EXERCISE 37d, Review — Complete the sentences with these nouns from previous sections. To check their meanings, review the section number given after each one.

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blowup, 33	get-together, 26	grown-up, 10	put-down, 36
breakup, 28	giveaway, 28	lockout, 30	rundown, 36
cutout, 31	going-over, 26	lockout, 29

1. The movie critic told the director that watching his new movie was worse than going to the dentist. That was quite a ___________.

2. The ___________ of the huge company created several smaller companies.

3. We're having a little ___________ tonight. Would you like to come?

4. Only ___________ are allowed to drink alcohol.

5. The ___________ ended after the workers agreed to a 10 percent pay increase.

6. I heard a big ___________ in Nancy's office. I wonder what the problem was.

7. The drug dealers had a ___________ on every corner.

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8. Timmy told his mother that he hadn't eaten any cookies, but he had chocolate all over his face, so she knew he was lying. The chocolate on his face was the ___________.

9. Before you spend $13,000 on a used car, I suggest that you give it a thorough ______.

10. Carlos made paper ___________ shaped like dinosaurs.

11. The police chief gave the mayor a _______ of the previous month's crime statistics.

EXERCISE 37e, Review — Complete the sentences with these phrasal verbs from previous sections. Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense. To check their meanings, review the section number given after each one.

calm down, 36	fall down, 36	hold against, 35	narrow down, 35
catch on, 33	fool around, 35	leave behind, 35	pull off, 33
do away with, 31	go by, 35	live with, 35	put down, 36
empty out, 32	go down, 36	make of, 35	sit down, 36

1. My best friend, Heather, really likes Mike, but Mike asked me to go to the dance with him. I hope Heather doesn't ________ it ________ me.

2. The real estate agent has shown us several houses, but we've ________ it _______ to three that we really like.

3. Mike took the wastebaskets outside and ________ them ________.

4. Before we go to the beach, let's ________ ________Tom's house and see if he

wants to come with us.

5. Maria's a fast learner. She had never played chess before, but she ________ ________ right away.

6. No one thought I could get 100 on the test, but I ________ it ________.

7. Nothing like that ever happened before. I didn't know what to ________ _______ it,

8. You can really screw up your computer with that program, so don't ________ ________ with it unless you know what you're doing.

9. Pets aren't allowed where we're moving, so we're going to have to ________ our dog ________.

10. Polio has been almost completely ________ ________ ________.

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11. ________ ________ that jerk for fifteen years was horrible.

12. Joe was so upset after the accident that it was twenty minutes before he ________ ________ enough to tell the police officer what happened.

13. Be careful on that icy sidewalk — you don't want to ________ ________ and break your neck.

14. In the summer the sun doesn't ________ ________ until 9:00 in the evening.

15. I'm going to ________ $4,000 ________ on my new car and finance the rest.

16. I've been standing all day. I need to ________ ________.

38. FOCUS ON: the verb keep and adverbs and adverbials showing degrees of variability

Phrasal verbs with keep

Several phrasal verbs are based on the verb keep, and it is important to understand that the essential meaning of keep in these phrasal verbs is no change. As you study these verbs, remember than in each meaning of each verb something is not changing, something is continuing in the same direction or in the same manner, or something is staying in the same place or in the same condition.

Adverbs and adverbials showing degrees of variability

A variety of adverbs and adverbial groups of words that together function as adverbs are used to modify phrasal verbs that relate to something variable, such as distance, time, cost, speed, temperature, amount, or quantity.

Adverbs and adverbials allow the speaker to be more precise about what is being measured — to say whether it was a little or a /of or to be precise about exactly how much. But the verb must be something that is variable. In cannot be something either/or, such as shut off, for example (a TV is either on or off — it cannot be in between). Adverbs and adverbials are used to strengthen the meaning of the verb:

He fell asleep on the train and went well beyond his stop.

She fell way behind in her work when she was sick.

Keep far away from the fire.

to weaken the meaning of the verb:

I went abit over my budget.

Keep slightly to the right on that road.

He fell a little behind.

The meeting may run somewhat over. 289

or to be exact:

We planned two weeks ahead.

Go three floors up.

Sometimes, in informal English, way is repeated for extra emphasis:

What Jim said went way, way, way beyond impolite — it was outrageous.

Infinitive
	present tense	-ing form	past tense	past participle
keep at	keep at & keeps at	keeping at	kept at	kept at

1. keep at p.v. When you keep at it, you continue with an activity even though it may be difficult. When you say "Keep at it" to people, you encourage them to finish with an activity that is difficult.

I know this work is difficult, but you have to keep at it.

Keep at it; you're almost finished.

Keep away

keep away & keeps away keeping away kept away kept away

1. keep away (from) p.v. When you keep away or keep away from people, you do not come close to them or associate with them. When you keep away or keep away from things, you do not touch them, come close to them, or use them. When you keep away or keep away from places, you do not come close to them or go to them.

