Rate, portfolio, quotation, option, warrant, exchange rate, brokerage, deposit, merger, mortgage, counselor, interest rate.
1. The value of a currency expressed in terms of another currency.
2. Numerical proportion between two sets of things.
3. Charge made for borrowing a sum of money, expressed as a percentage of the total sum loaned.
4. Indication of the price at which a seller might be willing to offer goods for sale.
5. Person giving professional guidance on personal problems.
6. Range of investments held by a person, company, etc.
7. Broker’s fee or commission, which is usually calculated as a percentage of the sum involved in the contract.
8. Combining of two or more commercial organizations into one in order to increase efficiency and to avoid competition.
9. Right in property created as security for loan.
10. Money left with a bank for safe keeping or to earn interest.
11. Finance security that offers the owner the right to subscribe for the ordinary shares of a company at a fixed price.
12. Right to buy or sell a fixed quality of a commodity, currency, or security at a particular date at a particular price.
Ex. 4. Match each word on the left with its opposite on the right hand side.
| 1. increase 2. expends 3. profit 4. private 5. debit 6. spend 7. lend 8. liabilities 9. sell 10. direct | a) assets b) save c) public d) borrow e) decrease f) revenues g) purchase h) loss i) indirect j) credit |
Ask your partner as many questions as you can using the words above.
Ex. 5. Insert prepositions.
Financial planning process
Financial planning is an important aspect … the firm’s operation and livelihood since it provides road maps … guiding, coordinating and controlling the firm’s actions in order to achieve its objectives. Two key aspects … the financial planning process are cash planning and profit planning. Cash planning involves the preparation of the firm’s cash budget; profit planning is usually done … means of proforma financial statements.
The financial planning process begins … long-run, or strategic, financial plans that in turn guide the formulation of short-run, or operating, plans and budgets. Generally, the short-run plans and budgets implement the firm’s long-run strategic objectives.
Long-run (strategic) financial plans are planned long-term financial actions and the anticipated financial impact of those action. Such plans tend to cover periods ranging … two … 10 years. Long-run financial plans consider proposed fixed-assets outlays, research and development activities, marketing and product developing actions and major sources of financing.
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Short-run (operating) financial plans are planned short-term financial actions and the anticipated financial impact … those actions. These plans most often cover a one- to two-year period. Key inputs include the sales forecast and various forms of operating and financial data. Key outputs include a number … operating budgets, the cash budget and proforma financial statements.
Read the text once again and answer the following questions: What are two key aspects of financial planning? What do short-run and long-run plans include?
Ex. 6. Join the halves. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Financial markets provide the mechanism for
2. Investment analysis focuses on
3. When a company obtains capital from external sources
4. Equity financing and debt financing provide
5. Working capital refers to
6. Financial management is concerned with
7. Transactions is short-term debt instruments that
8. Major securities traded in the capital market
9. When prices rise,
10. Finance involves
11. More experienced individuals would be eligible for
a. the funds used to keep business working or operating.
b. carrying out the allocation of financial resources.
c. take place in the money market.
d. include bonds and both common and preferred stock.
e. the financing can be either on a short-term or a long-term arrangement.
f. how individuals or portfolio managers select appropriate financial and real assets.
g. important means by which a corporation may obtain its capital.
h. how firms acquire and allocate funds.
i. loan officer, branch manager, or senior analyst.
j. the securing of funds for all phases of business operations.
k. the same goods, cost more in terms of dollars, and the dollar’s value in term of those goods falls.
Ex. 7. Translate the text into Russian in written form.
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Interest Rate
Financial institutions and markets create the mechanism through which funds flow between savers (fund suppliers) and investors (fund demanders). The level of funds flow between suppliers and demanders can significantly affect economic growth. Growth results from the interaction of variety of economic factors, such as the money supply, trade balances, and economic policies, that affect the cost of money – the interest rate or required return. The level of this rate acts as regulating device that controls the flow of funds between suppliers and demanders. In general, the lower the interest rate, the greater the funds flow and therefore the greater the economic growth and vice versa.
The interest rate or required return represents the cost of money. It is the rent or level of compensation a demander of fund must pay a supplier. When funds are lent, the cost of borrowing the funds is the interest rate. When funds are invested to obtain an ownership (or equity) interest, the cost to the demander is commonly called the required return. In both cases the supplier is compensated for providing either debt or equity funds. Ignoring risk factors, the nominal and actual interest (cost of fund) result from the real rate of interest adjusted for inflationary expectations and liquidly preferences – general preferences of investors for shorter-term securities.
In a perfect world in which there is no inflation and in which funds suppliers and demanders are indifferent to the terms of loans or investment because they have no liquidity preference and all outcomes are certain, at a given point in time there would be one cost of money – the real rate of interest. The real rate of interest creates an equilibrium between the supply of savings and the demand for investment funds.
Ex.8. Give the Russian equivalents to the following.
