Ex. 3a - in the Student’s Book
Ex. 4c.
Fog is a cloud, like you see in the sky, only the one that forms on the ground. There are many different types of fog, depending on how and where they form, but they all are made in the same way: hot or warm water vapour goes over cool air and produces condensation around pollutants, dust, ice and even sea salt crystals in the air, which form tiny, very little droplets, that are called fog. You have made fog in a jar using simple hot water and ice, which produced condensation when they got in contact with each other.
Lesson 5. How is weather predicted?
Ex. 2c, 2e.
TAPESCRIPT
Meteorologist: Hello, everybody. I’m Mark Brown. I hope you’re all fine today, that is, you are not under the weather. Right?
Students: Yes. We’re fine, thanks.
Meteorologist: I’ll show you round this weather station. Have you got any questions before I show you round the station?
Student: How did you become a meteorologist?
Meteorologist: To tell the truth, weather has never left me cold. It’s hard to believe that when I was a child I used to hide in the wardrobe every time a thunderstorm would blow up or the wind would get up strong. I don’t know why but I always knew before anyone that the wind was going to get stronger. I guess that’s what stimulated my interest in the weather. I was always into weather and its secrets. My interest in weather became very strong when I had a weather class in high school. My project was to build an anemometer and wind vane … And here I am now, at this weather station.
Student: When was this weather station opened?
Meteorologist: This weather station has been in the same location for over 100 years. Official weather observations began here in March of 1898, and have been made ever since by one observer or another. Before we go inside the office, let’s see our instrument shelter.
Student: It looks small.
Meteorologist: Right! We can’t say it’s big. There are a few rules. An instrument shelter must be made of wood and painted white so that sunlight is reflected and heat is not absorbed to give false readings. It should also be over a grassy area and not too close to buildings. The centre of the shelter should be about 1.5. m high.
Student: What tools are there?
Meteorologist: The instrument shelter is used to house thermometers and humidity sensors. You know very well that thermometers are used to measure the temperature.
These instruments, or tools, as well as some others, are used to collect information, called data. Air pressure changes usually tell us that the weather is going to change. Thus, the air pressure should be measured, because it can tell us a lot about the weather. Air pressure is measured with a barometer. Wind speed is measured with the help of an anemometer. The humidity, or moisture, in the air is measured with a psychrometer. A rain gauge is used to measure the amount of precipitation that has fallen. Computers and satellite images are also used by professional meteorologists. But these can be seen in my office. So let’s go to my office now. Here’s my computer. You can see a picture of the weather conditions, which is taken by a satellite from space.
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Student: Can I ask you a question?
Meteorologist: Yes, sure.
Student: How does a weatherman predict the weather?
Meteorologist: When preparing a weather forecast, the meteorologist looks at satellite images of precipitation. Barometric pressure changes are also considered. Then, all of the data is taken, studied, and a prediction is made. Naturally, with all this data a weather map is designed.
As you know, the weather is not always predicted accurately. Even with all of his special tools and knowledge, a meteorologist still has to make an educated guess about what will happen. I hope that one fine day weather will be predicted very accurately.
Lesson 7. A Journey to the Arctic.
Ex. 3a
Tapescript
Part I
Hello, my name is Dan Summerfield and I am a TV meteorologist and a member of the American Meteorological Society. I have a University education and I have worked in television since 1995. Before that I was a research meteorologist and did research in Spitsbergen ['spɪts"bə:g(ə)n] for two years. Spitsbergen has one of the longest meteorological records, covering 90 years. It means that meteorologists have been daily watching and recording weather in the Arctic for 90 years. Today I’d like to tell you about this wonderful place and to show you a little bit of the fascinating world that I love.
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The Arctic Islands are characterized by a range of climates. The most extreme is the dry continental climate inside Greenland, but Spitsbergen’s climate is relatively mild, with a strong maritime influence. Actually, this range of weather conditions is experienced mostly in summer. But not only weather and climate research attracted me to Spitsbergen. Midnight sun in late summer, which disappears only in late August, is somewhat really amazing and really attractive. A low evening sun beautifully shines onto the fjords, covered with fog, or makes ice-covered mountains reflect in the lake. Besides, polar nights attract me, too. They make a truly magical winter experience, when the sun stops shining and a period of darkness begins. With the moon and stars shining on the white snow you don’t need any lamps while travelling by dog sled or snowmobile over the frozen landscapes. Snowstorms can happen at any time of the year in the Arctic. I’m also greatly attracted by the nature of these places. Wildlife is something absolutely fabulous here, and there is a lot to see and to enjoy.
Ex. 4a
Part II
Going on a voyage is one of the ways to experience the awesome beauty of the Arctic and see its fauna.
While you are in the waters around Spitsbergen, meeting whales is always a big plus. There are few words that describe the graceful beauty of these peaceful creatures as they skim the surface of the Barents Sea.
Bird Cliffs can be 100m high and run several km. They are home to about 60, 000 guillemots ['gɪlɪmɒts]. Packed tightly together on narrow rocks across these cliffs, the guillemots occupy virtually every niche [ni:ʃ, nɪtʃ].
Of the 20 to 25,000 polar bears in the world, about 5,000 live in Svalbard.
Typically loners, these massive creatures walk the land, the ice and cold water of the North hunting mostly for seals.
In 2008, the polar bear was classified as a Threatened Species under the Endangered Species Act. This decision was largely influenced by climate change – their habitat continues to disappear as temperatures continue to rise. Seeing these extraordinary creatures, which can weigh up to 770 kg, is alone worth voyaging the Arctic.
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There is another endangered species – the walrus. This giant lives on selected beaches around Spitsbergen. Weighing up to 2,000 kg, this animal spends most of its time in the water, diving for mollusks ['mɒləsks] and other marine organisms.
By the middle of the 20th century people had killed almost all the walruses, that’s why this species was given a protected status here in 1952. Since then its Svalbard ['svɑːlbɑː] population has risen slowly. Nowadays about 2,000 individuals live in Svalbard.
Besides, there are a lot of reindeer, artic foxes, seals and birds. I’d like to see this wonderful place again!
Ex. 5a – Parts I and II.
[1] Especially [ɪˈspeʃ(ə)li] – особенно
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