Профессии, специальности, рода занятий
Я студент. I am a student. Они инженеры. They are engineers;
Неизвестного предмета, его признаков, качества
This is a device. It is new. These are new books. They are interesting;
Времени, расстояния, явления природы, даты, состояния
It is 5 o'clock. It is far from here. It is cold. It is the 1st of September. It is necessary to ... необходимо. It is useful to ... полезно. It is impotent to ... важно. It is interesting to ... интересно. It is possible to ... возможно. It is desirable to ... желательно;
7) различных состояний человека
to be glad - быть довольным, to be sure - быть уверенным,
to be proud of- гордится, to be interested in - заинтересоваться,
to be busy - быть занятым, to be present - присутствовать,
to be fond of- увлекаться, to be absent - отсутствовать,
to be tired - быть усталым.
I. Переведите группы предложений:
I am a first year student of the Technical University. But my friends isn't. He is a worker. His name is Nick Petrov. He is 20.
I am in Omsk. But my parents aren't. They are in the Urals. They are engineers.
This text is difficult. But that one isn't. It necessary to use a dictionary. It is impotent to read this text. It is desirable to put down translation.
II. Поставьте глагол «to be» в нужной форме (числе, лице, времени), ориентируйтесь на обстоятельства.
Usually I (to be) free in evenings. I (to be) fond of music and I (to be) glad when my friends come to me and we listen to new records. My friend Nick (to be) also interested in music. We (to be) fond of classical music. Yesterday he (to be) not busy and came to me. I (to be) tired because I (to be) present at the conference but I (to be) glad to see him. It (to be) interesting for us to listen to new records. I hope that text Sunday we shall be also free and shall be glad to listen to music again. We shall invite our friend Victor. He (to be) busy and will come.
Оборот there is, there are
Информация 5:
Этот оборот служит для указания наличия или отсутствия какого - либо предмета, лица, явления в определенном месте или в определенное время. Предложения с этим оборотом отвечают на вопросы: что имеется? Кто находится? Что бывает? Что наблюдается в определенном месте?
|
|
|
there is (are)... - настоящее время
there was (were)... - прошедшее время
there will be ... - будущее время
Утвердительная форма
There is a beautiful park in this part of the city. There are some industrial enterprises in this part of the city. There was an old building at this place. There were some old building at this place. There will be a park here. There will be some bus routes in a new district.
Вопросительная форма
Is there a park in this part of the city? Are there any industrial enterprises in this city? Was there any new building at this place? Will there be any bus routes here? Отрицательная форма
There is no park in this part of the city. There are no industrial enterprises here. There was no old building here. There will be no park here.
Перевод предложений с оборотом there is ( are ) следует начинать с обстоятельства.
There are many higher schools in our town.
В нашем городе много вузов.
There were many wooden houses in this street.
На этой улице было много деревянных домов.
There will be about 100 persons at the conference.
На конференции будет около 100 человек.
Переведите предложения на русский язык
1. There are some interesting articles on this problem in this issue (выпуск). 2. There is great activity among young research workers of our university. 3. There are students of different departments in the scientific society of the university. 4. There are many interesting robots at the exhibition of students works. 5. There are many people at popular lectures organized by the Komsomol Committee. Составьте предложения с оборотом there is , there are, добавив обстоятельства
|
|
|
A) в настоящем времени .
Образец: There is a language laboratory at our university.
There are many laboratories in the building
(a computing center, a good dining room, a big library, many books about scientists, classroom, many pictures, drawing halls)
Б ) в прошедшем времени .
Образец: There were some students in this classroom.
There was a car near the building.
(a small garden, an old building, old equipment, only wooden houses, bus - stop)
в) в будущем времени.
Образец; There will be a new park at this place.
(a big stadium, metro, a conference in April, diagrams, computers)
г) с отрицанием no (not any).
Образец: There is no English class today.
There were no classes yesterday.
(meeting today, concert at our club, students in the lecture - room, dance to - night, devices on the shelf)
Задайте вопросы, содержащие оборот there is ( are ). Дайте краткие ответы. Работайте в парах.
