V. Give the comparative and superlative of the following adjectives:
Long, old, late, young, ancient, delicious, bad.
VI. Give the three forms of the following verbs:
to come, to spoil, to begin, to call, to hold, can, to treat, to bear, to disguise.
VII. Give the plural of:
Calendar, amateur, carol, fair, story, masquerade, holiday.
VIII. Write the derivatives of the following words:
To fall, a mystery, to celebrate, a host, to congratulate, music, to perform, an origin.
IX. These words can be used both as verbs and nouns. Make up your own sentences to show the difference in their usage:
Work, visit, purpose, feature, treat.
X. Read these expressions and find their English equivalents in the text:
Таинственное время года; древние языческие традиции; актеры-любители; угощать восхитительными вещами; быть священной едой; символ бессмертия; давать представления: играть на аккордеоне; происходить от.
XI. Read the text and get ready to speak about “Kalyady”
«KALYADY» HAS COME
If you want to experience real joy – the joy that isn't even spoiled by falling snow or severe frost – you should come to Belarus when "Kalyady" is being celebrated. Catholics celebrate it from December, 25 to January, 6 when the sun turns its gaze towards spring and the days begin to become longer. As for Orthodox Christians and the old calendar, the mysterious time of the year comes a bit later – it continues from January, 7 to January, 19. People say that "Kalyady" is a God's holiday. In Russia, all these days and nights from Christmas till Epiphany are called "Svyatki" (Sacred Evenings) and in Belarus – "Kalyady." It is a jolly time when people are enjoying themselves.
During "Kalyady" groups of merry young boys and girls in smart clothes go from house to house in Belarusian villages and towns. "Kalyady" celebrations have ancient, pagan traditions. In many countries of the world, people have carnivals and masquerades to see the New Year in. Such festivals are also held in Belarus.
Each person in the processions of "Kalyadovschchyki"(carol-singers) has a role according to his character and temperament: one of them bears the star, others sing carols, amateur musicians play the accordion or beat the tambourine, amateur actors are disguised as Goats,
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Bears, Storks, Horses, Gypsies and Old Men. Hosts and hostesses usually treat them to delicious things and thank them for well-wishing and carol-singing.
"Kalyady" is the time when three ritual suppers are cooked in every Belarusian home. They are called "Kalyadnaya Kuttzya". Our forefathers believed that "Kuttzya" (a sort of porridge – "kasha" – made from barley) was sacred food which could save and protect people's lives. So "Kuttzya" was a symbol of immortality and eternity of life.
On "Kalyady" the Belarusians like to visit each other, celebrate weddings and arrange fairs. By the way, it was at the fairs in the old days when vagrant musicians and puppeteers gave their performances. Small puppet theatres called "Batleyka" were popular in Belarus. They acted out stories about Christ from the Bible. Some people think that the word "Batleyka" originated from the word "Bethlehem" –the name of Christ's birthplace. So we can say that our theatre has its roots in "Kalyady."
The pagan holiday of "Kalyady" coincided later with Christmas, which was celebrated by Christians. The main purpose of "Kalyady" is to get rid of everything bad in one's life and to begin a new life cycle with joy and optimism.
XII. Answer the following questions:
1. When do Belarusians celebrate "Kalyady"? 2. What do people say about "Kalyady"? 3. What are the typical entertainments during "Kalyady"? 4. How long do "Svyatki" last? 5. What do amateur actors wear? 6. How are three ritual suppers at "Kalyady" called? 7. Our forefathers believed that "Kuttzya" was sacred food, didn't they? 8. What is "Kuttzya" made of? 9. What do Belarusians like to do during "Kalyady"? 10. What do you know about "Batleyka"? 11. What is the main purpose of "Kalyady"?
XIII. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
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1. In Belarus Catholics celebrate "Kalyady" in February. 2. During "Kalyady" a lot of young b6ys and girls dressed in rags go from house to house and beg for food and drink. 3. Each person in the processions of "Kalyadouschchiki" bears a star and is disguised as a Goat. 4. Amateur musicians play the piano/5. People in the street give money to these amateur actors. 6. In every Belarusian family three ritual breakfasts are cooked during "Kalyady." 7. The ritual food is called "Kalyadny Kulesh". 8. On "Kalyady" the Belarusians like to organize family dinners and invite their relatives. 9. The main purpose of "Kalyady" is to get rid of the old furniture.
