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Text 2 Crops Production in Kazakhstan
Word Study
1. Active vocabulary . Underline these words and word-combinations in the text and explain their meanings:
| a small scale sector arable land the GDP pastureland wheat producer entire | spring barley milling quality a drought year durum wheat a small fraction a growing trend |
While reading the text it is rather often not difficult to figure out the meanings of special terms from the content.
2. Guess the meaning of the following international words and word combinations:
sector, export, production, administrative territories, percent, million hectares, climate, region, qualified, protein, stabilize, internationally
3. Juxtapose a word on the left to the appropriate antonym on the right:
occupy decline
include grow
favorable sell abroad
decrease take up
increase comprise
export propitious
4. Give Russian or Kazakh equivalents for:
highest availability, hay land, permanent pastureland, the entire state, winter wheat, feed grain, milling grade, the main production zone, high in quality and protein.
Skim the text quickly (maximum one minute) and find out the most essential information.
Crops Production in Kazakhstan
Agriculture in Kazakhstan remains a small scale sector of Kazakhstan's economy. Agricultural land occupies more than 846,000 square kilometers (327,000 sq mi). The available agricultural land consists of 205,000 square kilometers (79,000 sq mi) of arable land and 611,000 square
| kilometers (236,000 sq mi) of pasture and hay land. Over 80% of the country’s total area is classified as agricultural land, including almost 70% occupied by pasture. Its arable land has the second highest availability per inhabitant (1.5 hectares) Agriculture's contribution to the GDP is under 10% - it was recorded as 6.7%, and as occupying only 20% of labor. At the same time, more than 70% of its land is occupied in crops and animal husbandry. Compared to North America, a relatively small percentage of land is used for crops, with the percentage being higher in the north of the country. 70% of the agricultural land is permanent pastureland. |
Kazakhstan's largest crop is wheat, which is exported. It ranks as the sixth largest wheat producer in the world. Minor crops include barley, cotton, sugar beets, sunflowers, flax and rice. Agricultural lands in Kazakhstan were depleted of their nutrients during the Virgin Lands Campaign during the Soviet era. This continues to affect production today.
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Kazakhstan consists of 14 administrative territories, or oblasts. About 75 percent of the country’s wheat is produced in three oblasts in north-central Kazakhstan: Kostanai, Akmola, and North Kazakhstan. Kostanai alone plants about 4 million hectares of wheat, as much as the entire state of Kansas in the USA. Spring wheat occupies 95 percent of the total wheat area in Kazakhstan and virtually all of the wheat in the three north-central oblasts. Minor grains include spring barley and oats (which are grown in the same region as spring wheat), winter wheat (southern Kazakhstan.), and rice (southern Kazakhstan, mostly in Kzyl-Orda oblast).
Because of the country’s dry climate, the quality of Kazakhstan wheat is relatively high. Class 1 wheat (with protein content no less than 13.5 percent) and class 2 wheat (no less than 12.5 percent) are referred to strong, and grade 3 (no less than 12.0 percent) to valuable. All three are considered milling quality. Class 4 (no less than 11.5 percent) and class 5 (below 11.5 percent) are weak, and are used for feed grain or alcohol production. In a year of reasonably favorable weather and average yield, about 75 percent of the wheat crop will likely qualify as milling quality. In general, grain quality tends to be higher in a drought year; quality typically increases as yield decreases. In the drought year of 2004, for example, 90 percent of the wheat qualified as milling grade. Quality is highest in the more southern (and drier) production regions of the main production zone in north-central Kazakhstan. Protein content typically reaches 14 percent in Akmola and southern Kostanai oblasts. Above Petropavlovsk, in the northern tier of North Kazakhstan oblast, protein content seldom exceeds 11 percent.
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Prior to the early 1990's, durum wheat comprised roughly 10 percent of total wheat production in Kazakhstan -- nearly 2 million tons in a good year. Declining demand forced a gradual reduction in area during the 1990's. Both demand and sown area for durum have since stabilized, but durum currently represents a small fraction of Kazakhstan wheat output.
Kazakhstan is one of the world’s major wheat and flour exporters. It is among the 10 largest wheat producers. The main grain crop is milling wheat, which is typically high in quality and protein. There is a growing trend for Kazakhstan to export its grain internationally.
Text Study
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