Вопросительные, союзные и относительные местоимения

Interrogative, Conjunctive and Relative Pronouns

К ним относятся местоимения who кто (объектный падеж – whom кого, кому), what что, какой, whose чей, which который. Сюда же относится относительное местоимение который.

Союзные местоимения who/whom, what, whose, which,that отличаются тем, что вводят придаточное дополнительное, предикативное и обстоятельственное предложение, соединяя его с главным.

Относительные местоимения who, whose, which,that вводят только придаточные определительные. Они относятся не ко всему предложению, а только к определенным словам в главном предложении.

 

Who translated this article?	Кто перевел эту статью?
Whose research is that?	Чьё это исследование?
Whom will you deliver your lecture to?	Кому вы прочитаете лекцию?
What has happened?	Что случилось?
What are the mineral resources of the country?	Каковы полезные ископаемые страны?
What help will you give us?	Какую помощь вы нам окажете?
Which of the articles interests you most?	Которая (какая) из статей интересует вас больше всего?
The student who translated this article…	Студент, который перевел эту статью…
The scientist whose research is mentioned…	Ученый, чьё исследование упоминается…
The students to whom you will deliver your lecture…	Студенты, которым вы прочитаете лекцию…
Nobody knows what has happened.	Никто не знает, что случилось.
Experts did not know what the mineral resources of this country were.	Эксперты не знали, каковы полезные ископаемые этой страны.
I will give you what help I can.	Я окажу вам ту помощь, какую только смогу оказать.
The task which the students carried out…	Задание, которое выполнили студенты…
He was the greatest scientist that the world has ever known.	Он был величайшим ученым, которого когда-либо знал мир.

Обобщающие местоимения

Universal Pronouns

All

Местоимение all весь, вся, всё, все употребляется с существительными в единственном и множественном числе в функции определения. Если при существительном есть определенный артикль или притяжательное местоимение, то all ставится перед артиклем или притяжательным местоимением.

All также употребляется без последующего существительного, и в этом случае выступает в функции подлежащего или именной части сказуемого:

All flowers need water.	Всем цветам нужна вода.
All is well that ends well.	Всё хорошо, что хорошо кончается.
That is all that she asked me.	Это всё, что она спросила у меня.

Both

Местоимение both оба, и тот, и другой употребляется с существительными и местоимениями во множественном числе, как без артикля, так и с артиклем the, который ставится после него. Притяжательное или указательное местоимение также ставится после both. Местоимение both употребляется в функции определения, а также употребляется без последующего существительного, и в этом случае выступает в функции подлежащего, именной части сказуемого или дополнения:

Both (the) sisters live in Minsk.	Обе сестры живут в Минске.
Both my sons are married.	Оба мои сына женаты.
Both these buildings were built after the war.	Оба эти здания были построены после войны.
You have given me two examples; both are correct.	Вы дали мне два примера; оба правильные.

Every, each

Местоимения every, each имеют значение каждый. Местоимение each употребляется по отношению к ограниченному числу лиц или предметов, а местоимение every употребляется по отношению к неограниченному числу лиц или предметов. Each может выступать в предложении в функции определения, подлежащего и дополнения, every может выполнять только функцию определения.

Every student is tested twice a year.	Каждый студент тестируется дважды в год.
We greeted each guest.	Мы приветствовали каждого гостя. (Подчеркивается, что мы приветствовали их индивидуально.)
We greeted every guest.	Мы приветствовали каждого гостя. (Имеется в виду, что мы приветствовали всех гостей.)

Местоимение every может входить в сочетание с body, one, thing, образуя сложные местоимения everybody, everyone все, каждый, everything всё.

Everybody knows it.	Все знают это.
Everything is hopeless.	Всё безнадёжно.

 

Either, neither

Местоимение either имеет следующие значения:

1)один из двух, тот или другой, любой из двух:

You may go by either road.

Вы можете ехать по той или другой дороге (по любой из двух).

2)и тот и другой, оба, каждый из двух:

There was a huge fireplace at either end of the hall.

В том и другом (в каждом) конце зала был огромный камин.

 

3)каждый, всякий, любой (из многих):

Take either pen (either of these pens).

Возьми любую ручку (любую из этих ручек).

Местоимение neither ни тот, ни другой, никто является отрицательной формой местоимения either:

Neither of the examples is correct.

Ни тот, ни другой пример не является правильным

Other, another

Местоимение other ( another) имеет значение другой, другие. Местоимение another имеет дополнительное значение иной (отличный от данного), еще один:

The building is on the other side of the road.	Здание находится на другой стороне дороги.
Give me another example.	Дай мне еще один пример.

