II. Explain why the rules of the Sequence of Tenses are not observed in the following sentences.
GRAMMAR: SEQUENCE OF TENCES ( СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЁН )
Presentation
I. Compare the tense forms in A and B.
A
| PRINCIPAL CLAUSE ( главное предложение ) | OBJECT CLAUSE (придаточное дополнительное предложение) |
| I know… | …the engineers apply this method in their work. …the engineers have already applied this method in their work. …the engineers are applying this method at the moment. …the engineers applied this method last month. …the engineers were applying this method from 1997 to 1999. …the engineers have been applying this method since 2005. …the engineers will apply this method next month. |
B
| PRINCIPAL CLAUSE ( главное предложение ) | OBJECT CLAUSE (придаточное дополнительное предложение) |
| I knew… | …the engineers applied this method widely. …the engineers had already applied this method in their work. …the engineers were applying this method. …the engineers had been applying this method for three years. …the engineers would apply this method the following month. |
Say which tense form is used in the principal clause in A. And which in B? Which tense forms are used in object clauses in A and which in B?
Complete the rule !
Если в главном предложении глагол в настоящем времени, то в придаточном дополнительном глагол может быть в ______________________________________________________________.
Если в главном предложении глагол в прошедшем времени, то в придаточном дополнительном глагол должен быть в _______________________________________________________________.
II. Study the examples from B (ex. I) once again and say which action in the object clause is simultaneous ( происходит одновременно ) to the action in the principal clause, which is prior ( предшествует ) and which is future. Complete this table.
| Simultaneous action | Prior action | Future action |
| e.g. …the engineers applied this method widely. |
Complete the rule !
Если действие в придаточном предложении происходит одновременно с действием главного предложения, то для передачи такого действия в придаточном предложении используются формы _____________________________. Если действие в придаточном предложении предшествовало действию главного предложения, то в придаточном предложении используются формы ____________________________. Если действие в придаточном предложении следует за действием главного предложения, то в придаточном предложении используется форма _________________.
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Grammar tips
1. Если вам нужно определить время глагола в придаточном предложении, следует предпринять следующие шаги:
· определить вид придаточного, задав вопрос от главного предложения: если вы убедились, что имеете дело с придаточным дополнительным, то в действие вступает закон согласования времён (при условии, что глагол в главном предложении в прошедшем времени);
· установить характер отношений между действием, выраженным в придаточном предложении и действием в главном предложении (одновременное, предшествующее или будущее);
· с опорой на контекст выяснить, можно ли охарактеризовать действие как длительное и выбрать нужную форму аспекта (Indefinite / Perfect или Continuous).
E.g. I hoped she (receive) already my letter.
· 
I hoped (what?) she (receive) already my letter.
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главное придаточное дополнительное
· 
I hoped (or started to hope after) she (receive) already my letter.
prior 
· I hoped she (receive) already my letter.
fact
RECEIVE – action prior to the action in the principal clause (HOPE) and considered as a fact, so the correct tense form is The Past Perfect – HAD RECEIVED: I hoped she had already received my letter.
2. Внимание! Правило согласования времён не действует, если в придаточном дополнительном речь идёт о привычном действии, характеристике или общеизвестном факте:
ü The teacher told the children that water boils at 100°C.
ü Galileo proved that the Earth moves round the Sun.
ü We knew that he plays tennis well.
ü The speaker said that the people want peace.
Practice
I. Say whether the action in the object clause precedes ( предшествует ), follows ( следует за ) or is simultaneous with the action of the principal clause in the following sentences.
1. He asked me what work I was doing and whether I had to go to University. 2. She insisted that she had met Mr. Green at the conference. 3. Professor would certainly ask us where we had been all day. 4. Professor Johnson said that he would be staying in town next day to complete his affairs at University. 5. The company director assured that they had agreed to provide the equipment on time. 6. I don’t think that I will ever work for this company. 7. Out of the corner of my eye I saw the boys had stopped talking and were watching us. 8. I hope you know what you are doing. 9. The receptionist told me that a group of four Americans had been staying at the hotel for three months. 10. Jane said that Alex had just left.
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II. Explain why the rules of the Sequence of Tenses are not observed in the following sentences.
1. He says he is free tomorrow. 2. He spoke with great respect of a competent workman who knows his job from A to Z. 3. He managed to find pleasure in simple things that life offers to everyone. 4. Jack told me that in England it is illegal to own a gun without a permit. 5. I knew I should go; but I kept on sitting there because it is difficult to leave without any reason. 6. Billy repeated that he doesn’t like filling in all these papers.
III. Make the action of the following object clauses simultaneous with those of the principal clauses.
1. I thought Mr. Crown (have) better qualifications. 2. She couldn’t imagine what he (do) in his study. 3. I didn’t know if your boss (mean) what he (say) or if he (have) a joke at my expense (за мой счёт). 4. What surprised me was that Pat (be) so much at home at her new job. 5. I was surprised you (know) my name. 6. He told his parents that now he (make) a hundred dollars per week. 7. The last two weeks she had been saying to everyone who phoned her that she (be) unwell and (not leave) home. 8. He admitted that he (feel) lonely in London. 9. The secretary called Mr. Gareth to say that they (have to) send an e-mail to Boston immediately. 10. He wanted to return to the house to see how Billy (do).
IV. Make the action of the following object clauses precede those of the principal clauses.
1. At ten o’clock he telephoned again to say that he (change) his mind. 2. I knew that for the past twenty-five years he (buy) the same paper each morning. 3. Everybody understood that the headmaster (receive) a message from Jack’s parents. 4. She seemed to have forgotten what (happen) a few minutes before. 5. Nobody knew where he (spend) those three years. 6. The question was why he (do) it at all. 7. Then he admitted that he (live) since the summer in his father’s house. 8. The secretary called Mr. Gareth to say that they (get) just an e-mail from Boston. 9. One day she told me why she never (get married). 10. I wondered what she (do) there so late at night.
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