articles/20439, accessed 1 January 2018; Melanie Lidman, ‘As ultra‑Orthodox women bring home the bacon, don’t say the F‑word’, Times of Israel, 1 January 2016, https://www.timesofisrael.com/as‑ultra‑orthodox‑women‑bring‑home‑the‑bacon‑dont‑say‑the‑f‑word/, accessed 15 October 2017.
[40] Melanie Lidman, ‘As ultra‑Orthodox women bring home the bacon, don’t say the F‑word’, Times of Israel, 1 January 2016, https://www.timesofisrael.com/as‑ultra‑Orthodox‑women‑bring‑home‑the‑bacon‑dont‑say‑the‑f‑word/, accessed 15 October 2017; ‘Statistical Report on Ultra‑Orthodox Society in Israel’, Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies 18 (2016), https://en.idi.org.il/media/4240/shnaton‑e_8‑9‑16_web.pdf, accessed 15 October 2017. Что касается счастья, не так давно Израиль занял 11‑е место по уровню удовлетворенности жизнью среди 38 стран ОЭСР: ‘Life Satisfaction’, OECD Better Life Index, http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/life‑satisfaction/, accessed 15 October 2017.
[41] ‘2017 Statistical Report on Ultra‑Orthodox Society in Israel’, Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies (2017), https://en.idi.org.il/articles/20439, accessed 1 January 2018.
[42] Margaret Thatcher, ‘Interview for Woman’s Own (“no such thing as society”)’, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, 23 September 1987, https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106689, accessed 7 January 2018.
[43] Keith Stanovich, Who Is Rational? Studies of Individual Differences in Reasoning (New York: Psychology Press, 1999).
[44] Richard Dawkins, ‘Richard Dawkins: We Need a New Party – the European Party’, NewStatesman, 29 March 2017, https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/03/richard‑dawkins‑we‑need‑new‑party‑european‑party, accessed 1 March 2018.
[45] Steven Swinford, ‘Boris Johnson’s allies accuse Michael Gove of “systematic and calculated plot” to destroy his leadership hopes’, Telegraph, 30 June 2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/30/boris‑johnsons‑allies‑accuse‑michael‑gove‑of‑systematic‑and‑calc/, accessed 3 September 2017; Rowena Mason and Heather Stewart, ‘Gove’s thunderbolt and Boris’s breaking point: a shocking Tory morning’, Guardian, 30 June 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/30/goves‑thunderbolt‑boris‑johnson‑tory‑morning, accessed 3 September 2017.
[46] James Tapsfield, ‘Gove presents himself as the integrity candidate for Downing Street job but sticks the knife into Boris AGAIN’, Daily Mail, 1 July 2016, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article‑3669702/I‑m‑not‑great‑heart‑s‑right‑place‑Gove‑makes‑bizarre‑pitch‑Downing‑Street‑admitting‑no‑charisma‑doesn‑t‑really‑want‑job.html, accessed 3 September 2017.
[47] В 2017 году исследователи из Стэнфорда разработали алгоритм, который якобы определяет сексуальную ориентацию человека с точностью 91 % только на основе нескольких фотографий его лица (https://osf.io/zn79k/). Но алгоритм разрабатывался на основе фотографий, которые люди выбирали сами для загрузки на сайты знакомств, и поэтому он мог идентифицировать различия в культурных идеалах. Это не значит, что выражение лица геев обязательно отличается от выражения лица у людей традиционной ориентации. Скорее геи, размещающие свои фото на сайте знакомств для геев, пытают соответствовать другому культурному идеалу, чем люди традиционной сексуальной ориентации, публикующие свои фотографии на соответствующих сайтах знакомств.
[48] David Chan, ‘So Why Ask Me? Are Self‑Report Data Really That Bad?’ in Charles E. Lance and Robert J. Vandenberg (eds.), Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends (New York, London: Routledge, 2009), 309–336; Delroy L. Paulhus and Simine Vazire, ‘The Self‑Report Method’ in Richard W. Robins, R. Chris Farley and Robert F. Krueger (eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Personality Psychology (London, New York: The Guilford Press, 2007), 228–233.
[49] Elizabeth Dwoskin and Evelyn M. Rusli, ‘The Technology that Unmasks Your Hidden Emotions’, Wall Street Journal, 28 January 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/startups‑see‑your‑face‑unmask‑your‑emotions‑1422472398, accessed 6 September 2017.
[50] Norberto Andrade, ‘Computers Are Getting Better Than Humans at Facial Recognition’, Atlantic, 9 June 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/bad‑news‑computers‑are‑getting‑better‑than‑we‑are‑at‑facial‑recognition/372377/, accessed 10 December 2017; Elizabeth Dwoskin and Evelyn M. Rusli, ‘The Technology That Unmasks Your Hidden Emotions’, Wall Street Journal, 28 June 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/startups‑see‑your‑face‑unmask‑your‑emotions‑1422472398, accessed 10 December 2017; Sophie K. Scott, Nadine Lavan, Sinead Chen and Carolyn McGettigan, ‘The Social Life of Laughter’, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18:12 (2014), 618–620.
