Task 9. Render the text into English in writing. Use the word-combinations in the box.
| integral part of our life variety of phenomena and processes public administration domestic politics electronic voting digital diplomacy to shape public opinion internet related threats to set priorities network capabilities non-state actors the entire architecture of international stability protection of facilities online tools to work out strategies of to protect and advance national interests |
Последние два десятилетия характеризуются устойчивым ростом Всемирной паутины – сети Интернет. Можно заметить, что виртуальный мир все чаще определяет реально происходящие события. Грань между виртуальным и реальным становится все менее четкой.
Если на первых этапах развития Интернета трудно было даже представить, что он станет неотъемлемой частью нашей жизни, то сегодня Интернетом обусловлены самые разные явления и процессы. Мы свободно говорим об электронной торговле, телемедицине, новых средствах коммуникации, включая видеозвонки, онлайн-образование и т.п. Сетевой характер стали приобретать элементы государственного управления, внутриполитической и международной жизни. Получили развитие электронное правительство, электронное голосование по общественно значимым вопросам, цифровая дипломатия.
Свое виртуальное представительство – веб-сайты, интернет-порталы – открыло большинство органов власти. Особое значение приобрела активность в виртуальных социальных сетях, направленная на прямое и оперативное формирование общественного мнения о происходящих событиях. Министерства иностранных дел целого ряда государств взяли на вооружение работу на популярных социальных сервисах, таких как Facebook и Twitter.
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Ежегодно разнообразие интернет-инструментов увеличивается. Растет и число возможных интернет-угроз, как для участников и пользователей Всемирной паутины, так и для всей сетевой архитектуры. Принципиальными становятся формирование приоритетов работы в виртуальной среде, выработка стратегии использования сетевых инструментов. Все ведущие государства мира рассматривают эти задачи в качестве приоритетных. И Россия здесь не исключение. Учитывая глобальный характер Интернета, ключевым становится выработка подходов к сетевому позиционированию страны, адекватному использованию сетевых возможностей для защиты и продвижения интересов государства. При этом специального внимания заслуживают вопросы физической защиты объектов, обеспечивающих работу Интернета, и виртуальной защиты критически важной инфраструктуры государств.
На международных форумах и в организациях ООН продолжается интенсивное обсуждение возможностей регулирования Интернета. Вопросы безопасности и степень вмешательства государства в сетевые процессы, а также рост числа негосударственных участников в интернет-коммуникациях выступают в качестве основных тем в таких дискуссиях. Наибольшие споры вызывают стремление и возможности отдельных государств осуществлять контроль над информационным и медиа-пространством. Российская Федерация не без оснований предполагает, что это существенным образом влияет на всю архитектуру международной стабильности и поэтому требует взвешенных решений, поддержанных на международном уровне
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SPEECH FOCUS
MODEL. TV DEBATES OF POLITICIANS
| Some of the debates can feature the candidates standing behind their podiums, or in conference tables with the moderator on the other side. Depending on the agreed format, either the moderator or an audience member can be the one to ask questions. Typically there are no opening statements, just closing statements. A coin toss determines who gets to answer the first question and each candidate will get alternate turns. Once a question is asked, the candidate has 2 minutes to answer the question. After this, the opposing candidate has around 1 minute to respond and rebut her/his arguments. At the moderator's discretion, the discussion of the question may be extended by 30 seconds per candidate. In recent debates, colored lights resembling traffic lights have been installed to aid the candidate as to the time left with green indicating 30 seconds, yellow indicating 15 seconds and red indicating only 5 seconds are left. If necessary, a buzzer may be used or a flag. |
Task 1. Commonly recognized cyber-aggressors include: cyberterrorists, cyberspies, cyberthieves, cyberwarriors, and cyberhacktivists. Make a comparison-contrast analysis of these actors. Try to give their definitions.
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Task 2. “I became a journalist because I did not want to rely on newspapers for information.” (Christopher Hitchens). The statement presupposes that newspapers are not a reliable source of information. Read the extract below, fill in the blanks with the words in the box and discuss the issue of reliability of the media as a source of information.
| tendency, media, surveyed, falsehood, origins, interference, distortion, second-hand, discovered, contrived quality, intimidate and inhibit, processors, evidence, implication, manipulation |
There never was a time when news _______ were perfect. Journalists have always worked with too little time and too little certainty; with ______from owners and governments; with laws that_________ the search for truth. But the evidence I found in researching my new book, Flat Earth News, suggests our _______ to recycle ignorance is far worse than it was.
