ORAL HYGIENE AND THE PREVENTION OF DENTAL DISEASE
CARIES. CAUSES OF CARIES
КАРІЄС. ПРИЧИНИ КАРІЄСУ
PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:
Cariology [kɑ:rɪ'ɒlədʒɪ],vulnerable ['vʌlnǝrəbl], bacteria [bæk'tɪərɪə],varnish ['vɑ:nɪʃ], carbohydrates[̗kɑ:bəυ'haɪdreɪt], biofilm ['baɪəυֽfɪlm], convert [kən'vɜ:t], fermentation [̗fɜ:men'teɪʃn], saliva [sə'laɪvə], salivary ['sælɪvǝrɪ].
Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:
cariology карієсологія (вивчення виникнення та розвитку
карієсу)
vulnerable сприйнятливий; чутливий
varnish зовнішній наліт
creamy-coloured mass кремоподібна маса
caries-causing bacteria бактерії, які спричиняють карієс
fermentable що піддається ферментації; що проводить
бродіння
trapped between teeth застрягти між зубами
collect нагромаджуватися; зосереджуватися
biofilm біоплівка
convert перетворювати; трансформувати
submandibular gland підщелепна залоза
Exercise 3. Find the equivalent:
responsible for initiating caries 1. утворення карієсу
caries formation 2. молочна кислота
fermentable carbohydrates 3. зосереджуватися біля зубів та
ясен
collect around the teeth and gums 4. відповідальний за первинний
карієс
lactic acid 5. зброджуваний вуглевод
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Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the Modal Verbs:
1. There are certain diseases and disorders affecting teeth which can leave an individual at a greater risk for caries.
2. Teeth may be left more vulnerable to decay.
3. The enamel is not able to protect the tooth.
4. You should clean your teeth twice a day.
5. Caries must be extracted with the special dentistry instruments.
Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:
CARIES. CAUSES OF CARIES
Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavity, is a disease where bacterial processes damage hard tooth structure (enamel, dentin and cementum). These tissues progressively break down, producing dental cavities (holes in the teeth). Two groups of bacteria are responsible for initiating caries, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli. If left untreated, the disease can lead to pain, tooth loss, infection, and, in severe cases, death. Today, caries remains one of the most common diseases all over the world. Cariology is the study of dental caries.
There are four main criteria required for caries formation: a tooth surface (enamel or dentin); caries-causing bacteria; fermentable carbohydrates (such as sucrose); and time.
There are certain diseases and disorders affecting teeth which may leave an individual at a greater risk for caries. Teeth may be left more vulnerable to decay because the enamel is not able to protect the tooth. Caries is more likely to develop when food is trapped between teeth.
The mouth contains a wide variety of oral bacteria, but only a few specific species of bacteria are believed to cause dental caries: Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli among them. Bacteria collect around the teeth and gums in a sticky, creamy-coloured mass called plaque, which serves as a biofilm. Plaque may also collect along the gingiva.
Bacteria in a person's mouth convert glucose, fructose, and most commonly sucrose (table sugar) into acids such as lactic acid through a glycolytic process called fermentation. If left in contact with the tooth, these acids may cause demineralization, which is the dissolution of its mineral content. Fluoride toothpaste or dental varnish may aid remineralization.
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Medical conditions that reduce the amount of saliva produced by salivary glands, particularly the submandibular gland and parotid gland, are likely to lead to widespread tooth decay.
The use of tobacco may also increase the risk for caries formation.
POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 6. Look through the text and answer the questions:
1. What is dental caries?
2. How many groups of bacteria are responsible for initiating caries? Call them.
3. What can untreated caries lead to?
4. How is the study of dental caries called?
5. What are the main criteria required for caries formation?
6. What is trapped between teeth?
7. Where do bacteria collect around?
8. What may aid remineralization?
9. By what did medical conditions that reduce the amount of saliva produce?
10. What may tobacco do?
Exercise 7. Explain the following terms in English:
E. g. Hard tooth structure
Hard tooth structure is enamel, dentin and cementum.