Вопросы: Is there a ... ?
Are there (any) ... ?
How many ... s are there?
Ответы: Yes, there is (are).
No, there isn't (aren't).
There are many (some) ... s.
(a telephone in your apartment, a TV - set in your room, a machine - building faculty at the university, museum, stadium, plants and factories in our city, foreign students in your group, cinema in your street)
Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения, употребляя оборот there is ( are ) в нужном времени:
1. В нашем университете много факультетов. 2. На факультете имеются отделения. 3. В России много учебных заведений. 4. Есть ли в Омске университет? 5. Какие факультеты есть в Омском университете? 6. На моем столе была книга. 7. Есть ли стулья в той комнате? 8. В вашей работе много ошибок. 9. На этой улице будет новый кинотеатр. 10. Здесь были старые деревья.
|
|
|
Continuous Tenses
Информация 6:
Глагол в форме Continuous (продолженного вида) представляет действие как процесс и употребляется для выражения продолжающегося незаконченного, длящегося действия, происходящего в какой - либо момент в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем.
Образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице, числе и Participle I (форма на - ing) смыслового глагола (to be + ... ing)
Спряжение глагола to read в Continuous
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма | |
| Present | 
 I am
 You
We are reading
They
 She
He is
It
| 
 Am I
 you
Are we reading
they
 he
Is she
it
| 
 I am not
 You
We are not reading
They
 She
We is not
It
|
| Past |   I
He
She was
 It reading
We
You were
They
|   I
he
Was she
it reading
 we
Were you
they
|   I
He
She was not
It reading
 We
You were not
They
|
| Future |   I shell be
We
 You
They reading
He will be
She
It
|   Shall I
we
 you
they be reading
Will he
she
it
|   I
We shall
 You
They not be reading
He will
She
It
|
|
|
|
Прочитайте текст, укажите все случаи употребления Continuous Tenses.
I was slowly walking along the street when I met Peter an old friend of mine. “What, Nick? Where are you going?" asked Peter. "I really don't know where I am walking". I replied, shaking hands with Peter. "I was reading for the seminar on philosophy for 3 hours and now I am so tired that I am simply having my rest. Will you join me?" Peter had some free time and was glad to have a talk with me and we went along the street together.
Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительную форму.
1. The man is waiting for you. 2. The people are hurrying to the stadium to see the football match. 3. We were making an experiment in the laboratory for two hours. 4. The motor was working without troubles all the day. 5. Two boys were sitting on the bench and (were) talking.
Употребите глагол - сказуемое в форме Present Continuous или Present Indefinite.
1. Hallo, Peter! What (to do) you now? 2.Oh! Hallo, Nick. I (to read) a very interesting book. 3. Let's (to go) to the cinema. 4. I (to wait) for Victor near the cinema. 5. He (to have) an extra ticket. 6. We usually (to take) my sister Ann with us, but now she (to read) for a seminar. And she (not to like) the films about war.
Дайте ответы на вопросы, используя глаголы в скобках.
What are you (they) now
What is she (he) going
What were you (they) yesterday
What was she (he) in the evening
(to take a rest, to read a newspaper, to write a letter to the friend, to listen to the radio, to watch TV, to learn new English words, to have an English class)
Переведите на английский язык.
1. По вечерам я читаю газету. Вчера в 5 часов я читал газету.
2. В воскресенье мы обычно работаем в саду. Вчера мы работали в саду после обеда.
3. Обычно я смотрю телевизионные передачи для молодежи. Ребята сейчас смотрят передачу для молодежи.
4. У нас занятия по английскому языку всегда в аудитории 401. Сейчас аудитории 401 занятия по английскому языку у другой группы.
5. Что вы делаете по субботам? Что вы делаете в субботу вечером?
Perfect Tenses
Информация 7
Глагол в Present Perfect обозначает действие, предшествовавшее моменту речи в настоящем и связанного с этим моментом каким - то результатом (появление нового лица, предмета, создание новой ситуации, приобретения опыта и т. д.).
