Determine the type of noun declension and supply the missing forms.
| New English word | Singular | Plural |
| Nom. | word | word |
| Gen. | wordes | ? |
| Dat. | ? | ? |
| Acc. | ? | ? |
| New English arm | Singular | Plural |
| Nom. | earm | earmas |
| Gen. | earmes | ? |
| Dat. | ? | ? |
| Acc. | ? | ? |
8. Do the tasks and give short answers to the questions:
a) Why does the Old English vocabulary contain so few borrowings from the Celtic languages of Britain? Why do place-names constitute a substantial part of Celtic element?
b) Pick out the Old English suffixes and prefixes which are still used in English and can be regarded as productive today.
9. Give a short answer to the question:
What historical conditions account for increased dialectal divergence in Early Middle English?
10. How could the vowels in Old English talu, findan ultimately develop into diphthongs, though originally they were short monophthongs (New English tale, find)?
11. What are the causes of vowel interchanges in New English keep, kept; feel, felt; wise, wisdom? Originally, in Old English the words in each pair contained the same long vowels.
12. Give a historical explanation of different spellings of the following homophones (in New English):
Son, sun; meet, meat; vein, vain; main, main; flower, flour; bare, bear; or, oar.
Were all these pairs of homophones in Middle English?
13. Reconstruct the phonetic changes so as to prove that the words have descended from a single root: New English listen and loud; deep and depth; husband and house; sheep and shepherd; thief and theft.
14. Give a short answer to the question:
Which part of speech has lost the greatest number of grammatical categories in the Middle English period? Which part of speech has acquired new categories?
15. Use the following quotation to describe the history of the Continuous forms:
It was not for nothing that my nose fell a-bleeding on Black Monday. (Shakespeare)
The clock struck ten while the trunks were carrying down … (J.Austen, late 18th century)
15. Use the following quotation to describe the history of the Continuous forms:
She wyst not ……… whether she was a-wakyng or a-slepe. (Caxton)
What, my dear lady Disdain! Are you yet living? (Shakespeare)
16. What development in English syntax can be illustrated by the following quotation:
Madam, my interpreter, what says she? Whereupon do you look? (Shakespeare)
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Do the following test.
1. The theoretical aim of the course is to supply the student with all necessary to consider such problems as…
A) the relationship between statics and dynamics in language;
B) the role of linguistic and extralinguistic factors;
C) the interdependence of different processes in language history;
D) all listed above.
E) there is no right answer.
2. English belongs to the … group of languages
A) Slavic;
B) Indo-European;
C) Celtic;
D) Australian;
E) Germanic.
3. The 1st mention of Germanic tribes was made by …
A) Shakespeare;
B) Caxton;
C) Cornwell;
D) Pitheas;
E) Edward the Confessor.
4. Which language was brought to South Africa and grew into a separate language Afrikaans about three hundred years ago?
A) the Dutch language;
B) the English language;
C) the Danish language;
D) the Swedish language;
E) the Gothic language.
5. The commonly accepted periodisation divides English history into 3 periods: Old English, Middle English and…
A) Modern English;
B) Present English;
C) Real English;
D) New English;
E) Super English.
6. Old English begins with the Germanic settlement of Britain (5th century) or with the beginning of … (7th c.)
A) speaking;
B) reading;
C) listening;
D) discussing;
E) writing.
7. The best known runic inscription in England is an inscription on a box called the …
A) “Ruthwell Cross” (Рутвелский крест);
B) “Historia mundi adversus paganus” («Всемирная история»);
C) “Beowulf”(“Беовульф”);
D) “Franks Casket”(«шкатулка Фрэнкса»);
E) “Cura Pastoralis” “Pastoral care” («Забота пастыря»).
8. The other is a short text on a stone cross near the village Ruthwell known as the “Ruthwell Cross” (Рутвелский крест). Bothrecords are in the … dialect
A) Germanic;
B) Celtic;
C) Gothic;
D) British;
E) Northumbrian.
9. The history of the English language begins with the invasion of the British Isles by Germanic tribes in the…
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A) 8th;
B) 9th;
C) 7th;
D) 10th;
E) 5th.
10. The Celtic languages are subdivided into two groups:
A) Welsh and Kymric;
B) Gallo-Britonnic and Gaelic;
C) Scottish and Irish;
D) Cornish and Breton;
E) Manx and Celtic.
11. Four principal dialects were spoken in Anglo-Saxon England:
A) Welsh, Kymric, Manx and Celtic;
B) Kentish, West Saxon, Mercian and Northumbrian;
C) Kentish, West Saxon, Manx and Celtic;
D) Mercian, Northumbrian, Gallo-Britonnic and Gaelic;
E) Scottish, Irish, Mercian and Northumbrian.
12. In 878England was divided into two halves: the south-western under the leadership of Wessex and the north-eastern half under Danish control called…
A) Britain;
B) Saxon;
C) Northumbria;
D) Scotland;
E) Danelaw.
13. Assimilation of French words by the speakers of English was a more difficult process than that of Scandinavian words, because…
A) French was more difficult itself;
B) people didn’t like French words;
C) French belonged to a different linguistic group and had very little in common with English;
D) French was a language of their enemies;
E) there is no right answer.
14. The second half of the 14th c. was marked by the flourishing of literature. This period of literary florescence is known as the …
A) “age of Chaucer”;
B) “age of English literature”;
C) “age of literature”;
D) “age of Langland”;
E) “age of Gower”.
15. The 16th century is known as the age of literary Renaissance or the …
A) “age of Chaucer”;
B) “age of English literature”;
C) “age of Shakespeare”;
D) “age of Langland”;
E) “age of Gower”.
16. Common Indo-European words included names of
A) plants and animals, agricultural terms,;
B) personal and demonstrative pronouns and most numerals;
C) names of parts of the human body;
D) all listed above;
E) there is no right answer.
17. Variety of miscellaneous borrowings came from Latin, they indicated new ideas, here belong…
A) names of trees and plants;
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B) names of illnesses and words pertaining to medical treatment;
C) names of animals and foods;
D) names of clothes and household articles;
E) all listed above.
Вариант 2.
1. Give short answers to the questions:
a) What historical events account for the influence of Latin on Old English?
b) What was the linguistic situation in Britain before and after the Germanic settlement?
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