The development of agriculture in Kazakhstan
Text 1: WHAT IS AGRICULTURE?
Active vocabulary
Translate these words and word combinations into Kazakh (or Russian) and learn them by heart :
| Acid soils Agronomy Application Branches of agriculture Cattle breeding Cotton Crop growing Crop rotation Equilibrium | Feed Flax Food crops Foodstuff Grain crops Herbicide Industrial crops Intensification | Liming Mechanization Mineral fertilizers Nutrient substances Organic fertilizers Pig growing Plant protection Poultry breeding Protein | Raw materials Soil To breed To cultivate To disturb To irrigate Utilization of fertilizers Yield |
1. Guess the meaning of the following international words and word combinations :
activity, materials, Latin, cultivation, intensification, climate, hybrid, mechanization, herbicides, biological, equilibrium, sector, economy, industry, factor, system, agronomy, technical, tractor, combine, machinery, electricity, chemical, material, mineral, organic, biological.
Find the correct word on the right opposite in meaning to the one on the left.
| vital increase achievement sufficient better improvement effective clear extensive valuable | vague inefficient worse drawback narrow unneeded deterioration reduction unnecessary inadequate |
3. Give Kazakh (or Russian) equivalents for:
crop growing, livestock breeding, sufficient good soil, to produce high yields, crop rotation, chemical fertilizers, comprehensive mechanization, plant breeding, poultry-breeding, pig-growing, nutrient substances.
Draw lines to show which words go together.
e.g. animals food produce breed
1) protection country’s plant achievements
2) application of rotation fertilizers crop
3) utilization of production natural resources agricultural
4) liming of yields high acid soils
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5)agronomical zones measures climatic
6) mechanization use of full herbicides
5. Read the text and say why agriculture is a vital sector of economy.
WHAT IS AGRICULTURE?
Agriculture is a human activity in which people use areas of land to produce food, clothing and other necessary materials.
The word ager is a Latin word. It means a field. The word agriculture means the cultivation of fields and growing crops. But this is the old meaning of this word. Now it also means the use of land to breed animals.
Agriculture is the vita1 sector of the economy. Its condition and development largely determine the country’s achievements, the supply of the population with foodstuffs and many industries with raw materials.
At present there are two main branches of agriculture. They are crop growing and livestock breeding.
We do not know when people began to grow crops. It was many thousand years ago. Now crop growing is a highly developed branch of agriculture.
The soil is the basis of agriculture. Enough food for all the people can be grown if there is sufficient good soil for crops to produce high yields. So an increase in the yield of grain and other crops is ensured by a number of factors. First comes the system of agronomical measures. All farms have to introduce better crop rotation systems. Rotation systems naturally differ in various areas and under various conditions. Second goes the technical equipment of farms. Tractors, combines, lorries and other machinery will considerably reduce the time required for agricultural work. Field work has already been mechanized to a very high degree. Power stations provide farms with electricity. Third, an increase in the deliveries of chemical fertilizers and the improvement of their quality.
The enlargement of the material and technical basis of agriculture and its intensification through chemization, the comprehensive mechanization of crop and animal farming and improvement are the key conditions for increasing agricultural production.
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Depending upon the soil and climatic zones effective methods should be introduced for the utilization of mineral fertilizers in combination with organic fertilizers along with the liming of acid soils. The production and use of chemical and biological means of plant protection should be increased. But all intensification factors, such as full mechanization, high application of fertilizers and extensive use of herbicides must be used in such a way as not to disturb the biological equilibrium of the soil.
Depending upon the field of application crops can be subdivided into food crops, feed crops, industrial crops and vegetables. Potatoes and other vegetables are major food crops. Vegetables are grown everywhere where the climate is most favourable for these crops.
Industrial crops are also widely cultivated by the farmers. Perhaps the most important industrial crop for textile industry is cotton. Cotton is generally grown on the irrigated lands. Flax is another important crop. Cotton and flax oils are both edible and valuable.
Livestock breeding comprises cattle-breeding, pig-growing, poultry-breeding, etc. One of the principle problems cattle-breeding faces is that of fodder or feeds. To choose the necessary feeds, rich enough in protein and other nutrient substances is not an easy thing. Increasing the production of meat, milk and wool can be achieved by raising productivity and also by increasing the heads of livestock and the amount of poultry.
6. Find information in the text to answer the following questions.
1. What is agriculture?
2. What are the key conditions for increasing agricultural production?
3. What branches of agriculture do you know?
4. How many groups are crops subdivided into?
5. What does livestock breeding comprise?
6. What problem does cattle-breeding face?
7. How can the production of meat and milk be increased?
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7. Divide the text into several parts. Find the key sentences in each part. Sum up the content of the text.
Problem! Problem! HOW TO INCREASE THE YIELD OF CROPS?
8. Refer to the text again and prove that an increase in the yield of grain and other crops can be ensured by:
- the system of agronomical measures
- the technical equipment of farms
- an increase in the deliveries of chemical fertilizers and -- an improvement of their quality
9. Sum up the ideas of the above text and prepare the PowerPoint presentation on the topic:
The development of agriculture in Kazakhstan
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