Tooth decay, enamel, dentin, cementum, plaque, fermentation, acid
Exercise 8. Make the following sentences negative:
1. Caries remains one of the most common diseases all over the world.
2. Teeth may be left more vulnerable to decay because the enamel is not able to protect the tooth.
3. The mouth contains a wide variety of oral bacteria.
4. Fluoride toothpaste or dental varnish may aid remineralization.
5. The use of tobacco may also increase the risk for caries formation.
PULP DISEASES
ХВОРОБИ ПУЛЬПИ
PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:
Network ['netwɜ:k]; crown [kraυn]; tissue ['tɪʃu:]; hollow ['hɒləυ]; nourish ['nʌrɪʃ]; via ['vaɪə]; odontoblast [əυ'dɒntəblɒ:st]; decay [dɪ'keɪ]; abrasion [ə'breɪʒn]; erosion [ɪ'rəυʒn]; layer ['leɪə]; vulnerable ['vʌlnǝrəbl]; hypersensitivity [̗haɪpə'sensətɪviti]; diminish [dɪ'mɪnɪʃ]; shield [ʃi:ld].
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Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:
hollow central chamber каріозна центральна пульпова порожнина
the pulp nourishes the surrounding dentin via пульпа забезпечує живлення оточуючого дентин шляху
odontoblast відросточна клітина пульпи зубного органу та сформованого зубу; дентінобласт
undetected tooth decay приховане руйнування зуба
advanced periodontal disease запущена періодонтальна хвороба
wear away the tooth's hard outer layers стерти тверді зовнішні шари зуба
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vulnerable pulp вразлива пульпа
knocked out tooth вибитий зуб
a hallmark of pulp injury ознака пошкодження пульпи
the dentin has been exposed дентин піддався дії
to reach the tooth's nerves досягти нервів зуба
umbrella term узагальнюючий термін
from invading від поширення
Exercise 3 . Read the word combinations and translate them:
Network of nerves; blood vessels; a hollow central chamber; undetected tooth decay; advanced periodontal disease; pulp trauma;broken or knocked out tooth; sensations of heat, cold, and irritation; many toothpastes made for sensitive teeth; pulp inflammation; bacterial infection; dead tissue; surrounding tissues; to prevent the infection from invading other parts of the body.
Exercise 4. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Modal Verbs:
1. The pulp can be damaged in a number of ways.
2. To reduce sensitivity, you might try one of the many toothpastes made for sensitive teeth.
3. Abrasion and erosion can also wear away the tooth's hard outer layers, leaving the pulp vulnerable.
4. A bacterial infection in the pulp may kill the nerve.
Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:
PULP DISEASES
The life or death of a tooth depends on the health of the pulp. This network of nerves, blood vessels, and tissues occupies a hollow central chamber that extends from the crown of the tooth to its roots. The branch of dentistry that specializes in preventing and treating pulp problems is called endodontics.
The pulp nourishes the surrounding dentin via specialized cells called odontoblasts.
The pulp can be damaged in a number of ways. Among the most common are undetected tooth decay and advanced periodontal disease. Abrasion and erosion can also wear away the tooth's hard outer layers, leaving the pulp vulnerable. Pulp trauma occurs when a tooth is broken or knocked out.
Although tooth sensitivity is a hallmark of pulp injury, hypersensitivity does not in itself mean that the pulp is damaged. It means that the dentin has been exposed, allowing sensations of heat, cold, and irritation to reach the tooth's nerves.
Tooth sensitivity diminishes naturally with age. To reduce sensitivity, you might try one of the many toothpastes made for sensitive teeth.
Pulpitis is an umbrella term for all forms of pulp inflammation. In some cases, a natural coating of dentin will form over the pulp to shield it from the irritant, and the nerve will recover without treatment. A bacterial infection in the pulp usually kills the nerve. The infection then spreads through the dead tissue in the root canal and passes through the opening at the end of the root into the surrounding tissues. Root canal therapy or removing the tooth are the only ways to prevent the infection from invading other parts of the body.
POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 6. Answer the questions to the text:
1. On what does the life or death of a tooth depend on?
2. How is called the branch of dentistry that specializes in preventing and treating pulp problems?
3. What does the pulp nourish?
4. How can the pulp be damaged?
5. When does pulp trauma occur?
6. What is the hallmark of pulp injury?
7. How does tooth sensitivity diminish?
8. What you might to do to reduce sensitivity?
9. What does usually kill the nerve?
10. How does the infection then spread?
Exercise 7. Agree or contradict the following statements:
1. The branch of dentistry that specializes in preventing and treating crown problems is called endodontics.
2. Among the most common damages of the pulp are detected tooth decay and advanced periodontal disease.
3. Pulp trauma occurs when a tooth is filled or extracted.
4. Tooth sensitivity diminishes naturally with age.
5. Root canal therapy or removing the tooth are not the only ways to prevent the infection from invading other parts of the body.
