Read and translate the following questions, answer them.

Вариант 1.

WHY DO PEOPLE BUILD?

№1 Translate the text .

We build because we need shelter. We need shelter from sun, rain, wind, and snow. Not much that modern people do takes place outdoors. Our activities mostly take place indoors. For these activities we need air that warmer or cooler than air outdoors. We may also need less light by day and more light by night than is provided by nature.

It is a well-known fact that modern people in many countries also need services. Modern services must provide energy, water, communications, and dispose of waste. Sanitary accommodation is also necessary and very important. For sanitary accommodation people must ventilation. It is important to note that all services and accommodations are preplanned and located on a site plan. A site plan must be prepared and provided for every building and every construction.

In order to have shelter provided with modern services and accommodation, people all over the world use many different construction materials and arrange them into different constructions. Since prehistoric times these constructions have served as shelter and accommodation for a man, a group of people, a family, a few families, many families, an organization, or an enterprise.

What are the branches modern civil construction has? Among the branches the main ones are housing construction, construction of industrial enterprises, construction of railroads, highways, subways, construction of bridges, dams, ports, canals, construction of different sporting facilities. Among them there are stadiums, aquaparks, swimming pools, sporting complexes, and others.

№2. Read and translate the following questions, answer them.

1. Why do people need shelter?

2. What king of services and accommodation do modern people need and use?

3. What branches of modern civil construction do you know?

4. Do you attend any sporting facilities? What sporting facilities do you attend? How often do you attend them? Do you attend them regularly?

№3. Translate the following examples.

Much air, less light, few people, more waste, little energy, a few buildings, fewer sites, many shelters, little sunshine.

№4. Put down the corresponding English words.

They stayed (в помещении) __________ (из-за) __________ the rainy weather.
People build houses (так как) __________ they need (убежище) ______________.
People’s activity takes place both (в доме)___________________ and ( на улице)_______________.
Sanitary accommodation (избавление от отбросов) __________ are provided by modern services.
Accommodations are (планируются заранее)_________________ and located on a site plan.

Вариант №2.

EXCAVATION

№1 Translate the text.

What does construction of a building start with? Construction of any building usually starts with excavation. Excavation is a process necessary for the construction of every modern building.

It is a well-known that there exist different kinds of soil. It is also a well-known fact the structure of the upper stratum of the soil is of great importance for excavation. The foundation of a building should never be placed on organic soils because of this kind are easily decomposed. They are decomposed because water and wind change their structure. So, if the upper stratum of soil is organic, it must be removed from the construction area in order to guard the foundation of the building against water and wind erosion. Further excavation may take place only after the upper organic stratum has been removed. In colder climates the foundations of buildings should be placed below the level to which the ground freezes in winter.

What are the major parts of a building? Modern buildings have three major parts. These are the superstructure, the substructure, and the foundation. The superstructure is the above-ground part of a building; the substructure- its below- ground part. As to the third part-foundation-its function is of great importance as it serves to transfer the loads a building into the upper stratum of earth- its soil.

№2. Read and translate the following questions, answer them.

How many major parts does a modern building usually have?
What are the major parts of a building?
How is the above- ground (below- ground) part of a building called?
What is the function of a foundation?
Which part of soil is of great importance for excavation?

№3. Give the Russian equivalents of the following words.

Remove- ______________________________

Rebuild- ______________________________

Re- transfer- ______________________________

Destabilize- ______________________________

Dewater- ______________________________

Deactivation- ______________________________

Supervisor- ______________________________

Superheating- ______________________________

Substratum- ______________________________

Subpanel- ______________________________

Degas- ______________________________

Subsoil- ______________________________

№4. Choose and put down the attributes opposite in the meaning to the given ones. Translate the combinations.

Attributes: above- ground, substructure of a building, above, warm, inorganic, lower, unnecessary

Model: below- ground and above- ground parts

Upper and ____________________ strata

Organic and ____________________ soils

Cold and ____________________ climate

Below and ____________________ the level of freezing

Necessary and ____________________ details

Вариант №3.

FOUNDATION.

№1 Translate the text.

It is a well-known fact that every building needs permanent stability. In order to have stability, buildings should have foundations. We know that the function of a foundation is to transfer the loads of a building into the soil. Foundations keep the walls and the floors of buildings from direct contact with the soil. They guard the walls and the floors against the action of the weather- rain, snow, and wind. They also guard buildings against sinking that may cause cracks in the walls. Foundation design is very special. It may be both rather complex or very simple. It is a common practice that for very small buildings foundation design is usually mush simpler than for large ones. Why is it so? Firstly, because foundations loads of small buildings are usually low.