Mark was very sick yesterday, so everyone kept away from him.

We're going to eat dinner in a few minutes, so keep away from those cookies.

That's a bad neighborhood, so keep away from it,

2. keep... away (from) p.v. When you keep people or things away or keep them away from something or someone else, you do not allow them to come close to or associate with someone or come close to or touch something.

That dog is dangerous, so keep it away.

Paul has an alcohol problem, so keep him away from the bar at the party tomorrow.

Keep down

keep down & keeps down keeping down kept down kept down

1. keep ... down p.v. When you keep the cost, quantity, or amount of something down, you keep it a low level.

The company tried to keep its prices down.

They wanted a smalt wedding, but they have such large families that it was hard to keep the number of guests down.

2 . keep... down p.v. When you keep the volume of noise, music, or conversation down, you keep it at a low level. When people are being noisy and you want them to be quieter, you tell them to keep it down.

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Will you please keep it down; I'm trying to study.

You kids can watch TV, but keep the volume down — your mother is taking a nap.

Infinitive
	present tense	-ing form	past tense	past participle
keep from
	keep from & keeps from	keeping from	kept from	kept from

1. keep from p.v. When you keep from doing something, you do not do it even though it is hard not to.

I was so angry that I don't know how I kept from punching that guy in the nose.

The movie was so sad that I couldn't keep from crying.

2. keep... from p.v. When you keep people from doing something, you stop them from doing it.

Jim's girlfriend's parents don't like him, and they try to keep him from seeing her.

When I was young, my poor health kept me from doing a lot of things the other kids did.

Keep off

keep off & keeps off keeping off kept off kept off

1. keep... off p.v. When you keep off something, you do not walk or stand on it. When you keep other people or things off something, you do not allow them to walk or stand on it.

The sign says "Keep off the grass." You should keep your kids off the streets and in school.

2. keep... off p.v. When you keep off drugs, cigarettes, or other addictive substances, you do not use them. When you keep people off drugs, cigarettes, or other addictive substances, you prevent them from using them.

Since getting out of jail, Hank has been able to keep off drugs.

Ned is a nice guy as long as you can keep him off booze.

Keep on

keep on & keeps on keeping on kept on kept on

1. keep on p.v. When you keep on doing something, you continue doing it.

I told her to be quiet, but she just kept right on talking.

Don't stop — keep on going.

2. keep... on p.v. When you keep people on at their place of employment, you continue to employ them.

The company decided against laying all the workers off and will instead keep a few on to maintain equipment until business improves.

Everyone on the hotel staff was fired after the hotel went out of business, except for two guys who were kept on to clean and paint the building.

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Infinitive
	present tense	-ing form	past tense	past participle
keep to	keep to & keeps to	keeping to	kept to	kept to

1. keep... to p.v. When you keep information to yourself, you do not tell anyone.

This is a secret, so keep it to yourself.

I wish she would keep her racist comments to herself; I don't want to hear them.

2. keep... to p.v. When you keep something to a certain cost, quantity, or amount, you do not let the cost, quantity, or amount go higher than that level.

Here's my credit card, but keep your spending to a minimum — don't go crazy with it.

The room doesn't hold a great many people, so we have to keep the number of guests to 200.

3. keep to p.v. When you keep to the right or left, you continue moving to the right or left.

When you pass a big red barn on the highway, keep to the right; the exit is right after the barn.

Faster cars are supposed to keep to the left.

Keep up

keep up & keeps up keeping up kept up kept up

1. keep... up p.v. When you keep an activity up, you continue doing it.

Leopards can run extremely fast, but they can't keep it up longer than a minute or two.

I told you to stop doing that. If you keep it up, I'm going to get angry.

2. keep up (with) p.v. When you are in a group that is studying, working, and so on, and you are able to learn or work at the same rate as the others, you keep up or keep up with the group. Fall behind is the opposite of keep up.

Lydia missed several days of school last month, and now she's having a hard time keeping up with the rest of the class.

The assembly line was going so fast that no one could keep up.

3. keep up (with) p.v. When you keep up or keep up with people or things that are moving, you are able to move at the same rate. Fall behind is the opposite of keep up.

Bob walks so fast that it's hard to keep up with him.

The wounded soldiers couldn't keep up with the rest of the army.

4. keep up (with) p.v. When you can understand and respond to a situation that is changing, you are able to keep up with the situation.

Computer technology is changing so fast. How can anyone keep up with it?

Jane always has some new idea. I can't keep up with her.

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5. keep... up p.v. When people or things keep you up, they prevent you from going to bed, or if you are in bed, they prevent you from falling asleep.

Ned just would not leave last night; he kept me up until 2:00 in the morning.

That noisy party across the alley kept me up all night.

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