Образуется to have + Participle II
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
 I
You have done it
We
They
 He
She has done it
It
|  you
Have we done it
they
 she
Has he done it
it
|  I
You
We have not done it
They
 He
She has not done it
It
|
Present Perfect употребляется с обстоятельствами
to day, this week (month, year), just, already, yet, lately, since.
Present Perfect не употребляется с обстоятельствами точного времени в прошлом (вчера, на прошлой недели, в 1970 и т. д.).
Present Perfect не употребляется для выражения ряда последовательных действий, следующих одно за другим: Не entered the room, sat down and started working.
Глагол Present Perfect переводится на русский язык глаголом прошедшего времени совершенного вида, а если действие еще не закончилось, то глаголом в настоящем времени.
I have finished my work. Я закончил свою работу.
I have known them since 1980. Я знаю их с 1980 года.
I. Образуйте перфектный инфинитив следующих глаголов:
A. Модель : to prepare - to have prepared
(to open, to visit, to translate, to study, to produce, to look, to increase)
B. Модель: to meet - to have met
(to read, to write, to see, to come, to give, to go, to get, to find, to lose, to leave, to break, to bring, to make)
II. Постройте 10 предложений в Present Perfect, используя глаголы задания I.
Модель : Не has visited his friend. We have lost your note - book.
III. Переведите предложения.
1. What's the time? - Sorry, I have left my watch at home.
2. I don't see my dictionary on the table. Who has taken it?
3. Where are the students? They have just left for the library.
4. Have you heard the news about the work of the expeditions? No, we haven't yet seen the members of the expedition.
5. My sister has always helped me with my English.
6. We have read a lot of English books.
IV. Поставьте следующие предложения: в вопросительную форму (а), в отрицательную форму (б).
а) 1. You have taken my note - book. 2. Your sister has passed her English examination. 3. Her brother has entered the Moscow University. 4. The teacher has just left the class - room. 5. The students have just translated the text.
б) 1. Our dean has come from Moscow (yet). 2. We have written a letter to our friends in the GDR. 3. My friend has changed since I saw him last. 4. She has spoken the meeting today. 5.1 have done my home - work. 6. We have met them (since 1980). 7.1 have studied French (never).
V. Постройте предложения по образцам, используя слова, данные в скобках.
1.1 have seen him today.
(to meet him - lately; to go to the cinema - this week; to go to the country - this month; to read many English books - this summer; to speak about him - today)
2.1 haven't seen him since 1980.
(to speak with my friend - since last Sunday; to go to the theatre - since last month; to ski - since last winter; to translate from Russian into English - since I left school; to dance - since summer)
3. Have you ever been to London? I have never been to London.
(to Now York, to Paris; to Moscow; to Vladivostok; to Odessa ...)
4. Who has taken my book?
(to break the glass; to leave the note - book on the table; to take my pencil; to turn on the light; to take part in the conference; to see the new film, to bring the letter)
5. Why haven't you done it?
(to study the material; to learn these rules; to put it in its place; to close the door; to open the window, to switch of the light; to measure the temperature; to connect the elements of the circuit)
Past Perfect
Информация 8:
Глагол в Past Perfect обозначает действие, законченное к определенному моменту в прошлом или до начала другого действия. Этот момент может быть выражен обстоятельством времени с предлогом by (к) или другим действием, выраженным глаголом в Past Indefinite.
Образуется had + Participle II
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
 I
You
He
She had finished
It it by 5 o’clock
We
They
|
  you
he finished
Had she The work
it When we
they came?
|  I
You
We had not
They finished it
He by 5 o’clock
She
It
|
На русский язык глагол в Past Perfect переводится глаголом прошедшего времени совершенного вида (сделал, закончил, пришел, принес).
Не had finished his work by the time you came.
Он окончил свою работу к тому времени, когда он пришел.
