III. Translate from Russian into English.
Беларусь не богата влажными лесами; белок просто необходим для здоровья; многие люди страдают от заболеваний сердца; Как часто Вы едите гамбургеры?; Вы когда-нибудь пробовали тофу?; Вам понравилась вчера опера? – Я была восхищена!; помните, что окружающая среда очень хрупка; к Новому Году было вырублено свыше 10 тысяч ёлок; человечество (the human) может уничтожить самого себя; в Новой Зеландии очень много ферм крупного рогатого скота.
IV. Dr. Heidi Cornfield, a professor of food science, is being interviewed about her new book, What’s for Dinner? Listen to (read) the interview and find out: What does she think is wrong with the American diet?
WHAT’S FOR DINNER?
Interviewer: You have some very strong ideas about what Americans eat, Professor Cornfield. Could you tell our audience about some of them?
Cornfield: I’d be delighted. First, I think that Americans eat too much meat. We can get protein from other types of food, not just meat. For example, tofu is rich in protein. We really don't need to eat meat to live.
Interviewer: Maybe, but some or our listeners really like nice thick juicy hamburgers. They mightnot need them, but they sure like them.
Cornfield: I agree with you. But there are health reasons to stop eating meat.
Interviewer: What do you mean, Professor?
Cornfield: Eating meat, especially beef, can cause heart disease. Thousands of Americans die from heart disease every year.
Interviewer: That’s interesting. Are there other reasons why we should stop eating meat?
Cornfield: Yes. Did you know that eating meat hurts, even destroys, the environment?
Interviewer: I don't understand. How?
Cornfield: It is a fact that rain forests in Central America are being destroyed to produce cheap beef to export to other countries, including the United States. And that hamburger you like so much – well, it takes 20 square meters of rain forest for each burger!
Interviewer: Oh, no. But I don't like to eat tofu.
Cornfield: That's OK. There are other good foods to eat.
Interviewer: Well, were almost out of time. Do you have any final comments?
Cornfield: There are many more interesting factsin my book Think about this one before you order your next burger: In the last 300 years, Americans have cut down over half of their trees to get land to grow food to feed cattle – all because people think they need meat.
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V. Listen to (read) the text and say whether the statements are true or false.
1. Professor Cornfield has written a book about what Europeans eat.
2. Americans eat too much meat.
3. Many people eat hamburgers not because they need them, but because they like them.
4. Eating meat, especially pork, can cause heart disease.
5. It takes 30 square metres of rain forest for each burger.
VI. Answer the questions.
1. What food is rich in protein?
2. Do people need to eat meat to live?
3. Why do many people eat nice thick juicy hamburgers?
4. What are the reasons to stop eating meat?
5. Why are rain forests in Central America being destroyed?
6. How many trees have the Americans cut down for the last 300 years?
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
Which opinion do you agree with?
ü I think Americans eat too much meat, but people in other countries also eat more meat than before. I don’t think it’s good.
ü Humans should give up eating meat. That way we get healthier, and we don’t destroy the environment.
ü It’s impossible for me to give up meat. I enjoy eating hamburgers.
ü We should avoid eating animal products like beef, pork, milk and eggs. It’s better for us to eat fish and vegetables.
ü Maybe people should eat less meat, but I don’t think we have to give it up completely.
LOOKING AT THE ISSUE.
If you had to give up food made with animal products, which ones would you give up? What are your reasons?
| Food | Would you give it up? | Why or why not? |
| hamburger | yes / no | |
| steak [steik] | yes / no | |
| bacon [`beik(ə)n] | yes / no | |
| ice cream (milk, eggs) | yes / no | |
| pancakes (eggs, milk) | yes / no | |
| ham | yes / no | |
| chicken | yes / no | |
| pizza [`pi:tsə] (cheese) | yes / no | |
| your idea: | yes / no |
TECHNOLOGY AND ITS IMPACT
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Technical advances affecting daily life
| technology | examples of using applications | example sentence(s) with connected key words |
| digital technology | digital photography, video and sound recording; digital broadcasting | The sound quality of a digital tape recorder is superior to that of an analogue [non-digital] one. |
| satellite communications | satellite navigation systems; mobile phones | She has an in-car GPS [global positioning system] navigation system, so she never loses her way. |
| biotechnology | genetic modification of plants | Biotechnology companies are experimenting with new, disease-resistant crops for farmers, [with a high level of protection against diseases] |
| artificial intelligence (AI) | automatic translation; identification systems | AI scientists are hoping to create computers that will be more and more like the human brain. |
| ergonomics | efficient design of human environments | This car has ergonomically designed seats; they're very comfortable on long drives, [designed to give maximum comfort and efficiency] |
Text I
Invention
After reading this text you will learn:
- the definition of the term ‘invention’;
- two types of discovering something new;
- the history of discovering the telephone and the calculus (система счислений);
- the characteristic of modern inventions.
