Answer the questions about the text and translate the text in writing.
A.
1. What is the Kyoto Protocol?
2. What does the Kyoto Protocol require?
3. How are emission targets met?
4. What happens if a country fails to reach its Kyoto emissions target?
B.
What are the potential barriers to a global deal?
2. What happens to industrial nations that fail to meet their Kyoto targets?
3. If there are so many industries and communities doing good work, why don’t we just rely on voluntary action to reduce emissions?
C.
1. Will Kyoto force governments to divert money away from health care and other important priorities?
2. Is shifting to nuclear power a good way to reduce emissions and fight climate change?
Exercises
Give the Russian terms and then the English equivalents of the following definitions. Choose from the list of the English terms:
| Carbon dioxide; Carbon capture and storage; the food chain; | acid rain; fossil fuels; carbon footprint; | stratospheric ozone depletion; Cap-and-trade (emission trading). |
1. ____________ is rain mixed with sulphuric, nitric and other acids formed by gases released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned (factory smoke, cars, etc.). It is considered responsible for damaging forests and crops, and is particularly harmful to fish and other aquatic life in rivers and lakes.
2. ______________-- a method of mitigating the contribution of fossil fuel emissions to global warming, based on capturing CO2 from large point sources such as coal-fired power plants. The goal is to store the CO2 permanently away from the atmosphere, typically in underground geologic formations.
3. ____________________ a colourless, odourless, non-poisonous gas that is a normal part of the air. It is absorbed by plants and exhaled by humans and animals. It is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming.
4. Fuels that are formed in the ground from the remains of dead plants and animals. Oil, natural gas and coal are all ____________.
5. A representation of the relationship between plants and animals showing what eats what (for example: grass, mouse, snake).
Energy is passed from one organism to another through __________.
6. A ___________is "the total set of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by an organization, event or product". For simplicity of reporting, it is often expressed in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide, or its equivalent of other GHGs, emitted.
|
|
|
7. _____________ involves the trading of emission allowances, where the total allowance is strictly limited or capped. Emissions trading is an administrative approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. A company is allowed to have a specified level of pollution; they can sell and trade. If a company exceeds their limit, they can buy credits to decrease global warming elsewhere.
3. Give a Russian and English equivalents to the following definitions: Choose from the list of the English terms given below:
1. Destruction of forests to make land for agriculture. Cutting down trees, which provide oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide, is seen as a cause of increased greenhouse effect. It also entails the destruction of animal habitats.
2. It is made by people or resulting from human activities. This term is usually used in the context of emissions that are produced as a result of human activities.
3. It is an area designated to receive household garbage, solid waste and construction debris. Also referred to as a garbage dump.
4. A community of plants, animals and other organisms living in an area which provides what they need in order to survive. The different species depend on the environment and the environment depends on them. It can be as small as a tiny pool or as large as a huge desert.
| deforestation ecosystem | anthropogenic landfill |
Translate into English the terms given in brackets:
1. Climate change, which is often called (глобальное потепление), refers to changes in weather patterns including: a rise in global temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns, which result in (наводнение) and (засуха), (подъем уровня моря). Climate changes can be caused both by (естественными силами природы) and by (влиянием деятельности человека).
2. (Парниковые газы ) are gases that trap the heat of the sun in the earth's atmosphere, producing the (парниковый эффект ). The result is an increase in the temperature of (поверхность земли ). Greenhouse gases include water (испарения , углекислый газ , болотный газ ( метан ), закись азота, and озон ).
|
|
|
3. (Биотопливо )solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels derived from relatively recently dead biological material, distinguished from (ископаемое топливо), which are derived from long-dead (биологический материал ). Theoretically, biofuels can be produced from any (biological) (источник углерода ), although, the most common sources are (фототрофные (фотосинтезирующие) растения ). Various plants and (материалы растительного происхождения ) are used for biofuel manufacturing.
4. Decipher and translate into Russian the following terms:
CCS, CDM, JI, VOCs, CFCs, IPCC, UV, CO2, UNFCCC, UNCED, COP, GHG, CDM, EPA.
5. Translate the Russian terms into English and the English terms into Russian:
A.
стратосферное истощение озонового слоя, мусорная свалка, cud-chewing livestock, оксид азота, sulphur-bearing fuel, железная руда, содержащая серу, sulfuric acid, слизистая оболочка, fossil fuel combustion, фиброзная ткань легких, gasoline, плавильная печь для цветных металлов, incinerator, ambient air (quality) standard, угарный газ, sulphur dioxide, диоксид азота, respirable particulate matter, экосистема, runoff, грунтовая вода, wastewater discharges, eutrophication, загрязняющее вещество, загрязнение (примесь), hydrocarbon, high-intensity sonar, свинец, volatile organic compounds, нефтеперегонный завод, solvent, выброс двуокиси углерода (углекислого газа);
B.
сведение лесов, troposphere, стратосфера, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), радиационное воздействие, антропогенное (вызванное деятельностью человека) воздействие, particulate matter, аэрозоль, geoengineering, цепь питания, ultraviolet radiation, озоновая дыра, coal-fired power plant, таяние, сarbon footprint, извержение вулкана, heat-trapping gas, обезлесение, вырубка леса, permafrost;
|
|
|
C.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), национальные кадастры парниковых газов, Conferences of the Parties (COP), выбросы парниковых газов (ПГ), Марракешские соглашения, еmissions trading (cap-and-trade), international transaction log, система надзора за соблюдением (правил, договоренностей), Annex I countries улавливания и хранения углерода (CCS), углеродный рынок, Конференция Организации Объединенных Наций по окружающей среде и развитию, the Earth Summit, anthropogenic interference, Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee, Clean development mechanism (CDM), Совместное осуществление (СО).
6. Complete the following texts using words given in the box. Translate the text into Russian orally:
А .
| fossil fuels | extracting CO2 at power stations | the growth of algae | technological fixes |
| as seeding clouds | soak up CO2 | carbon capture and storage (CCS) | geo-engineering |
One technology that would allow us to continue burning ___________ such as coal and oil without increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere is__________. This involves __________ then pumping it underground. Critics argue the technology will prove expensive and is several years away from being proven.
A more drastic approach is so-called_________. These are major ___________such _________ to bounce some of the sun's radiation back into space or stimulating ___________in the oceans to ________.
7. Translate the texts into English:
Text 1
Дата добавления: 2019-07-15; просмотров: 617; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!