Complete the sentences about vitamins with the words from the box. One word is used twice.
| immune system skin nervous system teeth eyes sunlight pregnancy large intestine antioxidant hemolytic anaemia metabolism blood stress brain enzymes |
1. Vitamin A keeps the ... healthy and is important for good vision. It is found in fatty foods like butter, cheese, whole milk and yoghurt.
2. Vitamin A, and more specifically, retinoic acid, appears to maintain normal ... health by switching on genes and differentiating keratinocytes (immature skin cells) into mature epidermal cells.
3. The В vitamins keep the ... healthy and help reduce... . They are found in foods like whole-grain bread and cereals.
4. Vitamin B9 is needed before and during ... . It is present mainly in green leafy vegetables and legumes.
5. The primary role of vitamin B6 is to act as a coenzyme to many other ... in the body that are involved predominantly in ... .
6. Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the ... and nervous system, and for the formation of... .
7. Vitamin С is needed to help the ... repair itself when it is damaged. It is found in fruit, especially citrus fruit and kiwifruit.
8. Vitamin D is needed for healthy bones and ... because it helps the body absorb calcium. Our body makes vitamin D when our ... is exposed to ... .
9. Vitamin E can be found most abundantly in wheat germ oil, and in sunflower or soybean oils. It is a fat-soluble ... that stops the production of reactive oxygen species formed when fat undergoes oxidation.
10. Deficiency of vitamin E is very rare but mild ... in newborn infants may occur.
11. Vitamin K1 is found chiefly in leafy green vegetables such as spinach, cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli; some fruits such as avocado, kiwifruit and grapes are also high in vitamin K.
12. Many bacteria, such as Escherichia coli found in the ... , can synthesize vitamin К2, but not vitamin K1.
Say whether the following statements are true or false. Comment your answer.
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1. A vitamin is a non-organic compound required as a nutrient in small amounts for the healthy maintenance of the whole organism.
2. All vitamins are synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism.
3. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water, and as they aren't readily excreted from the body with the urine, their reserves can last for long periods.
4. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids but they aren't likely to accumulate in the body.
5. Hypervitaminosis is more likely to be caused by water-soluble vitamins.
6. All vitamins of В complex have similar roles for our body and can be obtained only synthetically.
7. Retinol and other vitamers of vitamin A are necessary for healthy skin, development of the bones, and good vision.
8. Vitamin Kx is synthesized by intestinal bacteria, but vitamin Kj is found chiefly in leafy green vegetables and fruits.
9. Both avitaminosis and hypervitaminosis are similarly dangerous for a human body.
10. Restrictive diets have the potential to cause prolonged vitamin deficiency, which may result in potentially dangerous diseases.
What questions would you ask to obtain the following information?
• Role of vitamins in our life
• Influence of vitamins on human health
• Solubility and storage of vitamins
• Food sources of vitamins
• Factors that interfere with the absorption or use of vitamins
• Recommended diets
• Avitaminosis and hypervitaminosis
• Deficiency diseases
Answer the following questions.
1. What is vitamin?
2. Why do people need vitamins?
3. Is there any difference between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins? Name them.
4. How are vitamins synthesized?
5. Where can vitamins be found?
6. Which vitamins are necessary for:
—healthy nervous system?
—healthy immune system?
—healthy skin, bones, vision?
—healthy pregnancy?
7. What influences the absorption or use of vitamins?
8. How do we understand 'deficiency diseases'?
9. What diet is thought to be healthy?
Translate the following sentences into English.
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1. Вітаміни — це органічні сполуки різної хімічної природ необхідні в невеликих кількостях для нормального обмі речовин і життєдіяльності живих організмів.
2. Багато вітамінів є попередниками коферментів, які беру участь у ферментативних реакціях.
3. Людина і тварини не синтезують вітаміни або синтезують у недостатній кількості, тому повинні одержувати їх із їжею.
4. Нестача вітамінів призводить до порушення обміну речовин Джерелом вітамінів найчастіше є рослини.
5. За нормального раціону і здорового способу життя потреба у вітамінах задовольняється природним шляхом.
6. Однак узимку і навесні відчувається нестача вітамінів, щоспричиняє гіповітамінози. Надлишок вітамінів — гіпервітаміноз, що буває дуже рідко.