 

EXERCISES

 

Exercise 1.

Substitute pronouns for the italicized words in each sentence.

Model:

The boy is reading the book. – He is reading it.

1.	Mary is studying her lesson with John.
2.	His friends always enjoy his jokes very much.
3.	The man is moving the furniture into the other room.
4.	Frank and I usually meet our friends at the corner.
5.	The United States consists of fifty individual states.
6.	The women are talking about the party.
7.	Those people need the money as soon as possible.
8.	Are the men speaking to Mr. Brown at this moment?
9.	The waitress always washes the tables carefully.
10.	The people don’t like the news very much.
11.	The police protect the city day and night.
12.	The policeman is giving a ticket to that woman.
13.	All of the students enjoy basketball very much.

Exercise 2 .

Supply the correct possessive pronouns in the following sentences.

 

Model:

They usually eat their lunch at the Ritz Cafeteria.

 

1.	We always study ____ English lessons very carefully.
2.	That girl always takes very good care of ____ clothes.
3.	The children are playing with ____ toys right now.
4.	I always put ____ pens and pencils in the second in the second drawer.
5.	Mr. and Mrs. Wilson are sitting in ____ living room now.
6.	You and I don’t spend ____ money very carefully.
7.	Miss Davis is using ____ sister’s book today.
8.	We write letters to ____ friends once or twice a month
9.	Tom and Bill are walking home with ____ friends.
10.	Mr. Brown seldom drives ____ car to ____ office.
11.	You don’t do ____ English lessons very carefully.

 

Exercise 3.

Substitute a possessive pronoun for the words in parentheses in each sentence.

 

Model:	That book is (my book). - That book is mine.
	Those are (her pictures). - Those pictures are hers.

 

1.	Is this your purse or (Miss Brown’s purse)?
2.	Are those my shoes or (his shoes)?
3.	Their house and (our house) are both on the same block.
4.	That red car in front of (your car) is (my brother’s car).
5.	Are these two books (your books) or (my books)?
6.	All of these magazines are (his magazines).
7.	Those cigarettes on the table are (my cigarettes).
8.	Are all of these papers (your papers)?
9.	That newspaper on the desk is (her newspaper).
10.	That big white house on the corner is (their house)
11.	Edward’s new suit and (my new suit) are very similar.

 

Exercise 4.

Supply the correct reflexive pronouns in the following sentences.

Model:

I will ask him myself.

 

1.	Don’t hurt ____ Mike!
2.	Don’t hurt ____, children!
3.	He defended ____ bravely.
4.	They told me the news ____.
5.	She will answer the letter ____.
6.	We’ll do it ____.
7.	I looked at ____ in the mirror.

 

Exercise 5.

State whether the self-pronoun is emphatic or reflexive. Translate the sentences into Russian.

 

1.	The villagers built themselves new houses.
2.	They build the houses themselves.
3.	The man opened the door and found himself facing a stranger.
4.	Would you mind keeping your opinion to yourself?
5.	I heard it from a man who himself was present there.
6.	He was in a still worse position than ourselves.
7.	Go and see it for yourself.
8.	You can trust him. He is honesty himself.
9.	And then they left me to myself.
10.	If one wants a thing done, one had best do it oneself.
11.	He noticed that there was someone standing between himself and the door.

 

Exercise 6.

State which of the pronouns in bold type are reciprocal. Translate the sentences into Russian.

 

1.	They looked at one another in surprise.
2.	We couldn’t hear each other’s words for the wind.
3.	He smoked one cigarette after another.
4.	Although they lived in the same street they rarely saw each other.
5.	The new-comer shook hands with the host and nodded to every other in the room.

 

 

Exercise 7.

Choose this or these.

 

Model:

This is your briefcase. These are your books.

1.	____ questions are hard.
2.	____ seem very hard.
3.	____ seems very easy.
4.	____ lesson is simple.
5.	____ words are new.
6.	____ goes on ____ lines.

Exercise 8.

Choose that or those.

Model:

Is thatman here now? Are those students ready?

 

1.	Are ____ your gloves?
2.	Does ____ seem difficult?
3.	Do ____ men speak English?
4.	Is ____ lesson very easy?
5.	Do ____ feel comfortable?
6.	Do ____ belong on ____ desk?
7.	Does ____ go in ____ drawers?

 

Exercise 9.

Choose sentences where that, those substitute nouns.