Exercise 8. Put questions to the underlined words:
1. The life or death of a tooth depends on the health of the pulp.
2. The pulp can be damaged in a number of ways.
3. Abrasion and erosion can also wear away the tooth's hard outer layers, leaving the pulp vulnerable.
4. Hypersensitivity does not in itself mean that the pulp is damaged.
5. In some cases, a natural coating of dentin will form over the pulp to shield it from the irritant, and the nerve will recover without treatment.
ORAL HYGIENE
ГІГІЄНА РОТОВОЇ ПОРОЖНИНИ
PART I
PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:
hygiene 
, entail 
, plaque 
remnant ['remnant], inconvenient 
,substitute [sΛbstitju:t], method 
, detergent 
, alternative 
,additional 
.
Exercise 2 . Learn the following words:
Measure ['me 
ə] засіб
Remnant ['remnant] залишки
Debris ['debri] відкладення, наліт
Occasion [ə'kei n] випадок
Plain [plein] простий
Raw [ 
] свіжий, сирий
Rinse [rins] ополіскування
Firm [fə:m] твердий
Substitute [sΛbstitju:t] замінник
Tough [tΛf] жорсткий
Exercise 3. Find the equivalent:
| 1. Resistance of teeth to disease | 1. Першопричина карієсу та захворювань пародонту |
| 2. The primary cause of caries and periodontal disease | 2. Стійкість зубів до захворювань |
| 3. Satisfactory alternative to brushing | 3. Полоскання рота звичайною водою |
| 4. Plain water mouth rinse | 4. Усунення залишків їжі |
| 5. Elimination of food stagnation | 5.Утримання зубів чистими від залишків їжі |
| 6. Keeping the teeth free from food debris | 6.Задовільна альтернатива чищенню |
Exercise 4 . Give Russian equivalent to the following word combinations:
Dental disorders, elimination of food stagnation, bacterial irritation, dental health education, resistance of teeth to disease, detergent food, by virtue of…, tough fibrous consistency, to scour the teeth clean of food remnants, a plain water mouth rinse, food particles, a satisfactory alternative to brushing, an additional measure.
Exercise 5. Translate into Ukrainian using Active or Passive voice:
1. Every tooth (to insert) into the jaw by its root.
2. Dentine (to occupy) the interior of the crown and root, and is very sensitive to pain.
3. Because the important tooth comes through at such an early date and (not to replace) a temporary tooth, it (to overlook) and (to permit) to decay.
4. The duct from the parotid gland (to pass forward) through the check to open into the buccal sulcus.
Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:
ORAL HYGIENE AND THE PREVENTION OF DENTAL DISEASE
Most dental disorders arise from two basic diseases of the teeth
and their supporting tissues — caries and periodontal disease. Prevention of dental
disease therefore entails elimination of food stagnation, as this is the primary cause
of caries and periodontal disease. Food stagnation causes plaque formation; which leads to acid production, in the case of caries; and to bacterial irritation and
calculus in periodontal disease. The methods of prevention are oral hygiene; preventive dentistry; dental health education and increasing the resistance of teeth to disease.
Oral hygiene consists simply of keeping the teeth free from food debris,2 thus preventing plaque formation which leads to dental disease. It can be achieved by cleaning the teeth regularly after meals and not eating between meals. Cleaning is best performed by brushing as this is the only way3 of removing plaque. If brushing is not possible, food debris can be removed by finishing the meal with a detergent food (raw, firm, fibrous fruits or vegetables, e.g. apples, pears, carrots, celery, etc.) By virtue of their tough fibrous consistency they require much chewing and thereby scour the teeth clean of food remnants. It may be inconvenient to brush the teeth or eat an apple after meals when you are not at home. On such occasions a plain water mouth rinse, which can be swallowed afterwards, is better than nothing. Of all these methods of cleaning teeth, tooth brushing is the most effective. When properly done4 it removes plaque, whereas detergent foods can only clean away loose food particles. Detergent foods or mouth rinsing is not a satisfactory alternative to brushing; it is an additional measure at the end of a meal, or a substitute when brushing is not possible.