Tax, taxation, taxable income, taxation brackets, tax avoidance, tax base, tax burden, tax evasion, tax exemption, tax-free, tax haven, tax holiday, taxman, tax relief, tax return, tax shelter, lump-sum tax, excise tax, heavy tax, payroll tax.
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Ex.9. Match the following expressions with the correct definition.
1. Sums allocated by an organization working capital for for future capital expenditure
2.Ratio of sales of a company b. human capital
to its capital employed
3. Income tax relief c. venture capital
4.The amount provided by ways
of loans d. share capital
5. Factor of production, usually e. risk capital
machinery and plant
6.Total depreciation of the value of f. loan capital
the capital goods in an economy
during a specified period
7.The perceived value of people g.capital budget
and their skills
8. Money to carry on production h. capital turnover
and keep trading
9. Money a company has raised from i. capital allowances
investors who bought shares
10. Money a company borrows to strart j. capital consumption
up a new business
11. Money invested in a project with a high k. physical capital
chance of failure
Ex. 10. What is the English for ?
Взимать налог; не платить налоги; облагать налогом; освобождать от налога; платить налоги; подлежать налогооблoжению; снижать налоги; удерживать налоги; уклоняться от уплаты налогов; до вычета налогов; после удержания налогов.
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LET’S READ AND TALK
T E X T 1
WHAT IS FINANCE?
The field of finance is broad and dynamic. It directly affects the lives of every person and every organization, financial and non-financial, private or public, large or small, profit -seeking or non-profit. Finance can be defined as the art and science of managing money. All individuals and organizations earn or raise money and spend or invest money. Finance is concerned with the process, institutions, markets, the instruments involved in the transfer of money among and between individuals, businesses and governments.
Finance can be defined at both the aggregate or macro level and the firm or micro level. Finance at the macro level is the study of financial institutions and financial markets and how they operate within the financial systems. Finance at the micro level is the study of financial planning, asset management, and fund raising for business firms and financial institutions.
Finance has its origin in the fields of economics and accounting. Economists use a supply-and-demand framework to explain how the prices and quantities of goods and services are set in a free-enterprise or market-driven economic system.
Accountants provide the record-keeping mechanism for showing ownership of the financial instruments used to facilitate the flow of financial funds between savers and borrowers. Accountants also record revenues, expenses, and profitability of organizations involved in the production and exchange of goods and services.
Large-scale production and a high degree of specialization of labourcan function only if there exists an effective means of paying for productive resources and final products. Business can obtain the money it needs to buy capital goods such as machinery and equipment only if the institutions and markets have been established for making savings available for such investment. Similarly, the federal government and other governmental units can carry out their wide range of activities only if efficient means exist for raising money, for making payments, and for borrowing.
Financial markets, institutions or intermediaries, and business financial management are basic elements of well-developed financial systems. Financial markets provide the mechanism for carrying out the allocation of financial resources or funds from savers to borrowers. Financial institutions such as banks and insurance companies, along with other financial intermediaries, facilitate the flow of funds from savers to borrowers. Business financial management involves the efficient use of financial capital in the production and exchange of goods and services. The goal of the financial manager in a profit-seeking organisation is to maximize the owners’ wealth through effective financial planning and analysis, asset management, and of financial capital. The same financial management functions must be performed by financial managers in not-for-profit organizations, such as governmental units or hospitals, in order to provide the desired level of service at acceptable costs.
1. What is finance?
2. Where does finance have its origin?
3. What are the basic elements of financial system?
T E X T 2
WHY FINANCE?
One of the primary considerations when going into business is money. Without sufficient funds a company cannot begin operations. The money needed to start and continue operating a business is known as capital. A new business needs capital not only for ongoing expenses but also for purchasing necessary assets. These assets — inventories, equipment, buildings, and property — represent an investment of capital in the new business.
How this new company obtains and uses money will, in large measures determine its success. The process of managing this acquired capital is known as financial managing/management. In general finance is securing and utilizing capital to start up, operate, and expand a company.
To start up or begin a business, a company needs funds to purchase essential assets, support research and development, and buy materials for production. Capital is also needed for salaries, credit extension to customers, advertising, insurance, and many other day-to-day operations. In addition, financing is essential for growth and expansion of a company, because of competition in the market, capital needs to be invested in developing new product lines and productions techniques and in acquiring assets for future expansion.
In financing business operations and expansion, a business uses both short-term and long-term capital. A company, much like an individual, utilizes short-term capital to pay for items that last relatively short period of time. An individual uses credit cards for buying such things as clothing or food, while a company seeks short-term financing for salaries and office expenses. On the other hand, an individual uses long-term capital such as bank loan to pay for a home or car – goods that will last a long time. Similarly, a company seeks a long-term financing to pay for new assets that are expected to last many years.
When a company obtains capital from external sources the financing can be either on a short-term or a long-term arrangement. Generally, short-term financing must be repaid in less than one year, while long-term can be repaid over a longer period of time.
