Answer the following questions on paragraphs 1-3:
l) What devices are built into a single square of silicon?
2) What is the reason integrated chips are possible?
3) When were the first ideas on how to build the chips developed?
4) How is the chip build?
5) What is each layer made by?
Translate paragraphs 5 and 6 in writing.
Write out of paragraph 4 the words and word combinations describing the parts and the functions of the chip. Use them for rendering to your group-mates.
6. Define the forms and the functions of Participle:
1) Applying powerful machinery we achieved a tremendous growth of the total amount of agricultural products.
2) While explaining the results of the experiment professor wrote many formulae on the blackboard.
3) In this method the metal is heated resulting in increased thermal of kinetic energy of the unbound electrons.
4) This reaction involves the following temperature changes.
5) The remaining admixtures were separated from the end product.
6) These moving parts were electrically powered.
7) A paper by the famous scientists dealing with this matter has appeared recently.
8) Considering the hydrolysis as the first order reaction it is possible to draw some conclusions.
9) A general-purpose switching relay is designed to satisfy automation manufacturing processes.
10) The operation is fairly slow requiring several hours.
11) This must be taken into account when comparing all data of previous experiments.
12) The type of the capacitor being determined at the laboratory is the newest one.
13) All electrical conductors dissipate heat when carrying a current.
14) Being cooled water turns into ice.
15) Electrons being negative move from lower to higher potential.
16) While being checked the motor showed good performance.
17) It should be taken into consideration when working on transmitters that dangerous voltage will exist.
18) Being determined the capacitor of this type was widely used.
Change the complex sentences given below according the examples and translate them:
Example A: While she was preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures.
While preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures.
1) While he was translating the article he used a dictionary.
2) While the engineer was working at the problem he made many experiments.
3) When the scientist was carrying out research in the field of nuclear physics he came to this institute to work here.
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4) When the worker was applying the new method of work he got better results.
5) When the engineer was improving the design he made many calculations.
6) While he was experimenting with this substance he was very careful.
7) While the lecturer was describing this phenomenon he illustrated it with numerous examples.
8) When these scientists were working in our laboratory they obtained good results.
Example B: The scientists who are carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with the most difficult problems.
The scientists carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with the most difficult problems.
l) The scientist who is working at the method is well known.
2) The students who are listening to the typed lesson study at the evening faculty.
3) These postgraduate students who are watching the experiment work in our laboratory.
4) The worker who is repairing the machine is very skilled.
5) The engineer who is carrying out these investigations is well known inventor.
6) The students who are doing the laboratory work are from various faculties.
7)The workers who are building this installation will soon finish their work.
Lesson Two
I. Pre-text Exercises
1. Learn the meaning and pronunciation of the following words:
audio ['ɔ:diou], impurity [im'pjuəriti], accidentally [æksi'dentəli], boundary ['baundəri], crystal ['kristl], tough [tΛf], crucial ['kru:ʃjəl], allow [ə'lau], diode ['daiəd].
Read and remember the Plural of the following nouns:
basis ['beisis] - bases ['beisi:z]
axis ['æksis] - axes ['æksi:z]
analysis [ə'næləsis] - analyses [ə'næləsi:z]
criterion [krai'tiəriən] - criteria [krai'tiəriə]
II. Read the following text carefully, while you are reading look for the answers to the questions
1. What were the first diodes?
2. What makes the crystal work?
3. What is a crystal diode made of?
Text В
Diodes
l. A diode is one of the important parts of the integrated circuit. A diode, or "rectifier", is any device through which electricity can flow in only one direction. The first diodes were crystals used as rectifiers in home radio kits. A weak radio signal was fed into the crystal through a very fine wire called a cat's whisker. The crystal removed the high frequency radio carrier signal, allowing the part of the signal with the audio information to come through loud and clear. The crystal was filled with impurities, making some sections more resistant to electrical flow than others. Using the radio required positioning the cat's whiskers over the right kind of impurity to get electricity to flow through the crystal to the output below it.
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2. At the time, though, no one really understood about the impurities - then in 1939 Russell Ohl accidentally discovered that it was the boundary between sections of different purity that made the crystal work. Now that the way they work is understood, manufacturers make crystal diodes that work much more consistently than the ones in those original radio kits.
3. A crystal diode is made of two different types of semiconductors right next to each other. One side is easy for electrons to travel through; one side is much tougher. It's something like trying to swim through a pool filled with water and then a pool filled with mud: swimming through water is easy; swimming through mud is next to impossible. To an electron some semiconductors seem like water, some like mud.