I. Переведите предложения. Объясните употребление Past Perfect.
1. You had studied English before you entered the institute. 2. They had arrived at the station by 6 o'clock. 3. Peter had passed all his entrance examinations by the end of August. 4. The teacher had given the students their homework before the bell rang. 5. Ann had translated a number of English articles on this problem before she could write a report. 6. When we came, Peter had looked through all the rules. 7. By 7 o'clock all the participants of the conference had gathered in a large hall. 8. How many pages had you read by the lesson? 9. You had finished the work by that time yesterday, hadn't you? 10. He had published a number of articles by the time he defended his thesis?
II. Переведите синтаксический разбор следующих предложений и поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам.
1. The students went home after they had finished their work.
2. The lectures had begun by the time I entered the room.
3. By the time we left school we had finished learning Russian literature.
Future Perfect
Информация 9:
Глагол в Future Perfect обозначает действие, которое завершится к определенному моменту в будущем или до начала другого действия. Этот момент может быть выражен обстоятельством времени с предлогом by (к) или другим действием, выраженным в форме Present In definite.
I (we) shall have passed all the examination by the end of August. Я (мы) сдадим все экзамены к концу августа. Не (she, they, you) will have passed the exams by the end of August. Он (она, они, вы) сдадут экзамены к концу августа.
I. Переведите следующие предложения.
1. We shall have solved all the problems before they come.
2. By the end of the next century people, we hope, will have solved the problems of interplanetary travel.
3. Scientists will have made a number of wonderful discoveries.
4. By the time you graduate from the institute you will have acquired knowledge both in general educational subjects and in special ones.
5. We shall have finished our work before you come.
6. We all shall have become engineers by 2000.
Sequence of Tenses (согласование времен)
Информация 10:
В английском языке в дополнительном предложении время глагола зависит от времени глагола главного предложения.
Если сказуемое предложения стоит в прошедшем времени, то глагол придаточного предложения стоит в одном из прошедших времен.
1. Если действие придаточного предложения происходит одновременно с действием главного, то сказуемое придаточного предложения стоит в Past Indefinite (Continuous) и переводится на русский язык глаголом в настоящем времени.
She said (that) she worked at the plant.
Она сказала, что работает на заводе.
She said (that) she was writing a latter.
Она сказала, что пишет письмо.
2. Если действие придаточного предложения предшествовало действию главного, то глагол - сказуемое придаточного предложения стоит в Past Perfect и переводится на русский язык в прошедшем времени.
She said (that) he had worked at the factory.
Она сказала, что работает на заводе.
3. Если действие придаточного предложения последует за действием главного, т. е. совершится в будущем, то сказуемое этого предложения стоит в Future - in - the Past should ( would ) с инфинитивом смыслового глагола без частицы to.
Не was sure we should come.
Он был уверен, что мы придем.
I didn't know they would do it.
Я не знал, что они сделают это.
I. Переведите следующие предложения.
1. Не said it was the very (тот самый) man he was looking for.
2. I was sure that he would not find out about our trouble.
3. We have not yet decided who would take part in the conference.
4. Hellen was not sure that she would be able to come soon.
5. Nobody knew that he had published a number of articles.
6. The teacher said that we needed a special dictionary for this translation.
II. Употребите глаголы в соответствующей форме в следующих предложениях.
1. I thought that you (to arrive) at some decision. 2. He believed that a fine memory (to be) absolutely necessary for that work. 3. They said they (to work) 7 hours a day. 4. He promised that he (to deliver) a lecture in near future. 5. We didn't know that he (to came) late at night. 6. They decided they (to go) to Leningrad next month.
Заключительные задания
Переведите текст. Укажите времена глаголов. Переведите.
Text l
At a Library
Today we are going to the speak about reading. We know that some of you come to a library regularly to read, to study, to draw out books for home reading. Others visit it rarely and perhaps there are some who haven't been here at all. What we need is more intensive reading. We cannot overrate the impotent of extra reading. Through reading, a person widens the scope of his knowledge, broadens his outlook upon life. Our library has an exceptionally good stock of books and the library staff is here always at your service to help and guide you in your choice of books. There are many works here that can be helpful in your school studies, and supplement your text - books.
