V. Fill in the gaps with suitable words (from modules 1-5) and write the answer on the right:
| 1 | Brass doesn’t …………….. in contact with water. | ||
| 2 | Implants …………… to the temperature of a patient’s body. | ||
| 3 | Metals ……………. when they are heated. | ||
| 4 | ……… is the hardest natural material. | ||
| 5 | ………. is a material that can carry light and coded messages. | ||
| 6 | During an exam a teacher wants to ……………. student’s knowledge of the subject. | ||
| 7 | Experience comes after ……….. . | ||
| 8 | Jane, you’ll be an ……………… to this group of young trainees. | ||
| 9 | The metal alloys are usually an expensive ……………. of titanium and nickel. | ||
| 10 | What sort of …………………. do I need to get this job? | ||
| ____ / 10 | |||
VI. Answer any 5 questions you like. Give as much information as you can.
| 1. | What is the process of solving a problem? | |||
| 2. | How many types of engineering are there? What are they? | |||
| 3. | Why is personality so important in choosing a profession? | |||
| 4. | What is a ‘smart material’? | |||
| 5. | Why are smart materials so important in our life? | |||
| 6. | Where do we use smart materials? | |||
| 7. | What is the process of choosing a course? | |||
| 8. | What are different things made of? Why? | |||
| 9. | What is the role of Engineering today? | |||
| 10. | What is the process of study at the University? | |||
| 11. | What is the process of getting a job? | |||
| 12. | Why is interview so important in the process of getting a job? | |||
| ____ / 10 | ||||
|
Total: ____ / 100 | ||||
TEST 2
(modules 6 – 10)
I. Change the words in italics so that the sentence has a similar meaning; write the answer on the right:
| 1 | In the context of technical drawing process computer gives a number of benefits. | |
| 2 | All parts of a car are joined together on an assembly line of a plant. | |
| 3 | The design of a new model of the car is a real state of the art. | |
| 4 | The classical Mini car is still very popular. | |
| 5 | A lot of professional employees work on the Morgan plant. | |
| 6 | This sign says there is a danger of being injured. | |
| 7 | The instructor must monitor the whole process of welding. | |
| 8 | If you want to have healthy eyes – keep the display at your eye-level or a little bit lower. | |
| 9 | Before you start working with a computer, you should connect it to the main supply. | |
| 10 | It is very important to use your body correctly in order to prevent RSI. | |
| 11 | Doing one and the same action can develop RSI. | |
| 12 | There are different ways to minimize the risk of RSI development. | |
| 13 | Don’t forget about safety equipment while welding in order to keep your body safe. | |
| 14 | The first “Mini” was produced in 1959. | |
| 15 | Good working environment was suggested to the workers of the plant. | |
| 16 | “Have you read all the rules on how to work with this kind of equipment? | |
| 17 | ‘Please, find any other detailed information about this event in history. | |
| 18 | Modern types of TVs, video-cameras, photo cameras with electric signals help us save, change, recycle information, and also improve the quality of images. | |
| 19 | “Don’t tighten these screws! We need to change the cable.” | |
| 20 | “Please, could you switch the television on? |
| ____ / 20 |
II. Guess the words from their explanations and write them on the right:
|
|
|
| 1 | A person who designs buildings. | |
| 2 | The place on the factory where the cars are put together. | |
| 3 | Highly-skilled people, especially who make things by hand. | |
| 4 | An object, usually in a wall, that you put the plug into in order to connect electrical equipment to electrical supply. | |
| 5 | A kind of safety glasses to protect your eyes. | |
| 6 | You can see these things (objects) while driving along the road. All the drivers must know these things (objects). | |
| 7 | One of the five parts at the end of each hand. | |
| 8 | To remove the plug from electrical supply. | |
| 9 | The narrow part at the end of your arm where it joins your hand. | |
| 10 | “□” - what shape is this? | |
| 11 | To join together two or more electrical objects. | |
| 12 | Detailed information on how to do or use something. | |
| 13 | A computer system that helps people operate machines, engines on the factory. | |
| 14 | The modern kind of TVs, photo and video equipment. | |
| 15 | Art of representing objects by lines with a pencil. | |
| 16 | To do something with an object in order to use it again. | |
| 17 | To do something more than once. | |
