The Sentence. Types of Simple Tenses.
The simple sentence as a monopredicative syntactic structure. The notion of the predicative line. The communicative types of the sentence. The structural types (one-member and two-member, extended and unextended, elliptical, one-axis and two-axis sentences). Paradigmatics of the simple sentence: the kernel (elementary) sentence and transforms.
The Complex Sentence. Types of subordination.
The definition of the complex sentence. The notion of a polypredicative subordination. The principal and subordinate clauses (slot sentences and insert-sentences).Formative words used to connect the principal and subordinate clauses. Merger principal clauses and non-merger principal clauses. The principles of classification of subordinate clauses: Functional types of subordinate clauses; Categorial types of subordinate clauses.
The Notion of Semi-composite sentences. Semi-Complex and Semi-Compound Sentences.
The semi-composite sentence as a polypredicative construction of nonunfolded composition of sentences. The fusion of predicative lines in a semi composite sentence. The principal and the complicating part (semi-predicative expansion). The semi-composite sentence from the viewpoint of the "surface" and "deep" structures. The semi-compound sentence. The definition. Two-base and multy-base semi-compound sentences. Semi-compound sentences of polypredicative type. The semi-compound sentences with several subjects by one predicate. The syndetic formation of semi-compound sentences. Types of connections of events. The semi-complex sentence. The definition. Types of semi-complex sentences: a) subject-sharing sentences, b) object-sharing sentences, c) sentences with attributive complication, d) sentences with adverbial complication, e) sentences of nominal phrase complication.
Semi-Composite
Semi-compound Semi-complex
Syndetic asyndetic word-sharing …
The semi-complex sentence is a semi-composite sentence built up on the principle of subordination. It is derived from minimum two base sentences, one matrix and one insert. In the process of semi-complexing, the insert sentence is transformed into a partially depredicated construction which is embedded in one of the syntactic positions of the matrix sentence. In the resulting construction, the matrix sentence becomes its dominant part and the insert sentence, its subordinate semi-clause.
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The semi-complex sentences fall into a number of subtypes. Their basic division is dependent on the character of predicative fusion: this may be effected either by the process of position-sharing (word-sharing), or by the process of direct linear expansion. The sentences based on position-sharing fall into those of subject-sharing and those of object-sharing. The sentences based on semi-predicative linear expansion fall into those of attributive complication, adverbial complication, and nominal-phrase complication. Each subtype is related to a definite complex sentence (pleni-complex sentence) as its explicit structural prototype.
Semi-complex sentences of subject-sharing are built up by means of the two base sentences overlapping round the common subject. E.g.:
The man stood. + The man was silent. → The man stood silent. The moon rose. + The moon was red. → The moon rose red.
From the syntagmatic point of view, the predicate of these sentences forms the structure of the "double predicate" because it expresses two essential functions at once: first, the function of a verbal type (the verb component of the predicate); second, the function of a nominal type (the whole combination of the verb with the nominal component). The paradigmatic analysis shows that the verb of the double predicate, being on the surface a notional link-verb, is in fact a quasi-link.
In the position of the predicative of the construction different categorial classes of words are used with their respective specific meanings and implications: nouns, adjectives, participles both present and past. Cf.:
Sam returned from the polar expedition a grown-up man. They waited breathless. She stood bending over the child's bed. We stared at the picture bewildered.
Observing the semantic, content of the given constructions, we sec that, within the bounds of their functional differences, they express two simultaneous events — or, rather, the simultaneity of the event described by the complicalor expansion with that described by the dominant part. At the same time the construction gives informative prominence not to its dominant, but to the complicator, and corresponds to the pleni-complex sentence featuring the complicator event in the principal clause placed in post-position. Cf.:
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The moon rose red. → As the moon rose it was red. She stood bending over the child's bed. → As she stood she was bending over the child's bed.
In the subject-sharing semi-composites with reflexivised dominant verbs of intense action the idea of change is rendered. E.g.:
He spoke himself hoarse. → As he spoke he became hoarse. (Further diagnosis: He spoke and spoke until he became hoarse.)
Apart from the described types of subject-sharing sentences there is a variety of them featuring the dominant verb in the passive. E.g.:
The idea has never been considered a wise one. The company was ordered to halt.
These sentences have active counterparts as their paradigmatic derivation bases which we analyse below as semi-complex sentences of object sharing.
Semi-complex sentences of adverbial complication are derived from two base sentences one of which, the insert sentence, is predicatively reduced and embedded in an adverbial position of the other one, the matrix sentence. E.g.:
The task was completed. + The task seemed a very easy one. → The task, when completed, seemed a very easy one. The windows were closed.+ She did not hear the noise in the street. —» The windows being closed, she did not hear the noise in the street.
One day Kitty had an accident. + She was swinging in the garden. → One day Kitty had an accident while swinging in the garden. (The participle is not to be deleted, being of an actional character.)
The semi-compound sentence is a semi-composite sentence built up on the principle of coordination. Proceeding from the outlined grammatical analysis of the composite sentence, the structure of the semi-compound sentence is derivationally to be traced back to minimum two base sentences having an identical element belonging to one or both of their principal syntactic positions, i.e. either the subject,
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