7. Одноманітне харчування, бідне на натуральні рослинні продукти, призводить до виникнення захворювання авітамінозу.
8. Фолієва кислота — вітамін В9, що впливає на кровотворення, стимулює утворення еритроцитів і лейкоцитів, знижує вміст холестерину в крові. При авітамінозі розвивається недокрів'я.
9. Добова потреба людини в аскорбіновій кислоті досить велика — 63—105 мг. Нестача аскорбінової кислоти може призвести до цинги.
10. Вітамін А і каротин мають чудову властивість накопичуватися в організмі і їх надлишки можуть зберігатися більше року.
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XІІ тема: Основні системи людського організму.
XІІ тема: Основні системи людського організму.
Human body .
Людське тіло.
I. Vocabulary.
Learn the following words.
trunk – тулуб;
extremity also limb – кінцівка;
forehead – лоб;
temples – скроні;
lashes – вії;
oral – ротовий;
cavity – порожнина;
gums – ясна;
abdomen – живіт;
lung – легеня;
breathe – дихати;
excrete – виділяти;
kidney – нирка;
bladder - (сечовий) міхур;
waste – відходи;
skin – шкіра;
brain - головний мозок;
gland – залоза;
arm - рука (upper - плече);
forearm – передпліччя;
hip - стегновий суглоб, стегно;
thigh - стегнова кістка;
knee – коліно;
calf – литка;
ankle - кісточка, щиколотка;
heel - п'ята;
sole – підошва;
toe - палець ноги;
jaw – шелепа;
heart – серце;
stomach – шлунок;
oesophagus also gullet – стравохід;
intestines also bowels – кишківник;
liver – печінка;
gall bladder - жовчний міхур;
spleen – селезінка.
2. Find English equivalents of the Ukrainian words.
| тулуб | a) thyroid | b) thumb | c) trunk | d) tissue |
| шия | a) nasal | b) nail | c) nerve | d) neck |
| чоло | a) finger | b) forehead | c) forearm | d) foot |
| шлунок | a) stomach | b) skin | c) sweat | d) shoulder |
| стегно | a) heart | b) hip | c) hair | d) hand |
3. Match the following names of body parts with the definitions.
| 1. kidney | a. organ in the head which controls thought and feeling |
| 2. lung | b. baglike organ in which food is broken down for use by the body |
| 3. liver | с. one of twenty-four bones protecting the chest |
| 4. heart | d. one of a pair of organs which separate waste liquid from the blood |
| 5. brain | e. one of two bony parts of the face in which teeth are set |
| 6. throat | f. large organ which cleans the blood |
| 7. rib | g. one of a pair organs of breathing in the chest |
| 8. stomach | h. passage from the back of the mouth down inside the neck |
| 9. jaw | і. organ in the chest which controls the flow of blood by pushing it round the body |
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HUMAN BODY
The head is connected with the trunk by the neck. The windpipe (trachea) and gullet (esophagus) pass through the neck. The bony framework of the head, enclosing the brain, is the skull. The front part of the head is the face. Its upper part is composed of the forehead and the temples. The two sides of the lower face are called the cheeks. The two jaws (upper and lower) form the framework of the mouth. The lower jaw also gives shape to the chin. The oral cavity contains the tongue and the teeth, the necks of which are enveloped into the gums. The two margins of the mouth are the lips. The organs of the special senses in the face are the eyes and the nose. The eye is set in a bony socket called the orbit. The eyes are protected by the eyelashes and the eyebrows. The ear includes three principal parts: the external ear, the middle ear and the internal ear. The nose which we use for smelling, breathing and sneezing has two openings called nostrils. The top and the back part of the head are covered with hair.
The trunk consists of the chest, the abdomen and the back. The upper cavity, the chest (thorax), contains the heart and lungs. In the lower cavity, the abdomen, there are the kidneys, the stomach, the liver, the gall bladder, the spleen, the urinary bladder and the intestines or bowels.
