Situational, systemic and process approaches in management
There are the following basic management approaches:
- Process
- System
- Situational
The essence of the process approach is that the management of an organization is viewed not as a series of separate, unrelated acts, but as a continuous process directed towards a single goal. The founder of this approach is considered to be Henri Fayol, who first proposed to reduce the management of an enterprise to the performance of such functions as planning, organization, recruitment and placement, management and control.
The systems approach is based on the application of the general theory of systems developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, an Austrian theoretical biologist, to the issues of managing organizations in the 30s. The main idea of the general theory of systems is that for systems of any nature, including production and economic systems, there are general patterns that can be expressed in the exact language of mathematics. This opens up great opportunities for conducting quantitative research on systems-organizations.
A system is some kind of integrity consisting of interdependent parts, each of which contributes to the characteristics of the whole. Systems are divided into two main types: closed and open.
Closed systems have rigid fixed boundaries, their actions are independent of the environment surrounding the system. An open system is characterized by interaction with the external environment.
All organizations are open systems that can be represented as a combination of such elements as inputs, outputs, feedback (Fig. 4).
Management system (organization)
Feedback
External environment
Figure 4. Organization as an open system
The situational approach is primarily of an applied nature, it uses the possibilities of a direct application of science to specific situations and conditions. The determining factor is the situation, that is, a specific set of circumstances that affect the organization at a given point in time. This approach compares specific techniques, methods and concepts with certain specific situations for the most effective achievement of goals.
Semi - control questions:1. Name the conditions for the emergence of management activities.2. Describe the main stages of the transformation of managerial relations.3. What are the principles of scientific management F. Taylor?4. What are the principles of labor productivity G. Emerson.5. Give a description of the concept of the classical school of management.6. What is the essence of the theory of "human relations" E. Mayo?7. What is an empirical school of management?8. Give the characteristic of process, system and situational approaches.\9. Describe the main directions of development of management in KazakhstanДата добавления: 2019-02-26; просмотров: 673; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
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