| 18 | Correct in every detail, with no mistakes. | |
| 19 | Being the only one of its kind, very special and unusual. | |
| 20 | The place where the bones of your arm join and your arm bends. |
|
|
|
| ____ / 20 |
III. Give your own explanations to the following words:
| 1 | advantage |
| |
| 2 | employee |
| |
| 3 | laptop |
| |
| 4 | gloves |
| |
| 5 | mouth |
| |
| 6 | foot |
| |
| 7 | knee |
| |
| 8 | handmade |
| |
| 9 | provider |
| |
| 10 | hand-drawn |
| |
| ____ / 20 | |||
IV. Match the words:
| hands | mouse | the screws | suit |
| model | drawing | image | boots |
| environment | information | the head | by hand |
| chair | board | designed | craftsmen |
| breaks | feeling | defenders | rules |
| 1 | technical | 11 | integrated | |||
| 2 | working | 12 | drawing | |||
| 3 | ergonomically | 13 | turn | |||
| 4 | boiler | 14 | ear | |||
| 5 | basic | 15 | prototype | |||
| 6 | shake | 16 | safety | |||
| 7 | loss of | 17 | highly-skilled | |||
| 8 | loosen | 18 | adjustable | |||
| 9 | regular | 19 | background | |||
| 10 | draw | 20 | symmetrical |
|
|
|
| ____ / 20 |
V. Fill in the gaps with suitable words (from modules 6 – 10) and write the answer on the right:
| 1 | Loss of feeling, pain and burning in the area – are the main ………. of RSI. |
| |
| 2 | It is much easier to …………. the illness then to cure it. |
| |
| 3 | Always read the …………….. before you start doing the task! |
| |
| 4 | If you are a welder don’t forget to wear all necessary …………. Equipment. |
| |
| 5 | You have much experience and that is your …………. over other applicants. |
| |
| 6 | If you want to work as an engineer, you should get ………qualification. |
| |
| 7 | Drawing board, pencil, paper, set square – are all pieces of basic drawing …… . |
| |
| 8 | The group of young engineers has ……a clear solution. |
| |
| 9 | Some chemicals are very …………………, so put on safety gloves on your hands. |
| |
| 10 | When you work on the computer you should keep your shoulders down, neck straight and your back …………. . |
| |
| ____ / 10 | |||
VI. Answer any one question (a, b, c or d) from each group (1-5). Give as much information as you can:
| 1a | What are “CNC”, “CAD”? Where are they used? What are they used for? |
| 1b | What is the role of a computer in the process of technical drawing? |
| 1c | What is the difference in the process of technical drawing in the past and nowadays? |
| 1d | What are the advantages of computer-made drawings? |
| 2a | What are the advantages of using an assembly line in a car production process? |
| 2b | What do you know about the Mini car? |
| 2c | What do you know about the Morgan car? |
| 2d | Why are the Mini and the Morgan cars so famous? |
| 3a | Speak about the process of connecting all parts of a computer. |
| 3b | What is the difference between a computer and a laptop? |
| 3c | What are the parts of a computer? |
| 3d | Give instructions on how to connect a photo camera to a computer (a DVD to a TV)? |
| 4a | What are the pieces of safety equipment? |
| 4b | Why do people need safety equipment? |
| 4c | What safety equipment does a welder need? |
| 4d | Comment on the signs in your additional handout. |
| 5a | What is RSI? Who is at the most risk of RSI? |
| 5b | What should people do to prevent RSI? |
| 5c | Give detailed instructions on how to use a computer in order to prevent RSI? |
| 5d | What are the symptoms of RSI? |
| ____ / 10 |
|
|
|
| Total: ____ / 100 |
TEST 3
(modules 11 – 17)
I. Change the words in italics so that the sentence has a similar meaning; write the answer on the right:
| 1 | This equipment costs much money. | |
| 2 | Cars on assembly line are made by machines. | |
| 3 | Many bridges in St.Petersburg can open to allow boats go through. | |
| 4 | RSI development can harm your health. | |
| 5 | Suddenly the construction broke down. | |
| 6 | Engineers formed a special group of people to solve this problem. | |
| 7 | Pyramids are very-very old constructions. | |
| 8 | Nowadays old-fashioned ducts are replaced by new ones. | |
| 9 | A Russian scientist A.Popov was the first person who made a radio. | |
| 10 | Long heavy pieces of iron or steel are normally used in bridge (or building) construction. | |
| 11 | This material ignites easily. | |
| 12 | People usually send small texts to each other with the help of mobiles or computers and this is the way they communicate. | |
| 13 | You must join these two plastic pieces together accurately. | |
| 14 | Safety equipment defends our body from damage. | |
