I. Vocabulary and reading comprehension.
Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:
civil, nature, construction, fortification, occupation, calculation, irrigation, project, public, finance, special, popular, port, hydroelectric, consultation.
2. Menorize the following words and expressions necessarry to comprehend the text:
| civil engineering | цивільне будівництво |
| military engineering | військово-будівельна справа |
| to be engaged in smth. | займатися чим-небудь |
| to be responsible (for smth.) | відповідати, бути відповідальним |
| degree of involvement (with other fields) | ступінь зв’язку /з іншими галузями/ |
| in contrast to | на відміну від |
| to make use of smth. | користуватися чим-небудь, використовувати |
| harbour | пристань |
| domestic dwelling | житловий будинок |
| multistorey flats | багатоквартирний будинок |
| with (in) reference to | відносно, стосовно /чого-небудь/ |
| alloy | сплав |
| water supply | водопостачання |
| hydroelectric schemes | гідроелектричні проекти |
| precast (prefabricated) concrete | збірний залізобетон |
| reinforced concrete | залізобетон |
| prestressed concrete | попередньо напружений бетон |
| a great deal of | багато, велика кількість |
| hard and fast (dividing line) | непорушна, раз на завжди встановлена межа /лінія поділу/ |
| honourable | почесний |
3. Read the text and carry out the following assignments:
a) find the paragraph emphasizing the value of the work done by the civil engineers;
b) find the sentences explaining the difference between the word “building” and the term "structural engineering";
c) choose the best Ukrainian title, expressing the main idea of the text:
Планування і забудова міст;
Важлива і почесна професія;
Цивільне будівництво.
Civil Engineering
Civil engineering was not distinguished from other branches of engineering until 200 years ago.This term was first used to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from military engineering. Most early engineers were engaged in the canstruction of fortifications and were responsible for building the roads and bridges required for the movement of troops and supplies.
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The Roman armies of occupation in Europe had brilliant engineers. After the collapse of the Roman Empire there was little progress in communications. It was only with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the invention of the steam engine and the realization of the potentialities in the use of iron that it revived. Roads, canals, railways, ports, harbours and bridges were then built by engineers who called theaselves "civil" in contrast to military engineers. This may have emphasized the value of thair work to the community.
Today, the scope of civil engineering has become very broad. It is subdivided into such as construction (all kinds of buildings), highway and railway engineering, hydraulic engineering (canals, dams, drainage and irrigation systems) and municipal engineering (city planning, traffic regulation, water supply, and sewerage).
Civil engineering is an extremely broad professional field. It must make use of many different branches of knowledge, including mathematics, theory of structures, hydraulics, soil mechanics, surveying, hydrology, geology, economics and the most recently a knowledge of computers. Civil engineering problems involve the physical, mathematical, earth, social, communication, and engineering sciences. Civil engineering projects involve many other professional areas, including law, public health, economics, management, finance, and other branches of engineering. The scope and complexity of the field, and its degree of involvement with other fields, has increased rapidly with the development of modern science and technology and the growth of population and national economy. Taken as a whole, modern civil engineering constitutes a vital element of national industry which involves large numbers of people of various special interests and occupations.
Speaking about civil engineering we must properly use the words “construction” and “building”.
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The term "construction" is used to denote the erection, and repair of all types of buildings, roads, bridges, and other structures.
The word “building” is mainly used in the sense of domestic dwellings, including houses and, multistorey flats, schools, hospitals and office blocks, while “civil engineering” is used with reference to bridges, roads, harbours, water supply and hydroelectric schemes.
The term “structural engineering” means particularly the calculation and design of all kinds of structures whose strength is mostly provided by steel, reinforced, prestressed, or precast concrete, or other alloys. This work involves a great deal of mathematics аnd consultations from several different professions.
We should remember that there is no hard and fast dividing line between these terms.
Civil engineering is a very popular and honourable profession in our country.
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