Communicative types of sentences
Declarative sentences or statements
A declarative sentence or statement is used when the speaker wishes to give someone some piece of information which the hearer is unlikely to know. It may be done in the form of an affirmative or negative statement.
He always comes late – he doesn’t come so late.
Declarative sentences are endless in their variety. We will consider the point of view of prof. V.V. Buzarov who says that there are sentence – patterns which are very common in everyday conversation. 1. The pattern Here/There comes our bus or Here/There it is. 2. The existential sentences of the pattern There + be + a noun-phrase. 3. Introductory It-subject. 4. The pattern She is easy/ a pleasure to teach. 5. He/ John is sure / certain to like it. 6. Construction with correlative subjects or objects. 7. The pattern He/John was man enough to do …
Interrogative sentences
Most interrogative sentences are formed by means of inversion, i.e. by placing the predicate or part of it before the subject. There are the following types of interrogative sentences:
- general (Yes/No) questions
- special questions
- alternative questions
- disjunctive questions
Every type of questions has its own features and rules of usage.
Imperative sentences
They are widely used in speech when the speaker induces the person(s) addressed to fulfill an action. This may be done in the form of a command, order, request, irritation, offer, entreaty, etc. The most common type of imperative sentences differs structurally from the declarative and interrogative sentences in several important points. Most imperative sentences normally have no overt grammatical subject.
Exclamatory sentences
Exclamatory sentences are primarily used for expressing the speaker’s own feelings or strong emotion (surprise, indignation, incredulity, disgust, ridicule and so on). They are characterized by emphatic intonation in speaking and by an exclamation mark in writing.
Вопросы, выносимые на обсуждение
Points for discussion :
1. What language means are used to express the rheme of the sentence?
2. In what do you see the connection of the actual division of the sentence and the communicative sentence types?
3. What actual division pattern is typical of the declarative sentence?
4. What actual division pattern characterizes the imperative sentence?
5. What kind of rheme is peculiar to the interrogative sentence?
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6. In what way does the actual division of the sentence help to reveal the differentiating features of intermediary communicative sentence types?
Задания
Exercises:
Exercise 1. Identify the matrix sentences and the position of the N-clauses in the following complex sentences back to the deep sentences:
1. What you are after is not here.
2. I wonder when they will come back.
3. That is just what I don’t understand.
4. Tell us where our customer went.
5. I feared you wouldn’t have returned in time to accompany me.
Exercise 2. Change the first, insert, sentence into an N-clause and then embed it in the NP-position in the matrix sentence. Choose the conjunctive by the underlined element, otherwise use ‘‘that’’.
Model: We shall meet in the park. – where we shall meet.
Something must be decided now.
=Where we shall meet must be decided now.
1. Paul doesn’t write for some reason. It worries me.
2. There were going to manage it somehow. It seemed of no importance.
3. He’s gone somewhere. It is a mystery.
4. He suggests many things. It is always accepted.
5. She might come back any time. It doesn’t concern me any more.
Exercise 3. Translate into English :
1. Что он имел в виду, осталось невыясненным.
2. То, что мусоропровод полезное изобретение, - вне всякого сомнения.
3. Почему он так долго не пишет, беспокоит меня.
4. Поддержит он нас или нет, не так уж важно.
5. На сколько человек накрывать стол – вот, что сейчас обсуждается.
Exercise 4. Chang the following sentences with noun-phrases into complex sentences with conjunctives:
1. My suggestion is for him to go through the exercise again.
2. We are puzzled by his being unable to see the solution here.
3. I question their having accepted the plan.
4. We aim at John’s studying the profession of a builder.
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5. The question is the time of starting.
Exercise 5. Translate into English :
1. Вопрос в том, как нам уговорить его на это.
2. Трудность, по-видимому, в том, поддержит ли он нас.
3. Дело в том, они не поняли задания.
4. Она выглядела так, как будто ещё не поправилась.
5. Разве это не то, о чём вы говорили в прошлый раз?
Exercise 6. Comment on the following sentences and translate them:
1. It was as though he and she were in alliance.
2. That he would be the loser admitted of no argument.
3. I am beginning to believe that it may be the best thing for you.
4. It seemed to me that nothing would move me now.
5. That is exactly what I mean.
Рекомендуемая литература
Основная литература:
1. Худяков, А. А. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка : [учеб. пособие для студ. филол. фак-тов и фак-тов иностранных языков вузов] / Худяков Андрей Александрович. - 3-е изд., стер. - М. : Академия , 2012. - 255 с. - (Высшее профессиональное образование). - Библиогр.: с. 219-224. - Терминол. указ.: с. 245-250. - На обл.: Языкознание. - ISBN 978-5-7695-6145-0 : 391-60.
2. Bloch M.Y. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar. - M., 2000. – p.6-26.
3. Блох М.Я. Теоретические основы грамматики – М., Высшая школа 2010.
Дополнительная литература:
1. Арутюнова Н.Д. Предложение и его смысл: логико-семантические проблемы. – М., 2000.
2. Слюсарева Н.А. Проблемы функционального синтаксиса современного английского языка. – М., 1981.
3. Бархударов Л.С. Структура простого предложения современного английского языка. - М., 1982.
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Интернет-ресурсы:
1. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms глоссарий, содержащий более 900 лингвистических терминов с перекрестными ссылками и списком источников (SIL International). Ред. Е. Е. Loos, S.Anderson. D.H.Day Jr., P.C.Jourdan, J.D.Wingate
2. https://www.thoughtco.com/theoretical-grammar-1692541 информационный обучающий ресурс, посвящённый вопросам теоретической грамматики
3. http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/ информационный обучающий ресурс, посвящённый вопросам грамматики
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