What kinds of loads are supported by foundations? A foundation may support different kinds of loads. Among them there are dead loads and live loads. The dead load of a building includes the weights of the ceilings, the frame, the floor, roofs and the walls. Besides, every modern building is know to have water, electricity, heating, ventilation and dispose of waste systems and, accordingly, their equipment. The dead load also includes the weights of this electrical and mechanical equipment and the weight of the foundation itself. As to the live load, it includes the sum of the weights of the people and other living beings, the furnishings, and equipment they use. The live load also includes snow, ice, and water of the roof.

№2.Read and translate the following questions, answer them.

1. For what reason does every building need stability?

2. What functions of a foundation do you know?

What may cause cracking in the walls of buildings?
What are the loads supported by foundations?
What parts does dead load (live load) include?

№3. Translate the given Russian words into the English ones.

Foundations keep both the (стены и пол) __________ from the contact with the (почва) _______________.
Sinking may cause (трещины) __________ in the walls of a building.
Foundation design may be both (весьма сложный) __________________ and (весьма простой) __________.
The foundations (поддерживаю) ______________ both dead loads and (динамический вес) ______________ of buildings.
The dead load (включает в себя) __________________ the (вес) __________ of electrical and mechanical (оборудование) _____________

№4. Distribute the words given below into two columns: nouns, verbs.

Model: Nouns Verbs

Crack Found

Precontrol, include, frame, react, reaction, equip, equipment, crack, found, foundation, cause, support, flop, sink, wall, transfer.

Вариант №4.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.

№1. Read and translate the article.

Materials used for construction purposes possess different properties. They differ in durability, strength, weight, fire-and decay-resistance and, naturally, cost.

Wood, timber, brick, stone, concrete, metals, and plastics belong to the most popular building materials used nowadays. They all have their advantages and disadvantages that are taken into account when designing a structure.

Wood belongs to naturally growing materials. It is known to be the oldest construction material and is still widely used for different purposes. Wood is popular since it has low weight and is easy to work. Besides, it grows naturally and is cheap. But its usage is limited because of its disadvantages: it easily burns and decays. As to stone, it also belongs to the oldest building materials. Among its advantages there are strength, high heat insulation and fire-resistance.

Brick belongs to artificial construction materials. It has been used in many countries and in different climates. In modern times bricks vary widely with the method of production and temperature of burning.

Concrete is known to be one of the most popular building materials. It is produced by mixing cement, gravel, water, and sand in the proper amounts.

Read and translate the following questions, answer them.

Into what groups can construction materials be divided?
What are the advantages (disadvantages) of wood, stone, metals?
What two groups are metals divided into?
What is the difference between ferrous non-ferrous metals?

№3. Which of the materials listed below are natural, artificial?

Metal, stone, brick, concrete, gravel, wood, sand, timber, iron.

№4. Which of the properties of construction materials may be classified as advantageous? Disadvantageous?

High cost fire-resistance non-fire-resistance

Low resistance low cost high strength

High weight durability corrosion-resistance

Heavy weight hardness softness

№5. Which of words given below are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs? Translate every word.

Height, high, deepen, depth, deeply, strength, strengthen, strong, long, highly, lengthen, length, hard, hardly, harden, hardness.

Вариан №5.

WOOD.

№1. Read and translate the article.

Wood has been a highly used building material since prehistoric times. Among other highly used construction materials there are concrete, steel, brick, stone, and plastics. They all differ in their properties and in the methods of usage. Construction materials are known to differ in strength, hardness, fire-and corrosion-resistance durability, and, naturally, cost.

Being the oldest building material, wood is also known to be the only naturally growing organic material. Is wood strong? Hardly so, because wood always contains some water which decreases its strength. But after the wood is cut, the water content starts to evaporate and as the water content decreases the strength of cut wood and its hardness start to increase. It is a well-known fact that the drier is the cut wood the greater is its strength and hardness.

Trees are known to grow naturally, which makes wood a constantly renewable natural resource. Among other advantages of wood there are its low cost, low weight, and high workability. But, as any other construction material, wood has its disadvantages. The main ones are the following-it is not fire-resistant, it easily burns. Besides, it easily decays.

№2. Translate the following sentences. Mind the Complex Subject.

Water content is known to decrease in the cut wood.
Wood as a structural material is considered to be highly used because of its low weight, low cost, and high workability.
Use of concrete for building purposes is announced to be constantly increasing all over the world.
The strength and hardness of cut wood are known to increase as its water content evaporates.