XIV Put in the right prepositions where necessary:
1. As ... Orthodox Christians and the old calendar, the mysterious time . . . the year comes ... a bit later it continues ... January, 7 ... January, 19. 2. ... Russia, all ... these days and nights ... Christmas ... Epiphany are called "Svyatki"(Sacred Evenings) and ... Belarus –"Kalaydy." 3. ... "Kalyady", groups . . . merry young boys and girls ... smart clothes go . . . house . . . house . . . Belarusian villages and towns. 4. ... many countries ... the world, people have carnivals and masquerades to see the New Year ... .5. The pagan holiday ... "Kalyady" coincided later... Christmas, which was celebrated ... Christians. 6. The main purpose ... "Kalyady" is to get rid ... everything bad ... one's life and to begin a new life cycle ... joy and optimism.
XV. Choose a word from the box to put into each gap:
1. If you want ... real joy, you should come to Belarus when "Kalyady" is being celebrated. 2. During "Kalyady" groups of merry young boys and girls in ... clothes go from house to house in villages and towns. 3. Hosts and hostesses usually ... them to delicious things and thank them for well-wishing and carol-singing. 4. "Kalyady" is the time when three ... suppers are cooked in every Belarusian home. 5. Our... believed that "Kuttzya" was sacred food which could save and protect people's lives. 6. On "Kalyady" the Belarusians like to visit each other, celebrate weddings and ... .7. The main purpose of "Kalyady" is ... of everything bad in one's life and to begin a new life cycle with joy and optimism.
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treat, arrange fairs, to get rid, to experience, ritual,
smart, forefathers
XVI. Fill in the table:
| Dates | |
| Clothes | |
| Masks | |
| Musical instruments | |
| Food | |
| Purpose |
XVII. Work in groups. Find out from your partners:
– what holiday is celebrated in Belarus from Christmas till Epiphany;
– what they know about the origin of this holiday;
– what is prepared for ritual suppers and why;
– whether they have such suppers in their families;
– whether they take part in "Kalyady" and what they do during this holiday.
XVIII. Prove that:
– "Kalyady" is a jolly time:
– our theatre has some roots in the holiday of "Kalyady".
XIX. Comment on:
– the behaviour of young boys and girls in the streets during "Kalyady";
– the origin of the word "Batleyka'";
– the purpose of "Kalyady".
XX. Imagine that:
– You are preparing for "Kalyady". Your friend from America has come to visit you. It goes without saying that he knows nothing about this holiday. You want him to take part in the procession of "Kalyadovschchiki." Role-play a dialogue with your partner.
– You are an organizer of "Kalyady" in your class. Try to talk your friends in taking part in the celebration. Then distribute the roles among them. Role-play a dialogue with your partners.
XXI. Comprehension check. Choose the best alternative according to the text;
1. Orthodox Christians celebrate "Kalyady"
a) from December, 25 to January, 6;
b) from January, 1 to January, 7;
c) from January, 7 to January, 19.
2. People consider that "Kalyady " is
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a) a dull holiday and never celebrate it;
b) is a holiday for small children only;
c) a merry holiday and celebrate it with pleasure.
3. During "Kalyady", groups of merry young boys and girls
a) organize rock music concerts in Belarusian villages and towns;
b) go carol-singing in Belarusian villages and towns;
c) make snowmen in Belarusian villages and towns.
4. Each of the carol-singers
a) has a present for passers-by;
b) suggests his project of this holiday;
c) plays a part according to his personality.
5. Amateur actors
a) are disguised or wear masks;
b) treat hosts and hostesses to delicious thing;
c) cook "Kuttzya" and treat passers-by to it.
6. Amateur musicians
a) play the accordion or beat the tambourine;
b) thank hosts and hostesses for carol-singing;
c) teach passers-by to play the accordion.
7. The host and the hostess usually treat "Ka/yadovschchiki"
a) with suspicion;
b) to tasty things;
c) as if they were mad.
8. Three ritual suppers are prepared in every Belarusian home
a) during "Kalyady";
b) on the New Year Eve;
c) on Christmas Eve.
9. Our ancestors were convinced that "Kuttzya " was sacred food which
a) could protect people from the evil eye;
b) was necessary for people to live long;
c) was blessed food.
10. So "Kuttzya" was
a)asymbol of rich life;
b) served in the morning;
c) a symbol of everlasting life.
11. On "Kalyady" Belarusians
a) never celebrate weddings because of the superstitions;
b) like to entertain themselves and celebrate weddings;
c) like to stay at home and cook "Kuttzya" every evening.
12. The pagan holiday of "Kalyady " coincided later with
a) Christmas;
b) Epiphany;
c) New Year.
13. The main purpose of "Kalyady" is
a) to organize the processions of "Kalyadovschchiki";
b) to do away with bad things and to start a new period of life cheerfully;
c) to demonstrate national Belarusian traditions to people all over the world.
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