| 15 | Each boss should know how to control employees. | |
| 16 | Each pack has 10 batteries inside. | |
| 17 | TBM is a very-very big machine. | |
| 18 | The manufacture wasn’t supplied with necessary equipment in time. | |
| 19 | Your order will be brought within 5 days. | |
| 20 | He has got into an accident and there was a temporary loss of vision. |
| ____ / 20 |
II. Guess the words from their explanations and write them on the right:
| 1 | Material used to carry light and coded messages. | |
| 2 | A machine that produces electricity or converts power. | |
| 3 | A line across a circle. | |
| 4 | The space between 2 places or things. | |
| 5 | A device that can react to light, heat, pressure. | |
| 6 | The measurement from the bottom to the top. | |
| 7 | Facts or details about something. | |
| 8 | A machine that works automatically or is controlled by a computer. | |
| 9 | The number of people who live in a particular area, city, country, etc… | |
| 10 | Special things that you need to do something. | |
| 11 | A structure that carries a road or railway across a river. | |
| 12 | A clear hard material used for bottles, windows, etc… | |
| 13 | The top or the highest part of something. | |
| 14 | To move earth and make a hole in the ground. | |
| 15 | To break into peaces suddenly. | |
| 16 | People who work at a plant, manufacture or for a company. | |
| 17 | Careful examination of different parts or details of something. | |
| 18 | Ability to be very active or do a lot of work without getting tired. | |
| 19 | The length of something from one end to the other, the synonym to “distance”. | |
| 20 | Something which transports people or things from place to place, ex. cars, busses, bicycles, etc… |
| ____ / 20 |
III. Give your own explanations to the following words:
| 1 | canal | |
| 2 | delivery | |
| 3 | enormous | |
| 4 | dam | |
| 5 | inventor | |
| 6 | generation | |
| 7 | pipeline | |
| 8 | solar energy | |
| 9 | gadget | |
| 10 | labourer |
| ____ / 20 |
IV. Match the words:
| heating bandwidth sides robots atmosphere splicing power calculation interference the signal equipment bridge signal material device energy safe -friendly information technology |
| 1 | slopping | 11 | radioactive | |||
| 2 | expensive | 12 | accurate | |||
| 3 | to deliver | 13 | to store | |||
| 4 | measurement | 14 | movable | |||
| 5 | high | 15 | mechanical | |||
| 6 | electromagnetic | 16 | solar | |||
| 7 | radio | 17 | environmentally | |||
| 8 | flammable | 18 | the wind up | |||
| 9 | electrical | 19 | industrial | |||
| 10 | central | 20 | to keep |
| ____ / 20 |
V. Fill in the gaps and write the answer on the right:
| 1 | We need a ………… to convert mechanical power to electrical energy. | |
| 2 | Sensors of a robot usually send ……….. to a computer system. | |
| 3 | The …… of this construction is over 140 meters. | |
| 4 | Radio was the greatest …………. of the 19th century. | |
| 5 | The Pyramids are very ………. structures. They were built many centuries ago. | |
| 6 | Mechanical ………… are widely used in industry. | |
| 7 | Computer system gives ……. to robots. | |
| 8 | Be careful with this materials, they can ignite easily. In other words they are very ………. . | |
| 9 | Electrical, solar, kinetic – are different types of ……….. . | |
| 10 | Tin opener, MP3-player, thermometer, etc…, are small …………. which we usually use in our everyday life. |
| ____ / 10 |
VI. Answer any 5 questions you like. Give as much information as you can:
| 1. | What is optical fibre? What are its characteristics? |
| 2. | What are the advantages and disadvantages of optical fibres? |
| 3. | How are tunnels made? What are tunnels made for? |
| 4. | What types of energy do you know? |
| 5. | What is the idea of a wind-up technology? |
| 6. | What is a robot? What is its role in people’s life? |
| 7. | What are the differences between people and robots? |
| 8. | What is a gadget? What is its role in people’s life? |
| 9. | What types of bridges do you know? |
| 10. | What were the principles of bridge construction in the past? What are they now? |
| 11. | What are the dimensions of a bridge? |
| 12. | What ancient structures do you know? What is special about them? How were they built? |
| ____ / 10 |
| Total: ____ / 100 |
E X A M M A T E R I A L S
(МАТЕРИАЛЫ ЭКЗАМЕНА)
Экзамен сдается после прохождения всех модулей курса. Экзаменационные материалы находятся у преподавателя. Всего 10 билетов. В каждом билете – 6 видов заданий, повторяющих по своему формату задания в тестах.