1.	Natural rubber is of higher quality than that produced artificially.
2.	These factors taken together ensure high production efficiency.
3.	The pictures painted by Rembrant and those painted by Rubens have very little in common.
4.	Those are the lorries carrying our brothers to the mines.
5.	There are no richer art museums in this country than these of St Petersburg.
6.	The electric power output in our country cannot compare to that of pre-revolutionary Russia.
7.	Consumption of bread and potatoes is decreasing steadily while that of sugar is increasing despite doctors’ recommendations
8.	The new technologies that are being developed must be connected with traditional ones.
9.	These devices are more reliable than those designed in our laboratory.
10.	An important matter is that of raising the effectiveness of external economic relations
11.	For the last generation, Silicon Valley and Tokyo have been working to design computers that are ever easier to use.
12.	These control systems are more efficient than those described in that journal.
13.	A work generated by a computer may resemble that of a certain artist in both style and form.
14.	The simplest materials are those which have only one kind of atoms.
15	The robots became so intelligent that they revolted.

 

Exercise 10.

.Substitute that or those for the repeated nouns.

 

1.	The pictures painted by Rembrandt and the pictures painted by Rubens have very little in common.
2.	The language in plays is usually easier and more simple than the language in novels.
3.	The music of Queen of Spades is more dramatic than the music of Eugene Onegin.
4.	The stories written by O. Henry are as full of life as the stories written by Mark Twain.
5.	Natural rubber is of higher quality than rubber produced artificially.

 

 

Exercise 11.

Underline the correct item.

Model:

Give me some/any hot water, please. Have you bought some/any milk?

1.	I hardly know somebody/anybody here.
2.	You can buy postcards at any/no post office.
3.	Among all the people who came to the party she cared for anybody/nobody.
4.	It was a great concert. Everybody/somebody enjoyed it.
5.	Have they got any/some objections to our proposal?
6.	Some/every day he will achieve great success.
7.	Somebody/everybody who went to Egypt spent a good time.
8.	Are you going anywhere/nowhere these summer holidays?
9.	I want to go somewhere/anywhere but I don’t have no/any money.

 

Exercise 12.

Fill in anyone / anybody, any, anything, no one / nobody, something, some, someone / somebody.

Model:

Are there any extra chairs in the other classroom?

1.	The chairman didn’t get suggestions from ____ in the audience.
2.	I didn’t have ____ trouble with my report last night.
3.	Did you see ____in the hall outside the office?
4.	The secretary is speaking to ____ on the phone now.
5.	He didn’t say ____ to the boss about his plans.
6.	The girls didn’t buy ____ at the store today.
7.	____ knows a thing about this except you and me.
8.	There’s ____ for you on the desk in your room.
9.	There will be ____ in the office before 9 a.m.
10.	The children are eating ____ ice-cream in the kitchen.

 

Exercise 13.

Fill in much, many.

 

Model:

That program has much advertising and many interruptions.

1.	That work took ____time. It was ____trouble for us.
2.	You drank too ____ coffee and eat too ____ sandwiches last night.
3.	Frank receives ____ e-mails from his friends and relatives.
4.	You didn’t invite very ____ guests.
5.	The waitress put too ____ cream and sugar in my coffee.
6.	The students had ____ difficulties with the translation.
7.	The radio is very loud now. It is making ____ noise.
8.	He spoke too fast and used too ____ hard words for me.

Exercise 14.

Fill in few, a few, little, a little.

Model:

Would you like a little milk in your tea? And, please, have a few sweets, too.

1.	I have ____ time, so let’s go for walk.
2.	I don’t think she is a good teacher, she has got ____ patience.
3.	____ can afford to buy house abroad.
4.	____ people can play golf perfectly.
5.	He went to ____ parties and enjoyed all of them.
6.	She made ____ corrections to my business plan.
7.	Did you have a chance to say ____ words to the boss before the meeting?
8.	His ideas are very complex, and ____ people can understand them.
9.	____ knowledge is a dangerous thing.

 

Exercise 15.

Analyze the pronoun in bold type and state whether they are conjunctive, relative or interrogative.

 

1.	He turned from his work to see who was there.
2.	Nothing she had done that morning was worth the time that she had spent on it.
3.	Who could have thought that they would do it like that?
4.	My group mate whom I met two days ago was very upset.
5.	What time did she go off duty last night?
6.	The painting that has been bought is very expensive.
7.	Still it would be better to have some idea what he was going back to.
8.	I remember you mentioned Wednesday and Friday. Which day shall we make it then?
9.	The book which she gave me is very interesting.
10.	He felt like one whose dream has come true, but too late.

 

 

Exercise 16.

Complete the following dialogues with suitable pronouns from the box. Memorize and play out them.

 

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