Exercise 4. Locating referents

Read the following statements. Find the referent for the underlined word or words and write it in the space.

Example. Because of their vitality and pervasiveness, some familiarity with Greek myth and legend is almost indispensable to a full appreciation of European culture.

their – Greek myth and legend

“Vitality and pervasiveness” belong to “Greek myth and legend.”

1. The first complete American dictionary of the English language was compiled in 1828 by the lawyer and lexicographer Noah Webster, who was particularly keen to show that American English was distinct from that spoken in Britain.

who –

that –

2. Under the ice, bubbles gather against the ice roof until they overflow and escape through the tide cracks.

they –

3. Amnesty International consists of over 900 groups of individuals who work for the release of political prisoners incarcerated for their beliefs.

who –

their –

4. Seward’s Folly is what people called Alaska when U.S. Secretary of State William Seward arranged to purchase it from Russia in 1867.

it –

5. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police use horses and wear their famous red uniforms on ceremonial occasions.

their –

6. Some psychiatrists believe that every person is surrounded by a force field that broadcasts his or her emotions to other people.

his –

her –

7. Research in sensory deprivation has revealed that the human mind cannot operate normally unless it receives a constant succession of stimuli.

it –

8. Arctic people must not only defend themselves from the environment and wild animals, but they must also protect these natural resources.

themselves –

they –

these natural resources –

Exercise 5. Understanding referents. Read the passage. Choose the correct answer to the question that follows the passage.

Example. People often assume that athletes are healthier and more attuned to their overall well-being than nonathletes. However, two researchers who recently conducted a survey of college students reported that athletes are more likely than nonathletes to engage in behaviors that put their health at risk.

The underlined word “their” refers to

(A) researchers

(B) students

(D) nonathletes

You should circle (C) because it is the athletes who put their health at risk.

1. Differences in the way men and women process language is of special interest to brain researchers. It has been known that aphasia – a kind of speech disorder – is more common in men than in women when the left side of the brain is damaged in an accident or after a stroke. However, women are more likely than men to suffer aphasia when the front part of the brain is damaged. This clearly indicates that the brains of men and women are organized differently in the way they process speech.

The underlined word “they” refers to

(A) men

(B) women

(D) researchers

2. Traditionally, America’s fast-food companies have hired teenagers. While teenagers provide cheap labor, they are sometimes unreliable. Consequently, fast-food companies are looking into another source of cheap labor – the elderly. Older people are less likely to skip a day of work or quit without giving notice, but because they have not been brought up with computers, they view the high-tech fast-food counter with terror. Training centers are being opened in order to teach “mature workers” how to operate computerized tills, timed deep-fat fryers, and automatic drink-dispenser software. These students are put into classrooms with their peers and, since mental arithmetic is a thing of the past, are taught how to use a calculator.

The phrase “These students” refers to

(A) teenagers

(B) fast-food employers

(D) peers

3. The Bettmann Archive is a picture library that was founded in the 1930s by German immigrant Otto Bettmann. He arrived in New York City with two suitcases of photographs and opened a picture library which he built into the biggest commercial operation of its kind in the world. Among the millions of photographs the archive contains are some of the most memorable images of the 20th century: Marilyn Monroe standing by a street grate ventilating her skirt, Einstein sticking out his tongue, the Hindenburg exploding into flames. According to Bettmann, the archive’s success was due to his unique filing system which he designed to suit journalistic needs. For example, the Mona Lisa was not filed under “Paintings” or “Leonardo da Vinci.” It was filed under “Smiling.”

The underlined word “some” refers to

(A) suitcases of photographs

(B) picture libraries

(D) archive photographs

Exercise 6. Understanding transitions and connectors. Study the following list of transition words and connecting words. Consult pages 16-17of this textbook.

Words that:
qualify	but, however, although, yet, except, for
emphasize	surely, certainly, indeed, above all, most importantly
illustrate	for example, next, for instance, thus, such, such as
contrast	unlike, in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, instead
concede	although, yet, nevertheless, of course, after all
conclude	finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, to sum up
add	in addition, also, moreover, then, first, second (etc.)
compare	similarly, like, in the same way, both, equally important
explain	now, in addition, furthermore, in fact, in this case, at this point
state a consequence	therefore, as a result, consequently, accordingly, otherwise

Complete the following sentences by choosing the phrase that would follow the underlined transition words or connectors.

Example . Although potatoes are richer in food value than any other vegetable, they are not always a wise choice for a garden crop because they need a considerable amount of room. Consequently,

(A) they are the most common vegetable in a garden.

(B) people don’t eat potatoes very much.

(D) farmers overcharge for their potatoes.

You should choose (C) because if potatoes are not a wise choice for a garden because of the amount of room they need, they could be grown on a farm more economically, since a farm does have adequate space.

1. Glass was precious to Egyptians, who used it interchangeably with gemstones, but

(A) it is over 4,000 years old.

(B) its novelty as an artist’s material prevents its being taken seriously.

(D) today it is so commonplace in everyday objects that it is seldom given a second thought……………………………………………..

2. Glimpses into the prenatal world via ultrasound imaging occasionally show behavior such as

(A) the development of the central nervous system.

(B) the sex of the baby-to-be.

(D) structures as small as the pupil of an eye of a second-trimester fetus. ………………………………………………………………

3. Children dress up in witches’ hats or goblin suits to play pranks when celebrating the ancient pagan holiday of Halloween. In contrast,

(A) Thanksgiving is a traditional holiday.

(B) Thanksgiving is always celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November.

(D) children enjoy Thanksgiving……………………………

4. Everything from chairs and fishing poles to rope and paper can be made from bamboo. Equally important,

(A) this giant grass grows in warm climates.

(B) fresh spring bamboo shoots take longer to cook than winter ones.

(D) preserved bamboo shoots can be used in soups instead of fresh ones……………………………………………………………

5. Earth satellites transmit telephone and television signals, relay information about weather patterns, and enable scientists to study the atmosphere. This information has helped people communicate ideas and expand their knowledge. In conclusion,

(A) satellites have enriched the lives of humankind.

(B) satellites are expensive to send into space and sometimes are difficult to maintain.

(D) satellites are placed in an orbital region around Earth called the geostationary belt…………………………………………………

6. Until recently, chlamydial infections could be detected only by a complicated test that took up to seven days to complete and which was offered only at a few medical centers. As a result,

(A) up to 10 percent of all college students are afflicted with it.

(B) chlamydial infections were rarely diagnosed.

(D) doctors prescribe large doses of antibiotics to treat the infections………………………………………………………………

7. Medical researchers have recently developed a nonsurgical method of treating heart disease that, in some cases,

(A) is just as effective as coronary bypass surgery but is much less expensive and disabling.

(B) can replace a clogged artery by the transplanting of a vein or artery from another part of the body.

(D) requires opening up the chest and operating under local anesthesia………………………………………………………………

8. Neurons, which cannot divide, are the basic cells of the brain. Glial cells, which can increase in number, provide support and nourishment to the neurons. It was hypothesized that if Einstein’s brain was more active in some areas, more glial cells would be found there. Indeed,

(A) scientists found that the physicist’s brain contained more glial cells per neuron in all four areas, compared with the brains of eleven normal males.

(B) scientists’ previous work had shown that animals put in environments that stimulate mental activity develop more glial cells per neuron.

(C) scientists examined sections of the upper front and lower rear of both hemispheres because these areas are involved in “higher” thinking.

(D) scientists found that even though there was evidence he had greater intellectual processing, it cannot be determined if Einstein was born. …………………………………………………………………

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