[51] Daniel First, ‘Will big data algorithms dismantle the foundations of liberalism?’, AI & Soc, 10.1007/s00146‑017‑0733‑4.
[52] Carole Cadwalladr, ‘Google, Democracy and the Truth about Internet Search’, Guardian, 4 December 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/04/google‑democracy‑truth‑internet‑search‑facebook, accessed 6 September 2017.
[53] Jeff Freak and Shannon Holloway, ‘How Not to Get to Straddie’, Red Land City Bulletin, 15 March 2012, http://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/104929/how‑not‑to‑get‑to‑straddie/, accessed 1 March 2018.
[54] Michelle McQuigge, ‘Woman Follows GPS; Ends Up in Ontario Lake’, Toronto Sun, 13 May 2016, http://torontosun.com/2016/05/13/woman‑follows‑gps‑ends‑up‑in‑ontario‑lake/wcm/fddda6d6‑6b6e‑41c7‑88e8‑aecc501faaa5, accessed 1 March 2018; ‘Woman Follows GPS into Lake’, News.com.au, 16 May 2016, http://www.news.com.au/technology/gadgets/woman‑follows‑gps‑into‑lake/news‑story/a7d362dfc4634fd094651afc63f853a1, accessed 1 March 2018.
[55] Henry Grabar, ‘Navigation Apps Are Killing Our Sense of Direction. What if They Could Help Us Remember Places Instead?’ Slate, http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2017/07/10/google_and_waze_are_killing_out_sense_of_direction_what_if_they_could_help.html, accessed 6 September 2017.
[56] Joel Delman, ‘Are Amazon, Netflix, Google Making Too Many Decisions For Us?’, Forbes, 24 November 2010, https://www.forbes.com/2010/11/24/amazon‑netflix‑google‑technology‑cio‑network‑decisions.html, accessed 6 September 2017; Cecilia Mazanec, ‘Will Algorithms Erode Our Decision‑Making Skills?’, NPR, 8 February 2017, http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/02/08/514120713/will‑algorithms‑erode‑our‑decision‑making‑skills, accessed 6 September 2017.
[57] Jean‑Francois Bonnefon, Azim Shariff and Iyad Rawhan, ‘The Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles’, Science 352:6293 (2016), 1573–1576.
[58] Christopher W. Bauman et al., ‘Revisiting External Validity: Concerns about Trolley Problems and Other Sacrificial Dilemmas in Moral Psychology’, Social and Personality Psychology Compass 8:9 (2014), 536–554.
[59] John M. Darley and Daniel C. Batson, ‘“From Jerusalem to Jericho”: A Study of Situational and Dispositional Variables in Helping Behavior’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 27:1 (1973), 100–108.
[60] Kristofer D. Kusano and Hampton C. Gabler, ‘Safety Benefits of Forward Collision Warning, Brake Assist, and Autonomous Braking Systems in Rear‑End Collisions’, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 13:4 (2012), 1546–1555; James M. Anderson et al., Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2014), esp. 13–15; Daniel J. Fagnant and Kara Kockelman, ‘Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations’, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 77 (2015), 167–181.
[61] Tim Adams, ‘Job Hunting Is a Matter of Big Data, Not How You Perform at an Interview’, Guardian, 10 May 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/may/10/job‑hunting‑big‑data‑interview‑algorithms‑employees, accessed 6 September 2017.
[62] Необычайно глубокую дискуссию на эту тему см. в Cathy O’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy (New York: Crown, 2016). Эту работу обязательно следует прочесть тем, кого интересует потенциальное влияние алгоритмов на общество и политику.
[63] Bonnefon, Shariff and Rawhan, ‘Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles’.
[64] Vincent C. Müller and Thomas W. Simpson, ‘Autonomous Killer Robots Are Probably Good News’, University of Oxford, Blavatnik School of Government Policy Memo, November 2014; Ronald Arkin, Governing Lethal Behaviour: Embedding Ethics in a Hybrid Deliberative/Reactive Robot Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, Mobile Robot Lab, 2007, 1–13.
[65] Bernd Greiner, War without Fronts: The USA in Vietnam, trans. Anne Wyburd and Victoria Fern (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 16. По меньшей мере одно свидетельство эмоционального состояния солдат см. в Herbert Kelman and V. Lee Hamilton, ‘The My Lai Massacre: A Military Crime of Obedience’ in Jodi O’Brien and David M. Newman (eds.), Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life Reading (Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press, 2010), 13–25.