I. Learn the following derivatives:
1. To accomplish– accomplishment – accomplished;
1. This reform was one of the President’s greatest …. 2. Drawing and singing were among her many …. 3. I don’t think I … very much today. 4. She was an elegant and …woman. 5. We …the first part of our plan. 6. Among his many other …, there is a games theory.
2. To achieve – achievement – achiever – achievable;
1. I … very much today. 2. All you … is to upset my parents. 3. This goal is quite … 4. It was a remarkable … for such a young player. 5. They were proud of their children’s … 6. Even a small success gives you a sense of … 7. Everybody admits that he is a high …
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II. Give possible derivatives to the following words:
To invent, to discover, to create, to organize.
III. Study the difference between to decide – decision and to solve – solution and fill in the gaps with the proper word.
1. There is no simple … to this problem. 2. The … to the last week’s quiz is on page 32. 3. Do you have a better …? 4. It was difficult … between the two candidates. 5. Attempts are being made to … the problem of waste disposal. 6. At school he was good at … equations. 7. We need a … on it by next week. 8. Mary is a …-maker in the house. 9. The moment of … has arrived. 10. We finally reached a ….
IV. Learn the following words:
| Word | Transcription | Translation |
| Device | [dI'vQIs] | Прибор |
| Procedure | [prq'sJdZq] | Методика (проведения опыта) |
| Objective | [qb'GektIv] | Цель |
| Invariably | [In'vFqrIqblI] | Неизменно |
| To precede | [prI'sJd] | Предшествовать |
| Accidental | [xksI'dentql] | Случайный |
| Induce | [In’djus] | Выводить путем умозаключений |
| Lightning rod | [‘lQItnIN] | Молниеотвод |
| To prove | [pru:v] | Доказывать |
| Simultaneously | ["sImql'teInIqslI] | Одновременно |
| To recognize | ['rekqgnQIz] | Признавать |
| Research | ['rJsWC] | Научное исследование |
| To support | [sq'pLt] | Поддерживать |
| To apply | [q'plaI] | Обращаться |
| To ascribe | [qs'krQIb] | Приписывать |
V. Read aloud the words listed below following the teacher’s example:
Process, idea, procedure, invariably, accidental, induced, lightning, phenomenon, isolated, through, although, simultaneously, calculus, fought, scientist, mathematician, agencies, specific.
VI. Read and translate the text:
Invention (device or process) is creation of new devices, objects, ideas or procedures useful in accomplishing human objectives. The process of invention is invariably preceded by one or more discoveries that help the inventor solve the problem at hand. A discovery may be accidental, such as the discovery of X rays by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen while he was experimenting with cathode rays, or induced, such as the invention of the lightning rod by Benjamin Franklin after he proved that lightning is an electrical phenomenon.
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Early inventors were usually isolated and unable to support themselves through their inventions. In some cases, although two individuals working independently achieved the same innovation simultaneously, only one was recognized for the discovery. For example, the American inventors Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell applied for a patent on the telephone on the same day. Credit for the discovery of the calculus was fought for bitterly by the English scientist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton and the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
Today most modern inventions and discoveries take place in large research organizations by group of scientists supported by universities, government agencies, private industries or foundations. Because of this, ascribing any single invention to a specific person has become difficult.
VII. Make up the definition of the term ‘invention’ from the scattered words.
Invention is new, creation, of, useful, in, objectives, human, accomplishing, devices, ideas, procedures.
VIII. Choose the most suitable variant:
1. … precede the process of invention.
a) one experiment b) one or more discoveries
2. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered …
a) X rays b) the telephone
3. Benjamin Franklin invented ...
a) the lightning flash b) the lightning rod
4. Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell simultaneously applied for a patent on …
a) the radio b) the telephone
5. The English scientist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton and the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz bitterly fought for the credit for the discovery of the …
a) the theory of gravity b) the calculus
6. It’s difficult to ascribe any single invention to one person because as a rule it’s a …
a) difficult process b) collective work
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