Just glance round you at the great number of volumes filling the shelves. You will find here books of adventure, your old friends, and the books you haven't yet read - historical novels and tales that open up panoramas of the life and history of other countries and of other times, stories and novels of the war and of the Revolution and, of course, the immortal classics. Come in your spare moments, we are waiting for you.
Text II
Rubber
Rubber - каучук, резина to stretch - растягивать
to rub - тереть, натирать to retract - сокращаться
Man had known natural rubber long ago. The word «rubber» had come from its use in rubbing out the marks of a pencil.
Nowadays, the word rubber has come to mean not a chemical substance, but a type of material can be stretched readily to at last twice its original length (в два раза больше) and which retracts rather rapidly when the strength is released. Scientists had worked out a process for making it soft enough.
The price of natural rubber had always been high. As early as 1889 a French scientist converted a substance, which he had obtained from natural rubber, into a rubber - like compound from the simplest of hydro - carbons. No doubt, in a certain period of time their production will still have increased. By that time natural rubber will have lost much of its present importance.
The Passive Voice (Страдательный залог)
Информация I:
Английский глагол имеет два залога: действительный ( the Active Voice ) и страдательный ( the Passive Voice ).
Глагол в действительном залоге обозначает действие, производимое подлежащим.
We build many new houses every year.
Каждый год мы строим много новых домов.
Глагол в страдательном залоге обозначает действие, которое производится над подлежащим.
Many new houses are built every year. Каждый год строят много новых домов.
Информация II:
Глагол страдательного залога образуется по формуле to be + Participle II, где глагол to be изменяется по лицам, числам и временам, a Participle II остается неизменным.
The street is decorated.
The streets are decorated.
The street was decorated.
The streets were decorated.
The streets have already been decorated.
The street had been decorated before may day.
The streets will be decorated next week.
Страдательный залог в английском языке употребляется чаще, чем в русском, и переводится на русский язык глаголом с частицей — сь, - ся или глаголом в неопределенно - личной форме (глагол быть + страдательное причастие).
Omsk was founded in 1716. Омск основан в 1716 году.
This museum is often visited by tourists.
Музей часто посещается туристами.
This building was being built for 5 years.
Это здание строилось в течениe пяти лет.
Дополнение выражается именем существительным с предлогами by или with.
The districts of the city are connected by metro.
This letter was written with the pencil
The house will be built by young workers.
Информация III:
Образование страдательного залога во временах группы Indefinite (на примере to decorate)
| Present | Past | Future |
| I am decorated You (we, they) are decorated He (she) is decorated | I (he, she, it) was decorated You (we, they) were decorated | I (we) shall be decorated He(she, you, they) will be decorated |
Вопросительная форма страдательного залога образуется постановкой первого вспомогательного глагола перед подлежащим.
| Present | Past | Future |
| Am I decorated Are you (we, they) decorated Is he (she, it) decorated | Was I (he, she, it) decorated Were you (they, we) decorated | Shall I (we) be decorated Will he (she, you, they, it) be decorated |
Отрицательная форма страдательного залога образуется при помощи частицы - not, которая ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола.
| Present | Past | Future |
| I am not decorated You (we, they) are not decorated He (she, it) is not decorated | I (he, she, it) was not decorated You (we, they) were not decorated | I (we) shall not be decorated He (she, they, you, it) will not be decorated |
I. Проспрягайте следующие глаголы в Indefinite Passive согласно таблице:
to ask, to tell, to visit, to include, to keep
П. Переведите предложения в страдательном залоге.
