Task 5. In each set of words given below find one word that doesn’t logically fit the line.
a) passenger, traveler, manufacturer
b) suitcase, luggage, security
c) checked-in luggage, carry-on luggage, airport
d) x-ray machine, metal detector, drugs
Full exposure
Despite increased airport security since September 11th 2001, the technology to scan both passengers and baggage for weapons and bombs remains largely unchanged. Travelers walk through metal detectors and carry-on bags pass through x-ray machines that superimpose color-coded highlights, but do little else. Checked-in luggage is screened by “computed tomography”, which peers inside a suitcase rather like a CAT scan of a brain. These systems can alert an operator to something suspicious, but they cannot tell what it is.
More sophisticated screening technologies are emerging, albeit slowly. There are three main approaches: enhanced x-rays to spot hidden objects, sensor technology to sniff dangerous chemicals, and radio frequencies that can identify liquids and solids.
A number of manufacturers are using “reflective” or “backscatter” x-rays that can be calibrated to see objects through clothing. They can spot things that a metal detector may not, such as a ceramic knife or plastic explosives. But some people think they can reveal too much. In America, civil-liberties groups have stalled the introduction of such equipment, arguing that it is too intrusive.
Machines that can detect minute traces of explosive are also being tested. Passengers walk through a machine that blows a burst of air, intended to dislodge molecules of substances on a person’s body and clothes. The air is sucked into a filter, which instantaneously analyses it to see whether it includes any suspect substances. The process can work for baggage as well. It is a vast improvement on today’s method, whereby carry-on items are occasionally swabbed and screened for traces of explosives. Because this is a manual operation, only a small share of bags is examined this way.
The most radical of the new approaches uses “quadrupole resonance technology”. This involves bombarding an object with radio waves. By reading the returning signals, the machines can identify the molecular structure of the materials it contains. Since every compound – solid, liquid or gas – creates a unique frequency, it can be read like a fingerprint. The system can be used to look for drugs as well as explosives.
For these technologies to make the jump from development labs and small trials to full deployment at airports they must be available at a price that airports are prepared to pay. They must also be easy to use, take up little space and provide quick results.
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Jogging your memory:
Uncountable nouns
- do not take the when used in a general sense.
- take the singular form of the verb
- have words like much, little, some, a great deal of before them
Some of the more common uncountable nouns are:
accommodation advice baggage (Am.E.)
brainstorming clothing equipment
furniture information legislation
luggage (Br.E.) money news
software traffic travel
weather work
Working on the text
Task 6. Match each countable noun to an uncountable one having a similar meaning.
traffic, equipment, journeys, machines, accidents, cars, luggage (baggage), travel, advice, belongings, legislation, damage, hints, laws
Task 7. Correct mistakes in the sentences.
1. The news are bad, I’m afraid.
2. His luggage have already been checked.
3. She is fond of giving advices.
4. In the morning there were too many traffic on the roads.
Task 8. Write out all words connected with the idea of “travel”.
Task 9. Match the words in the left column to their definitions in the right.
1. carry-on bags a) a machine or a piece of equipment that finds something
2. checked-in luggage b) a warning to be ready for possible danger
3. weapon c) very advanced
4. security d) extremely small
5. detector e) things left to be put on a plane or a train
6. alert f) things that you are allowed to take onto a plane with you
7. sophisticated g) protection from danger
8. minute (adj.) h) something you can use to fight with or attack someone with
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Task 10. Look through the text and write out words that have the same form for a verb and a noun.
Task 11. Give all synonyms that you know to the verb “to check”.
Task 12. Over to you. What are traditional methods of Customs control?
Task 13. What sophisticated screening technologies are described in the text? Speak on each.
Task 14. Translate the newspaper article into Russian.
Australian Customs made a seizure of 12 kg of cocaine in Sydney. The drug was smuggled to Australia by a 50 – year – old Polish citizen. His baggage was searched and in thick covers of ten new photograph albums the cocaine was found. The smuggler was arrested.
Task 15. Translate the given article into English.
Таможенники в аэропорту Манчестера, Великобритания были поражены, увидев прилетевшего из-за рубежа чернокожего студента Фиделиса Озули. 30-летний парень бережно поддерживал свой вздутый живот.
Подозрительного пассажира задержали и просветили на рентгене. Оказалось, что в желудке у него запрятано 67 упаковок с кокаином общим весом 1 килограмм.
Содержимое “тайника” в желудке по стоимости тянуло на 300000 евро – абсолютный рекорд. Наркокурьеров с такой богатой “начинкой” британцам еще не приходилось сканировать.
Task 16. Translate the following text into Russian.
In spite of the sophisticated equipment and new technologies which have become available, the dog and, especially the sniffer dog, remains an indispensable tool for Customs enforcement. According to scientific studies a dog’s sense of smell is a million times better than man’s. For one thing, its olfactory membrane is about 30 times larger. Some 225 million olfactory cells make the dog capable of phenomenal feats of smell which man can make use of for a large variety of purposes, for example customs work and drug detection. Drug detector dogs are like X-ray machines, fiber-optic camera devices – they are a tool that extends the ability of the customs control officer in the workplace.