Finance involves the securing of funds for all phases of business operations. In obtaining and using this capital, the decisions made by managers affect the overall financial success of a company.
1.Why finance?
T E X T 3
CAPITAL
Read the text and be ready to speak on:
1. the funds the capital of a business consists of;
2. the classification of capital;
3. the types of financing.
The capital of a business consists of the funds used to start and run the business. The funds may be either the owner’s (equity capital) or creditor’s (debt capital). Equity capital consists of those funds provided to the business by the owner(s). These funds come from the personal savings of the owner. Debt capital consists of borrowed funds that the business owner owes to the lender. With debt capital the entrepreneur doesn’t have to share ownership, but has a legal obligation to repay the borrowed money (principal) plus interest at a future data even if the business does not make profit.
Capital is also classified, depending on it use, as fixed or working. Fixed capital refers to items bought once and used for a long period of time. These items include real estate, fixtures, equipment. With a grocery, for example, the real estate consists of the store itself and the land on which it is built. The fixtures include such objective as counters, refrigerators, shelves. Equipment covers such articles as cutting machines, knives, scales. Working capital refers to the funds used to keep a business working or operating. It pays for merchandise, inventory and operating expenses such as rent, utilities (light and heat), taxes, wages. Cash on hand and accounts receivable are also considered working capital. Therefore, working capital is cash, or anything that can easily and quickly be turned into cash.
Equity financing (obtaining owner funds) can be exemplified by the sale of corporate stock. In this type of transaction, the corporation sells units of ownership known as shares of stock. Each share entitles purchaser to a certain amount of ownership. For example, if someone buys 100 shares of stock from Ford Motor Company, that person has purchased 100 shares worth of Ford resources, material, plants, production and profits. The person who purchases shares of stock is known as a stockholder or shareholder.
All corporations, regardless of their size, receive their starting capital from issuing and selling shares of stock. The initial sales involve some risk on the part of the buyers because corporation has no record of performance. If the corporation is successful, the stockholder may profit through increased valuation of the shares of stock, as well as by receiving dividends. Dividends are proportional amounts of profit usually paid quarterly to stockholders. However, if the corporation is not successful, the stockholder may take losses on the initial stock investment.
Often equity financing does not provide the corporation with enough capital and it must turn to debt financing, or borrowing funds. One example of debts financing is the sale of corporate bonds. In this type of agreement, the corporation borrows money from investor in return for bond. The bond has maturity date, a deadline when the corporation must repay all of the money it has borrowed. The corporation must also make periodic interest payment to the bondholder during the time the money is borrowed. If these obligations are not met, the corporation can be forced to sell its assets in order to make payments to the bondholders.
All businesses need financial support. Equity financing (as in the sale of stock) and debt financing (as in the sale of bonds) provide important means by which a corporation may obtain its capital.
T E X T 4
Read the text. Define the main idea of each paragraph. Underline the sentences expressing these ideas.
FINANCIAL MARKETS
Financial markets provide a forum in which suppliers of funds and demanders of loans and investments can transact business directly. Whereas the loans and investments of institutions are made without the direct knowledge of the suppliers of funds (savers), suppliers in the financial markets know where their funds are being lent or invested. The two key financial markets are the money market and the capital market. Transactions in short-term debt instruments, or marketable securities, take place in the money market. Long-term securities (bonds and stocks) are traded in the capital market.
The money market is created by a financial relationship between suppliers and demanders of short-term funds, which have maturities of one year or less. The money market exists because certain individuals, businesses, governments and financial institutions have temporarily idle funds that they wish to put in some type of liquid assets or short-term, interest-earning instruments. At the same time, other individuals, businesses, governments and financial institutions find themselves in need of seasonal or temporary financing. The money market thus brings together these suppliers and demanders of short-term liquid funds.
The capital market is a financial relationship created by a number of institutions and arrangements that allows the suppliers and demanders of long-term funds -- funds with maturities of more than one year – to make transactions. The backbone of the capital market is formed by the various securities exchanges that provide a forum for debt and equity transactions. Major securities traded in the capital market include bonds and both common and preferred stock.
All securities, whether in the money or capital markets, are initially issued in the primary market. This is the only market in which the corporate or government issuer is directly involved in the transaction and receives direct benefit from the issue – that is, the company actually receives the proceeds from the sale of securities. Once the security begins to trade among individuals, businesses, government or financial institutions, savers and investors, they become part of the secondary market. The primary market is the one in which «new» securities are sold; the secondary market can be viewed as an «issued» or «preowned» securities market.
During the last two decades the Euromarket – which provides for borrowing and lending currencies outside their country of origin – has grown quite rapidly. The Euromarket provides multinational companies with an «external» opportunity to borrow or lend funds with the additional feature of less government regulation.
1. What is a financial market?
2. What are the two key financial markets?
3. In what do they differ?
4. Differentiate between primary and secondary markets.
T E X T 5
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