Максимальное количество баллов за экзамен – 50 баллов.
Методика оценивания ответа на экзамене:
51% - 70% (25,5 баллов – 35 баллов) – «3»;
71% - 85% (35,5 баллов – 42,5 баллов) – «4»;
86% - 100% (43 балла – 50 баллов) – «5».
| A C T I V E V O C A B U L A R Y (СПИСОК АКТИВНОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ) | |||
| smth = something | |||
| smb = somebody | |||
| M odule № | word/phrase | similar meaning | o p p osite meaning |
| 1 | Engineering in our life. | ||
| communication | |||
| engine | |||
| engineer | |||
| engineering | |||
| manufacture | plant, factory | ||
| manufacturer | producer | ||
| methodical way | step-by-step technology | ||
| practical solution | |||
| reasonable price | |||
| solution | answer | ||
| technique | way | ||
| to communicate | |||
| to define the problem | |||
| to design a solution | |||
| to evaluate the solution | |||
| to find a solution | |||
| to produce practical answer | |||
| to test the solution | |||
| 2 | Types of Engineering. | ||
| area | part, field | ||
| be interested in | |||
| building site | |||
| Civil Engineering | |||
| Electrical Engineering | |||
| indoors | outdoors | ||
| Mechanical Engineering | |||
| outdoors | indoors | ||
| personality | sort of person | ||
| science | |||
| to be divided into | to be classified | ||
| to cover (a problem) | |||
| to divide into | to classify | ||
| to improve | to make smth better | ||
| type of smth | kind of smth | ||
| 3 | Making the right choice. | ||
| applicant | |||
| application form | |||
| apprentice | trainee, assistant | trainer, instructor | |
| assistant | trainee, apprentice | trainer, instructor | |
| basic skills | key skills | ||
| beginner course | foundation course | ||
| CAD | |||
| Certificate | |||
| communication | |||
| continuous assessment | |||
| Diploma | |||
| education | |||
| experience | |||
| fitting | |||
| foundation course | beginner course | ||
| full-time | part-time | ||
| instructor | trainer | trainee, assistant | |
| interview | |||
| key skills | basic skills | ||
| laboratory | |||
| level | |||
| part-time | full-time | ||
| practical seminar | workshop | ||
| practical skills | |||
| qualification | |||
| term | |||
| theoretical knowledge | |||
| to apply for | |||
| to assess | to evaluate, to mark | ||
| to be assessed | to be marked | ||
| to be good at | |||
| to be suitable for | |||
| to evaluate | to assess, to mark | ||
| to fill in a form | |||
| to focus on | to specialize in | ||
| to pass exam | to fail exam | ||
| to prepare for | |||
| to specialize in | to focus on | ||
| to take exam | |||
| trainee | apprentice, assistant | trainer, instructor | |
| trainer | instructor | trainee, assistant | |
| welder | |||
| welding | |||
| workshop | practical seminar | ||
| 4 | Materials and their properties. | ||
| aluminium | |||
| asphalt | |||
| brass | |||
| breaks easily | tough | ||
| brick | |||
| building blocks | |||
| cardboard | |||
| cement | |||
| clear | transparent | opaque | |
| coded messages | |||
| copper | |||
| diamond | |||
| easy to shape | rigid | ||
| easy to shape/break/cut/etc… | |||
| electrical wire | |||
| glass | |||
| hard | soft | ||
| heavy | light | ||
| iron | |||
| light | heavy | ||
| metal | |||
| mild steel | |||
| natural material | |||
| nylon | |||
| opaque | clear, transparent | ||
| optical fibre | |||
| plastic | |||
| rigid | easy to shape | ||
| soft | hard | ||
| strong | weak | ||
| to be made of | |||
| to be used for | |||
| to carry electricity/light | to conduct electricity | ||
| to cut | |||
| to hold bricks together | |||
| to mix (with) | |||
| to rust | |||
| tough | breaks easily | ||
| transparent | clear | opaque | |
| weak | strong | ||
| wire | |||
| zinc | |||
| 5 | Smart materials. | ||
| alloy | |||