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No piece of equipment has yet been invented that can replace the dog. Some experimental models have been tried but found to be far inferior to the canine nose.
Task 17. Discuss in small buzz groups:
What or, maybe, who is man’s best sniffer?
Choose the best answer.
Text IV
Pre-reading
Task 1. Look up the pronunciation of the following words in the dictionary:
counterfeit, piracy, commitment, unprecedented, surge, technique, subterfuge, fraudulent.
Task 2. Pronounce the following words (mind the stress).
1. supply, deny, reply
2. dictate, relate
3. surprise, arise, despise
Task 3. Translate the following definitions into Russian.
Counterfeiting involves copying or imitating an industrial, artistic or literary work to the detriment of its author or inventor.
Piracy is the use, reproduction or plagiarism of a work protected by copyright.
Counterfeiting and piracy:
crime of the 21st century
Symbols of globalization
It’s 12.54, a 40 foot container full of cosmetics swings overhead, borne by one of the hundreds of cranes in the port of Shanghai. Two seconds later another 40-footer with more than 8 million cigarettes hidden inside is loaded onto a ship bound for West Africa. Only 2 further seconds tick by before a crane swings into action to load a container full of tea en route to Dubai. Every 2 seconds a container leaves the port of Shanghai. Who could fail to be impressed by the never-ending dance of these huge metal boxes, symbols of the globalization of trade!
The one million Customs officers around the world who make up the combined force of all the WCO’s Member administrations have to deal with an annual flow of 400 million containers, and the number is increasing by 10% each year.
It’s 02.00 at Zaventem Airport in Brussels, and under the deafening unrelenting roar of airplane engines, the 100 or so employees of an express courier company start their shift. By daybreak they will have handled between 130 and 140 thousand packages. Every night, as many packages pass through this centre as there are Customs officers in the European Union!
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The increase in world trade has generated an unprecedented surge in industrial counterfeiting, and it is against this backdrop that Customs officers must gear up for “mission impossible”: how to stem the tide of counterfeit and pirated goods which is washing over our borders. There is no denying that we have a real fight on our hands. Despite increasingly sophisticated control techniques, and greater awareness and commitment on the part of politicians at the international level, counterfeiting and piracy now form an integral part of the world of consumers albeit often unbeknown to them.
Spoilt for choice
The days when 7 out of 10 companies falling victim to counterfeiters were in the luxury goods industry are long gone. Everything has changed in the past 20 years.
Anything that can be bought and sold is now being counterfeited: soup, mineral water, breast implants, contact lenses, toothpaste, sweets, jam, pharmaceutical products for treating life-threatening conditions such as breast cancer and high blood pressure, pacemakers, baby milk, weapons of war, automobile brake disc pads, etc. There have been big changes in the nature of counterfeit and pirated goods, but the same can be said of the techniques developed by criminal organizations to transport these goods to their ultimate destinations. In fact the modus operandi used to move counterfeit goods is the same as that used to transport drugs. Direct carriage from the country of production to the point of consumption is virtually unheard of these days.
Today, counterfeit goods will cross several borders, or even several continents, passing from port to port and from airport to airport, changing ships or changing planes, using free zones and sometimes even switching transport documents or containers. All this subterfuge has one main priority: to conceal the true origin of the goods and thereby avoid attracting the attention of Customs and other border control services. This technique, commonly known as transshipment or break-bulk transit, is very widespread nowadays, and Customs services have had to adapt their control methods, shifting their focus away from the origin of the suspect goods to the point of dispatch.
Stemming the tide
While it is a fact that almost 80% of counterfeit or pirated goods originate in China, the ever-increasing volume of commercial traffic, the changing nature of products and the new routes used for fraudulent activities, have forced Customs administrations to adapt their control techniques if they are to successfully mount a challenge to this illegal activity. The approach used now involves studying the transport documents for each consignment in order to quantify the potential risks. This new approach ticks all the boxes for what is in fact the primary mission of a Customs service, namely, to facilitate international trade while conducting controls on the movement of goods.
Responding to the threat
Combating counterfeiting and piracy is a priority for the WCO and its Members. To assist its 171 Members to combat counterfeiting and piracy more effectively, the Council adopted a number of new initiatives, both legislative and operational, in the shape of two important instruments: the SECURE (Standards Employed by Customs for Uniform Rights Enforcement) Program and an Action Plan. These two new tools, which are in no way mandatory and will be implemented on a voluntary basis, will lay the foundation for the WCO’s rolling anti-counterfeiting and piracy efforts.
Protecting consumer health and safety is a vital mission for Customs administrations across the globe and it is important that WCO Members equip themselves with new laws and enhanced operational instruments offering practical responses which are commensurate with the risk that counterfeit and pirated products pose.