1. The city is situated on the banks of the river.
2. Many famous people were excjled there.
3. The plant will be built next year.
4. He was kept in fortress for 2 years.
5. The shops are colourfully decorated.
III. В следующих предложениях поставьте глагол в скобках в нужном числе, лице, времени.
1. Mass demonstrations (to be held) on Red Square every year.
2. Many good products (to be produced) last month.
3. He (to be visited) by his friends.
4. Her name (to be mentioned) in future.
5. The newspaper (to be printed) many years ago.
IV. Поставьте сказуемое в страдательный залог.
1. Our komsomol leader will arrange the meeting tomorrow.
2. Different buses connect the districts of the city.
3. I read this newspaper yesterday.
4. We associate the names of Lenin and Marx with the revolution.
V. Переведите следующий текст с глаголом в страдательном залоге во временах группы Indefi nite.
The cities are usually built on the banks of the rivers or lakes. But this city was built far from river. Great deposits of coal were founded and plants and blocks of flats for workers were constructed there. The specialists were invited to do this work. The name of the city is associated with the place it was founded on. Even now the products of the city's plants are mentioned all over the country. I think the city will be much spoken about.
Информация IV:
Образование страдательного залога во временах группы Continuous (на примере глагола to ask)
| Present | Past |
| I am being asked You (we, they) are being asked He (she, it) is being asked | I (he, she) was being asked You (we, they) were being asked |
Вопросительная форма образуется постановкой первого вспомогательного глагола пред подлежащим.
| Present | Past |
| Am I being asked Are you (we, they) being asked Is she (he, it) being asked | Was I (she, he, it) being asked Were you (they, we) being asked |
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола.
| Present | Past |
| I am not being asked You (we, they) are not being asked He (she, it) is not being asked | I (he, she) was not being asked You (we, they) were not being asked |
I. Проспрягайте следующие глаголы в Continuous Passive:
to translate, to visit, to mention, to tell.
П. Переведите предложения со сказуемым в Continuous Passive.
1. A new district is being built in this city.
2. Dostojevsky was being kept in prison from 1876 to 1880.
3. I am being examined now.
4. While we were being driven by bus, some tourists took photos.
5. You are being waited for near station.
III. В следующих предложениях поставьте глагол в скобках в соответствующем времени в Con tinuous Passive.
1. They (to be shown) a new palace now. 2. He (to be asked) the whole day yesterday. 3. The material (to be explained) to the students now. 4. The text (to be translated) during 3 hours yesterday. 5. Some new methods of teaching (to be discussed) now at the conference.
IV. Переведите пары предложений, обратите внимание на залог сказуемого.
1. The text is being translated now. I am translating the text now.
2. They were being asked during 2 hours yesterday. Professor Novikov was asking them during 2 hours yesterday.
3. New houses are being built in our town. We are building new houses in our town.
4. The book was being read the whole day yesterday. She was reading the book the whole day yesterday.
5. I am being visited by my friend now. My friends are visiting me now.
Информация 5:
Образование страдательного залога во временах группы Perfect (на примере глагола to tell)
| Present | Past | Future |
| I (you, we, they) have been told He (she, it) has been told | I (you, we, they, he, she, it) had been told | I (we) shall have been told He (she, it, you, they) will have been told |
Вопросительная форма образуется постановкой первого вспомогательного глагола перед подлежащим.
| Present | Past | Future |
| Have I (you, we, they) been told Has he (she, it) been told | Had I (we, they, you, she, it) been told | Shall I (we) have been told Will he (she, you, it, they) been told |
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола.
| Present | Past | Future |
| I (you, we, they) have not been told He (she, it) has not been told | I (we, they, you, he, she, it) had not been told | I (we) shall not have been told He (she, they, you, it) will not have been told |
I. Проспрягайте следующие глаголы в Perfect Passive:
to examine, to train, to ask, to print.
П. Переведите предложение со сказуемым в Perfect Passive.
1. The city has been rapidly built. 2. Some new atomic power stations have been built up in the Soviet Union. 3. A new cinema hall will have been opened by the 1-st of May. 4. A lot of new machines had been produced by the end of the year. 5. It has been proved that atomic energy may be used in different spheres of life.
III. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму в Perfect Passive.
1. The work (to have been completed) by the time you return.
2. When I came to the office the article (to have been printed).
3. He (to have been mentioned) in our conversation.
4. I (to have been told) that he is a good worker.
5. The banks of the river (to have been connected) with bridges.
IV. Поставьте сказуемое в страдательном залоге. Переведите.
1. The teacher has examined him. 2. My friend had trained me on physics, before I entered the Institute. 3. By the end jf the year we shall have carried out the project. 4. We have told them to come in time. 5. The teacher had asked her to make a report.