I commissioned research from specialists at Cardiff University, who _______ more than 2,000 UK news stories from the four ______ dailies (Times, Telegraph, Guardian, Independent) and the Daily Mail. They found two striking things. First, when they tried to trace the_____ of their "facts", they______ that only 12% of the stories were wholly composed of material researched by reporters. With 8% of the stories, they just couldn't be sure. The remaining 80%, they found, were wholly, mainly or partially constructed from _____ material, provided by news agencies and by the public relations industry. Second, when they looked for __________ that these "facts" had been thoroughly checked, they found this was happening in only 12% of the stories.
The ______ of those two findings is truly alarming. Where once journalists were active gatherers of news, now they have generally become mere passive ________ of unchecked, second-hand material, much of it ________ by PR to serve some political or commercial interest. Not journalists, but churnalists. An industry whose primary task is to filter out _____ has become so vulnerable to _________ that it is now involved in the mass production of falsehood, ________ and propaganda.
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Task 3. Comment on the following quotations. Time limit – 1 minute:
1) Democracy must be built through open societies that share information. When there is information, there is enlightenment. When there is debate, there are solutions. When there is no sharing of power, no rule of law, no accountability, there is abuse, corruption, subjugation and indignation. (Atifete Jahiaga)
2) The control of information is something the elite always does, particularly in a despotic form of government. Information, knowledge, is power. If you can control information, you can control people. (Tom Clancy)
3) Getting information off the Internet is like taking a drink from a fire hydrant. (Mitchell Kapor)
4) Information is a source of learning. But unless it is organized, processed, and available to the right people in a format for decision making, it is a burden, not a benefit.(William Pollard)
5) As we have become increasingly dependent on ever more sophisticated technologies, the information and the systems that support it have become the new doubled-edged sword of war: both weapons and targets. (Geoffrey K.Pollock)
Task 4. The group splits up into pairs. In each pair students represent two politicians. “Politicians” think of three arguments for or against each statement and give examples illustrating their positions. A coin toss determines who expresses his/her opinion first in each pair. Time limit is 2 minutes. The other student is given 1 minute to express an opposite opinion.
1) “Information is the mortar that both builds and destroys empires.” (Tobsha Learner).
2) More information is always better than less. When people know the reason things are happening, even if it's bad news, they can adjust their expectations and react accordingly. Keeping people in the dark only serves to stir negative emotions. (Simon Sinek)
3) “A wealth of information creates a poverty of attention...” (Herbert A.Simon)
4) “In the underworld, reality itself has elastic properties and is capable of being stretched into different definitions of the truth.” (Roderick Vincent)
5) “We’re concerned that people are trading security for convenience…People are doing things on free Wi-Fi that are really alarming” (Doug Shadel)
6) “If you spend more on coffee than on IT security, you will be hacked. What's more, you deserve to be hacked” (Richard Clarke)
7) “Ransomware is more about manipulating vulnerabilities in human psychology than the adversary's technological sophistication” (James Scott)
8) True CyberSecurity is preparing for what's next, not what was last (Neil Rerup)
Task 5. Read the excerpt in Russian from « Информационная война и медиаманипулирование : что , почему , кто » by professor V.D.Solovey (Russian historian, professor of MGIMO, political analyst and statesman). Be ready to dwell upon two dimensions of Information Warfare during the round-table discussion in English. Elaborate and extend ideas given in the excerpt.
“В информационных войнах, в отличие от обычных, людей не убивают, зато корежат психику и деформируют интеллект. А разрушаются в ходе таких войн не города и здания, а системы коммуникаций. Понятие «информационная война» включает два аспекта. Один – информационно-технический: разрушение и саботаж информационных систем, электроники и логистики противника и защита собственных коммуникаций. Это явление нам больше известно под названием «кибервойна». Второй аспект информационной войны – информационно-психологический: влияние на общественное и индивидуальное сознание и подсознание противостоящей стороны при одновременной защите собственного населения”.
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