4.One side of the semiconductor boundary is like mud, one like water. If you try to get electricity to move from the mud side to the water side, there's no problem. The electrons just jump across the boundary, forming a current. But try to make electricity go the other way and nothing will happen. Electrons that didn't have to work hard to travel around the water side just don't have enough energy to make it into the mud side. (In real life, there are always a few electrons that can trickle in the wrong direction, but not enough to make a big difference).
5. This boundary has turned out to be crucial for all daily lives. Diodes change the alternating current mat comes from your wall outlet into the direct current that most appliances need. And transistors need two such boundaries to work.
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III. After-text Exercise
1. Agree or disagree with the next statements:
a) A diode, or "rectifier", is any device through which electricity can flow in only one direction.
b) The crystal was filled with impurities, making some sections more resistant to electrical flow than others.
c) A crystal diode is made of three different types of semiconductors right next to each other.
d) In real life, there are always many electrons that can trickle in the wrong direction.
e) Diodes change the alternating current into the direct current that most appliances need.
Find the information about:
a) the cat's whisker,
b) the impurities, making some sections more resistant to electrical flow than others;
c) Russell Ohl's discovery;
d) two types of semiconductors in a crystal diode;
e) two boundaries necessary for work of transistors.
Put questions to each other.
4. Summarize the general ideas of the text. Use the following plan:
а) The first diodes and types of radio signals in them.
b) The substances making some sections more resistant to electrical flow than others.
c) The boundary between sections of different purity that makes the crystal work.
d) Functioning of different types of semiconductors.
e) Different types of electron's moving.
5. Define the forms and the functions of Participle:
1)Having spent several days trying to assemble the machine, his efforts came to nothing.
2) Installed, the wire may be used as a conductor.
3) The engine tested required further improvement.
4) A valve when used in this manner is called a photoelectric tube.
5) The instruments get spoilt if left in the open air.
6) Having discussed all the advantages and disadvantages of the direct current system we spoke in its favour.
7) The instrument designed by this engineer arrived just in time.
8) Having determined the condenser's type students used the latter in the experiment.
9) The isolated product was obtained.
10) This reaction was stopped having given poor results.
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11) Data provided vary with the purpose and scope of each particular investigation.
12) This allows the reactions described here to occur at higher temperatures.
13) Having been determined the capacitors of this type should be treated carefully.
14) While heated magnetized steel will lose its magnetism because of rapid motion of molecules.
15) Having improved this device they could use it for many purposes.
16) Having been given all the instructions the machine made all calculations.
6. Underline the Absolute Participial Construction and translate the sentences:
l) With the experiments having been carried out, we started new investigations.
2) The temperature of the melted ice rising, the movement of its molecules is speeded up.
3) The time of the beam's travel and its velocity being known, the scientists were able to calculate the distance to different parts of the Moon's surface with great precision.
4) Current passing through a coil of wire, magnetic poles are produced at each end of the coil and its acts like a magnet.
5) Different type of contact materials for current collectors having been discussed, engineer chose steel and copper as being the best.
6) Computers and calculating machines can be subdivided into two classes: analogue and digital, the basic distinction being the way in witch numbers are represented inside the machine for purposes of calculating.
7) Parts of the energy being changed into heat, not all the chemical energy of the cell battery is transformed into electric energy.
8) Time permitting, they will discuss the matter tomorrow.
9) A magnetic field surrounds a current-carrying wire, its strength decreasing as the distance from the wire surface increases.
10) The article deals with metals, most of them being excellent conductors.
11) Many technical and scientific problems having been solved, the first spaceflight could be realized.
12) The circuit being broken, the magnetic field disappears.
13) Transistors are very sensitive to light, some of them reacting even to starlight.
14) The first man-made satellite having been sent up, it became possible to investigate various types of radiation.
15) The resistance being very large, in current in the circuit was small.
16) A great variety of substances are semiconductors, germanium and silicon being the most important of them.
17) A series of attempts having been made, Lodygin came to a successful solution of the problem.
18) Atoms consist of three parts of particles - electrons, protons and neutrons, the number of particles determining the kind of element.
19) Electrons leaving the surface, the metal become positively charged.
20) A new radio set having been shown to them, they began to examine its details.
Unit Five
Lesson One
I. Pre-text Exercises
1. Practise reading the following words:
though [ðou], personnel [,pə:sə'nel], sewer ['sjuə], vehicle [' vi:ikl], live [laiv], schedule ['ʃedju:l], available [ə'veilbl], focus ['foukəs], appropriate [ə'proupriit], iconoscope [ai'kɔnəscoup], target ['ta:git], vulnerable ['vΛlnərəbl].
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