Информация 6:
В английском языке употребление страдательного залога имеет некоторые особенности (по сравнению с русским языком).
Следующие английские глаголы употребляются в страдательном залоге и требуют после себя прямое дополнение.
to allow/ to permit - разрешать, to award - присуждать
to ask - спрашивать, просить, to pay - платить
to deny - отрицать, to promise - обещать,
to forgive - прощать, to refuse - отказывать,
to give - давать, to show - показывать,
to invite - приглашать, to tell — велеть, говорить,
to offer - предлагать, to teach - учить,
to order/ to command - приказывать.
Предложения с глаголом - сказуемым такого типа переводятся на русский язык следующим образом:
1. неопределенно - личным предложением, если отсутствует дополнение с предлогами - by , - with. Подлежащее английского предложения соответствует косвенному дополнению в дательном падеже в русском предложении.
Не was invited to the conference. Его пригласили на конференцию.
The students will be taught physics next year. В будущем году студентам будут преподавать физику.
The books have been already payed. Книги уже оплатили.
I am allowed to attend his lectures. Мне разрешают посещать его лекции.
They were asked to stay after classes. Их просили остаться после занятий.
2. личным предложением с глаголом - сказуемым в действительном залоге, если имеется дополнение с предлогом - by. При переводе дополнение с предлогом - by - соответствует подлежащему русского предложения, а подлежащее английского предложения соответствует в русском предложении косвенному дополнению в дательном падеже.
Не was told by the teacher to go to the blackboard. Учитель сказал ему пойти к доске.
I am often invited by them to the conference. Они часто приглашают меня на конференции.
They will be awarded by the administration. Руководство наградит их.
Обратите внимание на употребление английских глаголов с предлогом в страдательном залоге.
to look at - смотреть на, to wait for - ждать
to send for - посылать за, to laugh at - смеяться над
to speak to - говорить с.
Предложения с такими глаголами соответствуют русским неопределенно - личным предложениям или личным со сказуемым в действительном залоге. Перевод начинается с предлога, относя его к подлежащему.
The doctor was sent for. За доктором послали.
I am waited for by my friends. Мои друзья ждут меня.
Не has been already spoken to. С ним уже поговорили.
Children are often laughted at by adults. Взрослые часто смеются над детьми.
These articles were much spoken about. Об этих статьях много говорили.
В английском языке некоторым (переходным) глаголам без предлога в страдательном залоге соответствуют русские (непереходные) глаголы с предлогами. На русский язык они переводятся вышеуказанным способом.
to attend - присутствовать на, to join - вступать в, присоединяться к,
to follow - следовать за, to affect - влиять на,
to answer - отвечать на, to influence - влиять на.
Не is influenced by his friends. На него влияют его друзья. (Его друзья влияют на него.)
These questions were answered by a well - know scientist. На эти вопросы отвечал известный ученый. (Известный ученый отвечал на эти вопросы.)
His work has been greatly affected. На его работу оказали сильное давление.
The meeting will be attended by many students. На встрече будет присутствовать много студентов. (Много студентов будет присутствовать на встрече.).
Если в английском предложении в страдательном залоге в качестве формального подлежащего выступает it, то такое предложение переводится на русский язык неопределенно - личным.
it is said - говорят, что, it has been known – известно, что,
it is thought - думают, что, it was believed – полагали, что,
it will be reported - сообщат, что.
It is said that the theater has been already opened. Говорят, что театр уже открыли.
It has long been knowuthat cities are built on the banks of the rivers. Давно известно, что города строят по берегам рек.
It is thought that demonstration will be held in the center. Думают, что демонстрация будет проходит в центре.
It was believed that he had been told about this. Полагали, что ему сообщили об этом.
