Distinctive linguistic features of the major functional styles of English. Familiar Colloquial Style.
Represented in spoken variety.
Phonetic features
- Casual and often careless pronunciation, use of deviant forms, e. gonna instead of going to, whatcha instead of what do you, dunno instead of don't know.
- Use of reduced andcontracted forms, e.g. you're, they've, I'd.
- Omission of unaccented elements due to quick tempo, e. g. you hear me?
- Emphasis on intonation as a powerful semantic and stylistic instrument capable to rendersubtle nuances of thought and feeling.
- Use of onomatopoeic words, e. g. whoosh, hush, stop yodelling, yak, yut .
Morphological features
- Use of evaluative suffixes, nonce words formed on morphological phonetic analogy with other nominal words: e. g. baldish, mawkish, moody, hanky-panky, helterskelter, plates of meet (feet), okeydoke.
Syntactical features
- Use of simple short sentences.
- Dialogues are usually of the question-answer type.
- Use of echo questions, parallel structures, repetitions of various kinds. In complex sentences asyndetic coordination is the norm.
- Coordination is used more often than subordination, repeated use of conjunction and is a sign of spontaneity rather than an expressive device.
- Extensive use of ellipsis, including the subject of the sentence e. g. Can't say anything.
- Extensive use of syntactic tautology, e. g. That girl, she was something else!
- Abundance of gapfillers and parenthetical elements, such as sure, indeed, to be more exact, okay, well.
Lexical features
- Combination of neutral, familiar and low colloquial vocabulary, including slang, vulgar and taboo words. Extensive use of words of general meaning, specified in meaning by the situation guy, job, get, do, fix, affair.
- Limited vocabulary resources, use of the same word in different meanings it may not possess, e.g. 'some' meaning good: some guy! some game! 'nice' meaning impressive, fascinating, high quality: nice music.
- Abundance of specific colloquial interjections: boy, wow, hey, there, ahoy.
- Use of hyperbole, epithets, evaluative vocabulary, trite metaphors and simile, e.g. if you say it once more I'll kill you, as old as he hit horrid, awesome, etc.
- Mixture of curse words and euphemisms, e.g. damn, dash, darnt shoot.
- Extensive use of collocations and phrasal verbs instead of neutral literary equivalents: e. g. to turn in instead of to go to bed.
Compositional features.
- Use of deviant language on all levels.
- Strong emotional coloring.
|
|
|
- Loose syntactical organization of an utterance.
- Frequently little coherence or adherence to the topic.
- No special compositional patterns.
Distinctive linguistic features of the major functional styles of English. Publicist style.
Publicistic (media) Style
Phonetic features (in oratory).
- Standard pronunciation, wide use of prosody as a means of conveying the subtle shades of meaning, overtones and emotions.
- Phonetic compression.
Morphological features.
- Frequent use of non-finite verb forms, such as gerund, participle, infinitive.
- Use of non-perfect verb forms.
- Omission of articles, link verbs, auxiliaries, pronouns, especially in headlines and news items.
Syntactical features.
- Frequent use of rhetorical questions and interrogatives in oratory speech.
- In headlines: use of impersonal sentences, elliptical constructions, interrogative sentences, infinitive complexes and attributive groups.
- In news items and articles: news items comprise one or two, rarely three, sentences.
- Absence of complex coordination with chain of subordinate clauses and a number of conjunctions.
- Prepositional phrases are used much more than synonymous gerundial phrases.
- Absence of exclamatory sentences, break-in-the narrative, other expressively charged
- constructions.
- Articles demonstrate more syntactical organization and logical arrangement of sentences.
Lexical features.
- Newspaper cliches and set phrases.
- Terminological variety: scientific, sports, political, technical, etc.
- Abbreviations and acronyms.
- Numerous proper names, toponyms, anthroponyms, names of enterprises, institutions, international words, dates and figures.
- Abstract notion words, elevated and bookish words.
- In headlines: frequent use of pun, violated phraseology, vivid stylistic devices.
- In oratory speech: words of elevated and bookish character, colloquial words and phrases, frequent use of such stylistic devices as metaphor, alliteration, allusion, irony, etc.
- Use of conventional forms of address and trite phases.
|
|
|
Compositional features
- Text arrangement is marked by precision, logic and expressive power.
- Carefully selected vocabulary.
- Variety of topics.
- Wide use of quotations, direct speech and represented speech.
- Use of parallel constructions throughout the text.
- In oratory: simplicity of structural expression, clarity of message, argumentative power.
- In headlines: use of devices to arrest attention: rhyme, pun, puzzle, high degree of compression, graphical means.
- In news items and articles: strict arrangement of titles and subtitles, emphasis on the headline. Careful subdivision into paragraphs, clearly defined position of the sections of an article: the most important information is carried in the opening paragraph; often in the first sentence.
Дата добавления: 2019-07-15; просмотров: 795; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!