[66] Robert J. Donia, Radovan Karadzic: Architect of the Bosnian Genocide (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015). См. также: Isabella Delpla, Xavier Bougarel and Jean‑Louis Fournel, Investigating Srebrenica: Institutions, Facts, and Responsibilities (New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2012).
[67] Noel E. Sharkey, ‘The Evitability of Autonomous Robot Warfare’, International Rev. Red Cross 94 (886) 2012, 787–799.
[68] Ben Schiller, ‘Algorithms Control Our Lives: Are They Benevolent Rulers or Evil Dictators?’, Fast Company, 21 February 2017, https://www.fastcompany.com/3068167/algorithms‑control‑our‑lives‑are‑they‑benevolent‑rulers‑or‑evil‑dictators, accessed 17 September 2017.
[69] Elia Zureik, David Lyon and Yasmeen Abu‑Laban (eds.), Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power (London: Routledge, 2011); Elia Zureik, Israel’s Colonial Project in Palestine (London: Routledge, 2015); Torin Monahan (ed.), Surveillance and Security: Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life (London: Routledge, 2006); Nadera Shalhoub‑Kevorkian, ‘E‑Resistance and Technological In/Security in Everyday Life: The Palestinian case’, British Journal of Criminology, 52:1 (2012), 55–72; Or Hirschauge and Hagar Sheizaf, ‘Targeted Prevention: Exposing the New System for Dealing with Individual Terrorism’, Haaretz, 26 May 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/.premium‑1.4124379, accessed 17 September 2017; Amos Harel, ‘The IDF Accelerates the Crisscrossing of the West Bank with Cameras and Plans to Surveille all Junctions’, Haaretz, 18 June 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/.premium‑1.4179886, accessed 17 September 2017; Neta Alexander, ‘This is How Israel Controls the Digital and Cellular Space in the Territories’, 31 March 2016, https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/.premium‑MAGAZINE‑1.2899665, accessed 12 January 2018; Amos Harel, ‘Israel Arrested Hundreds of Palestinians as Suspected Terrorists Due to Publications on the Internet’, Haaretz, 16 April 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/.premium‑1.4024578, accessed 15 January 2018; Alex Fishman, ‘The Argaman Era’, Yediot Aharonot, Weekend Supplement, 28 April 2017, 6.
[70] Yotam Berger, ‘Police Arrested a Palestinian Based on an Erroneous Translation of “Good Morning” in His Facebook Page’, Haaretz, 22 October 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/.premium‑1.4528980, accessed 12 January 2018.
[71] William Beik, Louis XIV and Absolutism: A Brief Study with Documents (Boston, MA: Bedford/St Martin’s, 2000).
[72] O’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction, цитируемая работа; Penny Crosman, ‘Can AI Be Programmed to Make Fair Lending Decisions?’, American Banker, 27 September 2016, https://www.americanbanker.com/news/can‑ai‑be‑programmed‑to‑make‑fair‑lending‑decisions, ссылка актуальна на 17 September 2017.
[73] Matt Reynolds, ‘Bias Test to Prevent Algorithms Discriminating Unfairly’, New Scientist, 29 May 2017, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23431195–300‑bias‑test‑to‑prevent‑algorithms‑discriminating‑unfairly/, ссылка актуальна на 17 September 2017; Claire Cain Miller, ‘When Algorithms Discriminate’, New York Times, 9 July 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/upshot/when‑algorithms‑discriminate.html, ссылка актуальна на 17 September 2017; Hannah Devlin, ‘Discrimination by Algorithm: Scientists Devise Test to Detect AI Bias’, Guardian, 19 December 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/19/discrimination‑by‑algorithm‑scientists‑devise‑test‑to‑detect‑ai‑bias, ссылка актуальна на 17 September 2017.
[74] Snyder, The Road to Unfreedom, op. cit.
[75] Anna Lisa Peterson, Being Animal: Beasts and Boundaries in Nature Ethics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013), 100.
[76] ‘Richest 1 Percent Bagged 82 Percent of Wealth Created Last Year – Poorest Half of Humanity Got Nothing’, Oxfam, 22 January 2018, https://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2018‑01‑22/richest‑1‑percent‑bagged‑82‑percent‑wealth‑created‑last‑year, ссылка актуальна на 28 February 2018; Josh Lowe, ‘The 1 Percent Now Have Half the World's Wealth’, Newsweek, 14 November 2017, http://www.newsweek.com/1‑wealth‑money‑half‑world‑global‑710714, ссылка актуальна на 28 February 2018; Adam Withnall, ‘All the World’s Most Unequal Countries Revealed in One Chart’, Independent, 23 November 2016, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/credit‑suisse‑global‑wealth‑world‑most‑unequal‑countries‑revealed‑a7434431.html, ссылка актуальна на 11 March 2018.
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