The lungs belong to the respiratory system. The lungs are the essential organs of breathing. They are two spongy organs, situated one on either side of the thoracic cavity. In adults they are usually blue in color, but in infants they are quite pink. The kidneys and the bladder are parts of the urinary system. They excrete waste products. The heart, the arteries, the capillaries and the veins constitute the cardiovascular system. The mouth, the gullet, the stomach and the intestines form the alimentary canal. The juices of many glands further the process of the digestion of our food.
We have four limbs: two arms and two legs. The arms are the upper extremities and the legs form the lower extremities. The upper extremity is divided into the shoulder, the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. Between the upper arm and the forearm there is the elbow. The joint between the forearm and the hand is called the wrist. Each hand has four fingers and one thumb. At the tips of the fingers there are the fingernails. The parts of the lower extremity are the thigh, the lower leg and the foot. The back of the lower leg is called the calf. Between the thigh and the lower leg there is the knee joint. The joints between the lower legs and the feet are the ankles. The foot consists of the heel, the sole and the toes. The body is covered with the skin.
II. Language Development
1. Match the following English words with the Ukrainian ones.
| 1. gall bladder | а. живіт | ||||
| 2. abdomen | b. кров | ||||
| 3. gums | с. порожнина | ||||
| 4. cavity | d. ясна | ||||
| 5. pupil | e. підборіддя | ||||
| 6. extremity | f . жовчний міхур | ||||
| 7. throat | g. зіниця | ||||
| 8. blood | h. горло | ||||
| 9. tongue | і. кінцівка | ||||
| 2. Choose the appropriate sentence endings. 1. The PUPIL is part of the ... . | |||||
| a. ear | b. stomach | с. eye | d. hand | ||
| 2. The STOMACH is part of the ... . | |||||
| a. hand | b. foot | с. eye | d. alimentary tract | ||
| 3. The CALF is part of the .... | |||||
| a. leg | b. arm | с. chest | d. head | ||
| 4. The WRIST is part of the ... . | |||||
| a. foot | b. arm | с. eye | d. ear | ||
| 5. The HEART is part of the ... . | |||||
| a. hand | b. foot | с. ear | d. chest | ||
| 6. The THUMB is part of the ... . | |||||
| a. head | b. foot | с. hand | d. breast | ||
3. Complete the following sentences choosing suitable words from the box.
| internal face mouth lower trunk abdominal cavity trunk upper extremity external middle brain principal lungs body neck upper skeleton |
1.We breathe with the ... .
2.The ear has three ... parts: the
3.The tongue is in the ....
4.The legs are ... extremities, and the arrns are ... extremities.
5.The skull contains the ....
6.The forehead is a part of the ....
7.The ... connects the head with the ... .
8.The spleen is in the ....
9.The shoulder connects the ... with the ....
10.The framework of bones is called the ... .
11. The skin covers the ....
4. Match the conditions with the organs affected using your medical knowledge.
| 1. hepatitis | a. bladder |
| 2. pneumonia | b. gall bladder |
| 3. nephritis | с. heart |
| 4. gastric ulcer | d. kidney |
| 5. cystitis | e. liver |
| 6. angina pectoris | f . lung |
| 7. cholecystitis | g. stomach |
| 8. ulcerative colitis | h. large bowel |
5. Find the correct answers.
1. What are the excretory organs?
| a. The excretory organs consist of the brain and medulla. |
| b. The main excretory organs are the kidneys, urethra and bladder. |
| с. The organs of the excretory system are the stomach, intestines and spleen. |
| d. The excretory system comprises the heart, blood, and arteries. |
2. What does the substance which forms the human body consist of?
| a. The substance which forms the human body consists of the heel, the sole and toes. |
| b. The larynx and the trachea are parts of the substance which forms the human body. |
| с. The substance which forms the human body consists of cells, fibers and tissues. |
| d. The substance which forms the human body consists of eyeballs, lashes, and eyelids. |
3. What organs does the thoracic cavity include?
| a. The thoracic cavity includes the back and crown. |
| b. The thoracic cavity contains the respiratory, circulatory and digestive organs. |
| c. The thoracic cavity includes the ribs, femur, gland. |
| d. The thoracic cavity contains the teeth and the palate. |
4. What does the skull contain?
| a. The skull contains the brain. |
| b. The skull contains the face. |
| c. The skull contains the forehead. |
| d. The skull contains the hair. |
5. Where are the gums?
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