№3. Give the English equivalents of the Russian words.

Small (полосы) __________________ of wood are (склеены) ____________________ together.
Wood in panel form is more (предпочтителен) __________________ for some construction (цеди) ______________ than (доски) __________
(фанерные) __________________panels are made up of (тонкие) ___________________ (деревянные) ___________________ veneers.

№4. Translate the following combinations into Russian.

Wood veneers laminated wood

Strip of land strips of wood glued together

Вариант №6.

TIMBER.

№1. Read and translate the article.

Timber belongs to one of the oldest building materials. It has been from ancient times and is still produced from cut wood. Timber has always been highly usable in construction because of its many advantages. To these belong its strength, light weight, cheapness, and high workability. Its other advantage is that it belongs to natural resources and is naturally renewable. It is the more so that about a third of the world is still considered to be covered with forests. Besides, timber is resistant to corrosion produced by chemical substances in the modern polluted atmosphere. One more advantage of timber is that it can be used for many construction purposes. But, naturally, timber has disadvantages and the main ones are that it is not fire-resistant and it easily decays; especially if it is not impregnated. Besides, freshly cut timber contains water that may cause great structural defects. Removal of water from timber is a necessary procedure that should take place before timber is used in practice. It increases strength and work-ability of the material and, of course, its durability.

What is timber mainly used for? Because of its many advantages it is highly used for producing window and floor frames, for flooring and roofing and for other various woodwork. The two main types of timber are hardwoods and softwoods. Of them, hardwoods are popular as materials used for decorative purposes: veneering in furniture and paneling. As to softwoods, they are mainly used for producing window and door frames and other kinds woodwork.

№2. 2 Read and translate the following questions, answer them.

1. What structural materials does timber belong to?

What is it produced from?
What are the main advantages (disadvantages) of timber?
Why is removal of water from timber useful for construction purposes?
What are the two main types of timber?

№3. Read the examples. Translate them into English.

площадь поверхности

настил

половая балка

кровельное железо

потолочный вентилятор

кровельщик

№4. Choose and put down the English equivalents to the Russian word combinations given below.

Model: загрязненный воздух- polluted air

Surface waters, floor frame, roofer, chemical pollution, decorative purposes, surface cracks, strips of land, chemically polluted air, floor boards, roof iron, laminated panel.

Слоистая панель- ___________________

Кровельщик- ___________________

Поверхностные трещины- __________________

Полоски земли- ___________________

Химически загрязненный воздух- ___________________

Декоративные цели- ___________________

Химическое загрязнение- ___________________

Шпангоут- ___________________

Поверхностные воды- __________________

Настил- __________________

Кровельное железо- __________________

Вариант №7.

METALS.

№1. Read and translate the article.

From the History of Metals.

Metals began to be widely used as construction materials not so long ago. Before the beginning of the nineteenth century metals played little structural role in the process of building. Mostly they served for joining parts of buildings. The ancient Greeks and Romans are known to use bronze for joining slabs of stone.

It was only in the eighteenth century when the first all-metal structure was built in Europe. It was a cast-iron bridge across the river Severn in more than two centuries after its construction, it still carries heavy modern traffic across the Severn.

In the first half of the nineteenth century cast iron and wrought iron were introduced and used for industrial construction in Europe and North America. Steel was not widely used, being considered a rare and expensive building material. Inexpensive steel first began to be produced and used only with the invention of the Bessemer process, in the 1850s. From that period on, metal started to be used as rather popular and useful building material. The famous Eiffel Tower of Paris was constructed of wrought iron in 1889. By that period several steel frame skyscrapers had already been build in the United States. That was the beginning of the new era; a new highly useful and popular construction material had been born and introduced into building industry.

№2. Answer the questions given below. Try to do it without consulting the text of the article.

For what purposes were metals mostly used before the beginning of the nineteenth century?
What did ancient Greeks and Romans use bronze for?
When and where was the first all-metal structure built? What can you say about its present-day condition?
What kinds of iron were introduced in the first half of the nineteenth century?
Why was steel as a building material unpopular for a long period?

№3. Put down the corresponding verbs. Translate every word.

Model: cutter-to cup; фреза-резать

Caster-to _____________; ______________-____________________

Joiner-to _______________; _______________-_________________

Turner-to ______________; _______________-__________________

Iron worker-to _______________; _______________-_____________

Inventor-to _______________; _______________-________________

Introduction-to ________________; ______________-_____________

Invention-to ______________; ______________-_________________

Protection-to ______________; ______________-________________

Elimination-to _____________; ______________-________________

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