I. Переведите на русский язык.
1. Good specialists are trained at our Institute.
2. A scholarship was got by a large number of students.
3. A lecture on chemistry will be delivered by professor Petrov.
4. English classes are given twice a week.
5. It is known that lectures on higher mathematics are attended by all students.
6. It was reported that experiments had been made successfully.
7. The research was being done by a group of scientists.
8. It is believed that the laboratory will be equipped up-to-date tools and instruments.
9. Tests and experiments are taken twice a year.
П. Переведите вторую часть предложений, употребив сказуемое в страдательном залоге:
It is said that... новый город будет построен на берегу реки .
It is known that ... многие революционеры были сосланы в Сибирь.
It is believed that ... это месторождение уже открыто.
It is thought that ... за мир борются сейчас во всем мире.
It was reported that ... экспедиция уже высадилась в этом районе.
III. Перестройте следующие предложения, поставив глагол в страдательный залог.
Модель: This plant produces different products for our industry.
Different products for our industry are produced by this plant.
1. The bus number one connects these two districts.
2. They usually decorate the Institute hall before holidays.
3. We are building a lot of new towns in Siberia.
4. They kept him in prison for 4 years.
5. Peter I sent soldiers to Siberia.
6. They renamed this town many years ago
7. We listened to her with great attention.
8. I shall look through these magazines in an hour.
9. He will prepare for the lectures.
IV. Поставьте предложение с глагол в страдательном залоге в вопросительную форму.
1. Не was advised to work hard.
2. Various specialists are trained at our Institute.
3. The two banks of the river are connected with the bridges.
4. Good marks will be got by the students.
5. A lot of new subjects were taught last term.
V. Переведите предложения, поставив сказуемое в соответствующем лице, числе и времени страдательного залога.
1. Собрание будет проводиться завтра (to hold).
2. Улицы уже украсили к празднику (to decorate).
3. Вчера ее посетила группа товарищей (to visit).
4. Железные дороги связывают различные города (to connect).
5. За ним уже послали (to send for).
VI. Переведите тексты - ситуации, обратите внимание на сказуемое в страдательном залоге.
1. I was invited to take part in conference. When I came the report had been already made. Then some points were being discussed. It was noted that some methods had been applied and they gave good results.
2. A new plant is being built in this region. The construction will have been fulfilled by the end of the year. It is reported that the products of this plant will be of great importance for our industry.
3. She is always offered an interesting work. Now a new English novel is being translated by her. It is thought that the translated book will be read by everybody.
4. My friend was sent to Moscow. As there was no room at the hotel, he was given lodgings in a private house. He didn't know the street and he was given details of how to get there.
5. We were given all instructions of how to get to the river. On the bank of the river the camp was made, the fire was list and supper was being prepared.
6. The text has been translated. It is noted some rough mistakes have been made. These mistakes have been corrected and analyzed by our teacher.
Список неправильных глаголов
| Инфинитив | Past Ind. | Причастие II | Перевод |
| to be | was (were) | been | быть, находиться |
| to become | became | become | быть, становиться |
| to build | built | built | строить |
| to bring | brought | brought | приносить |
| to break | broke | broken | ломать |
| to come | came | come | приходить |
| to do | did | done | делать |
| to find | found | found | находить |
| to forgive | forgave | forgiven | прощать |
| to get | got | got | получать |
| to give | gave | given | давать |
| logo | went | gone | ходить, ехать |
| to have | had | had | иметь |
| to hold | held | held | держать |
| to keep | kept | kept | держать, хранить |
| to know | knew | known | знать |
| to leave | left | left | оставлять, покидать |
| to learn | learnt | learned | учиться |
| to lose | lost | lost | терять |
| to make | made | made | делать |
| to meet | met | met | встречать |
| to put | put | put | класть |
| to read | read | read | читать |
| to ring | rang | rung | звонить |
| to say | said | said | сказать |
| to see | saw | seen | видеть |
| to send | sent | sent | посылать |
| to speak | spoke | spoken | говорить |
| to take | took | taken | брать |
| to tell | told | told | сказать |
| to teach | taught | taught | учить |
| to think | thought | thought | думать |
| to write | wrote | written | писать |
Дата добавления: 2018-11-24; просмотров: 105; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!