Jogging your memory:
1. Intellectual property refers to the creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce. There are four general types of intellectual property: patents, trademarks and trade dress, copyrights and trade secrets.
2. A patent protects an innovation.
3. A trademark protects the identity of the manufacturer or trader.
4. A registered design or model protects the form and design of an object.
5. Copyright and related rights protect the creator of an intellectual work.
Working on the text
Task 4. Match the terms in column A to their corresponding definitions in column B.
A B
1. counterfeit a) a steady movement of goods from one place to another
2. piracy b) a big mass of something
3. flow c) to copy something in order to deceive people
4. shift d) a way of doing something that is typical of a particular person or group
5. goods e) the place in which something begins to exist
6. modus operandi f) the crime of illegal copying and selling
7. origin g) working for a particular period of time and then being replaced by others
8. bulk h) things that are produced in order to be sold
Task 5. Match the synonyms and translate them into Russian.
| counterfeit employee trade consignment commitment integral part traffic fraudulent | hard work and loyalty deceiving a necessary part of something movement of goods, ships, etc. from one place to another the exchange of goods worker fake lot |
Task 6. Look through the text and write out the words which have the same form for a verb and a noun.
Task 7. Form adjectives with the opposite meaning using the prefixes un-, il-, im-.
legal important possible
lawful necessary social
limited proper natural
licit probable significant
Task 8. Give the definitions of such crimes as: fraud, forgery, trafficking, passing-off. (You are supposed to know or guess the meaning, but can look up the dictionary to find out.)
Task 9. Match left and right to explain why the IP infringements are perpetrated.
1. to gain a) internal taxes
2. to bypass b) prohibitions and restrictions
3. to avoid c) a money laundering scheme
4. to evade d) an unfair market advantage
5. to be used as e) laws relating to patents and copyrights
Task 10. Answer the following questions.
1. What is globalization?
2. What is the reason for an unprecedented surge in industrial counterfeiting?
3. Why do counterfeiting and piracy form an integral part of the world of consumers?
4. What articles are now being counterfeited in comparison with the past period of 20 years?
5. What is the modus operandi developed by criminal organizations to move counterfeit goods?
6. What technique is widespread now?
7. What has made Customs administrations adapt their control techniques?
8. What initiatives have been adopted by the WCO?
9. Are these tools mandatory?
10. What mission is vital for Customs administrations across the globe?
Task 11. Translate the text from English into Russian.
Infringements of intellectual property are ruinous for any country’s economy. Counterfeiting of trademarks and unauthorized usage of copyright cause enormous losses to the right holders. The right holders may bring an action to court and be granted damages, but sometimes they are not even aware that a violation of the IP right is being committed, and the infringer can be identified only in the course of a special investigation.
Task 12. You know different types of customs violations. The most usual are … (continue the sentence). Why is combating counterfeiting and piracy a priority to the WCO and its members now?
Task 13. Translate the text into English.
Дозажигался…
Появившиеся на рынке Ставрополя поддельные зажигалки Cricket изъяты у частного предпринимателя.
Проверку бизнесмена инициировали ставропольские таможенники, к которым обратился представитель компании Swedish Match, являющейся производителем брендовых зажигалок. В ходе рейда выяснилось, что у бизнесмена нет никаких документов от правообладателя, дающих право заниматься реализацией этой продукции. В свое оправдание он заявил, что приобрел товар у оптового продавца в Ростове-на-Дону и о его контрафактности не знал. Между тем менее года назад этот человек уже привлекался к административной ответственности по статье 14.10 КоАП за незаконное использование товарного знака. Тогда у него было изъято 5500 штук зажигалок. В этот раз товар изъят в количестве 6000 штук.
Компания Swedish Match всерьез обеспокоена появлением на российских рынках поддельных аналогов своей продукции. По словам российского представителя компании Вячеслава Полнежаева, производители фальсифицированной продукции не могли остаться в стороне от столь обширного рынка и предлагают покупателям кустарные копии китайского производства, которые, помимо того, что незаконно используют товарный знак и не сертифицированы, опасны для здоровья потребителей.
Task 14. Discuss the statements in buzz-groups. Do you agree or disagree?
1. Globalization damages local goods, services and cultures.
2. Globalization raises people’s living standards.
3. Most manufacturers of top brands do not wish to produce their goods in low-cost countries because they believe that it will damage their brand image.
4. Consumers no longer care about where the products are manufactured.
Task 15. Write a short report on the result of your discussion.
Text V
Pre-reading
Task 1. Translate the following words.
English Russian
combat …
… почтовая пересылка
traffic …
enforcement …
… законодательство
interception …
consignment …
… взрывчатые вещества
… радиоактивные вещества
valuables …
Task 2. Look up the pronunciation of the words in the dictionary:
era, virtual, superstore, procedures, obstacle, techniques.
Task 3. Answer the questions: What prohibited goods do you know? Why are they prohibited for bringing in or taking out?
Task 4. Give synonyms to the phrase “to carry out Customs control”.
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