1 which in turn — який, в свою чергу…
2 keeping the teeth free from food debris — утримування зубів чистими від залишків їжі
3 the only way — єдиний шлях
4 when properly done — за умови правильного виконання
POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 7. Answer the questions:
1. What do most disorders arise from?
2. Why does prevention of dental disease entail elimination of food stagnation?
3. What does food stagnation cause?
4. What methods of prevention do you know?
5. How can plaque formation be prevented?
6. What is oral hygiene?
7. Why is cleaning best performed by brushing?
8. How can food debris be removed if brushing is not possible?
9. What detergent food can you name?
10. What one must do if brushing or eating an apple is not possible?
11. Is plain water mouth rinse a satisfactory alternative to brushing?
12. What is the most effective method of cleaning teeth?
13. When does tooth brushing remove plaque?
Exercise 8. Translate the following words putting each of them into the appropriate column of the table according to the part of speech they belong to:
Dental, basic, rinse, particle, debris, , to substitute, free ,to remove, periodontal, simply, primary, to clean, brushing, bacterial, to brush, oral, possible, оn , regularly, can, cleaning , to rinse meal, detergent, after, raw, firm, tough, mouth, at, fibrous, measure, inconvenient, effective, of, clean, consistency, from, satisfactory, additional, properly, to do.
| Noun | Verb | Preposition | Adjective | Adverb |
| measure | to do | of | firm | properly |
| … | … | … | … | … |
Exercise 9. Explain the following terms in English:
Oral hygiene, alveolar abscess, pulpitis, normal occlusion.
Exercise 10. Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:
Прямо або опосередковано; зубний наліт; призводити до ...; уникнути; залишки їжі; утримувати зуби чистими від нальоту; сирий; за рахунок; де-небудь іще ; полоскання ротової порожнини водою; краще , ніж ніщо; чищення зубів зубною щіткою; тверді продукти; додатковий захід.
PART II
PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:
matrix 
, adhere , accessible 
, gingival previce, gum margin 
, periodontum 
, require 
.
Exercise 2 . Learn the following words:
Matrix матриця (пластина для тимчасового замiщення вiдсутньої стiнки зуба при його пломбуваннi)
Adhere прилипати, бути прикрiпленим
Accessible 
доступний
Gingival той, що вiдноситься до ясен
Gum margin край
Periodontum периодонт
Require потребувати
Tartar зубний камiнь
Dislodge витiсняти, видаляти
Requirement вимога, необхiдна умова
Mesial 
медiальний
Exercise 3. Find the equivalent:
Доступна поверхня зуба; край десни; нанести пасту; серединний; кругові рухи; стирання; абразiя; ретельно; весь процесс; инвалiди; правильно; той,що вiдноситься до прикусу; потребувати часу; мати тенденцiю.
Exercise 4. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions:
1. Pulp death is sometimes followed ... development ... chronic alveolar abscess.
2. The dead pulp decomposes and infected matherial passes ... the apical foramen ... the periodontal membrane and alveolar bone at the apex of the tooth.
3. The lower jaw is made ... ... two parts.
4. The roots of teeth are held in place ... sockets .... a membrane, which is called the periodontal membrane.
5. .... the ages of six and twelve or thirteen deciduous teeth loose and drop ... , and are promptly replaced ... the permanent ones.
6. While the temporary teeth are still ... place ... the mouth, the permanent teeth are commencing to form ... the jaw bone.
7. There are several sublingual ducts and these open ... the floor of the mouth just ... the orifice ... the submandibular duct.
8. The teeth must be brushed systematically... the morning, and ... the evening.
9. Not more than two teeth... a time should be brushed, and this should be done both
horizontally and vertically (away from the gums) ... the buccal and labial aspects,
and forwards and sideways ... the occlusal surface; and the total time, including
several cleansings of the bristles, need not exceed two or three minutes.
10. It is obvious that the brushing... teeth cannot be relied upon alone to prevent caries, but it should be regarded as an adjuvant to other means ... prophylaxis.
Exercise 5.Translate into English:
1. Зубнi щiтки застосовуються для видалення залишкiв їжi та зубного нальоту
з усiх поверхонь зубiв та мiжзубних проміжків.
2. При захворюваннях пародонту слiд використовувати щiтку з бiльш м’якою щетиною.
3. Строк використання однiєї зубної щітки не більше ніж 6 місяців.
4. Рухи щітки при чищенні зубів мають бути направлені від шийки зуба у 5. бік ріжучого краю, тобто по вертикалі.
6. Зубні бляшки видаляються з поверхні зубів лише через 30 секунд після її 7. ретельної механічної обробки.
8. Багато хто не знає, як правильно та ефективно чистити зуби.
9. Тривалість чищення, як правило, складає не меньше трьох хвилин.
Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:
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