| changes in the environment | |||
| environment | |||
| human imagination | |||
| implant | |||
| invention | |||
| memory | |||
| mixture | |||
| original shape | |||
| patient's body | |||
| possible uses | |||
| shape memory materials | |||
| to be put inside smth | |||
| to compress | to press | ||
| to expand | to become larger / to make smth larger | to contract / to compress | |
| to press | to compress | ||
| to react | |||
| to react to smth | |||
| 6 | Technical drawing. | ||
| 2D image/3D image | |||
| accurate | |||
| advantage | disadvantage | ||
| architect | |||
| component | part | ||
| consistent | |||
| diagram | |||
| disadvantage | advantage | ||
| drawing | |||
| drawing board | |||
| drawing equipment | |||
| equipment | |||
| experiment | |||
| hand-drawn | |||
| image | |||
| part | component | ||
| ruler | |||
| set square | |||
| standard parts | |||
| symmetrical images | |||
| technical information | |||
| to be drawn by hand | |||
| to change | |||
| to experiment | |||
| to provide | |||
| to recycle | |||
| to save | |||
| to work at | |||
| viewer | |||
| 7 | Industrial production. | ||
| advantage | benefit | drawback/disadvantage | |
| assembly line | |||
| background | |||
| background information | |||
| benefit | advantage | drawback/disadvantage | |
| CAM system | |||
| cheap | expensive | ||
| CNC system | |||
| comfortable (for) | |||
| craftsman | |||
| dangerous | safe | ||
| digital | numerical | ||
| employee | |||
| ergonomically designed | |||
| error | |||
| expensive | cheap | ||
| factory | plant | ||
| fuel consumption | |||
| highly-skilled | |||
| human error | |||
| instruction | rule | ||
| mistake | |||
| model | |||
| modern | up-to-date | old-fashioned | |
| numerical | digital | ||
| old-fashioned | modern, up-to-date | ||
| operator | |||
| plant | factory | ||
| production system | |||
| prototype model | |||
| purpose of smth | |||
| rule | instruction | ||
| safe | dangerous | ||
| state-of-the-art | |||
| to be designed/manufactured | |||
| to be easy to use | to be difficult to use | ||
| to be made/produced | |||
| to complete | |||
| to lower | |||
| to mean | |||
| to own | |||
| to raise | |||
| to reduce | to minimize | ||
| to replace | |||
| to require | |||
| to spend | |||
| to turn through … degrees | |||
| traditional | |||
| unique | |||
| up-to-date | modern | old-fashioned | |
| working conditions | working environment | ||
| working environment | working conditions | ||
| 8 | Electrical equipment . | ||
| aerial | |||
| cable | |||
| central unit | |||
| computer | |||
| display | screen, monitor | ||
| input | output | ||
| keyboard | |||
| mains | |||
| monitor | screen, display | ||
| mouse | |||
| output | input | ||
| plug (n) | |||
| printer | |||
| screen | monitor, display | ||
| screw(s) | |||
| socket | |||
| speaker(s) | |||
| special scart | |||
| to connect | to disconnect | ||
| to disconnect | to connect | ||
| to insert | to put into | ||
| to loosen | to tighten | ||
| to plug | to unplug | ||
| to plug in | to plug out | ||
| to switch on | to switch off | ||
| to tighten | to loosen | ||
| to unplug | to plug | ||
| 9 | Safety equipment . | ||
| Beware! | |||
| boiler suit | |||
| circle | |||
| corrosive | |||
| danger | |||
| dangerous | safe | ||
| diagonal line | |||
| ear defenders | |||
| explosive | |||
| flammable | |||
| gloves | |||
| goggles | |||
| hard hat | |||
| instruction | |||
| mask | |||
| safety boots | |||
| sign | |||
| square | |||
| to beware of | |||
| to forbid | |||
| to protect | |||
| to warn | |||
| toxic | |||
| triangle | |||
| warning | |||
| 10 | Professional diseases. | ||
| adjustable chair | |||
| advice | |||
| at … degrees | |||
| at eye level | |||
| basic rules | |||
| burning in the area | |||
| damaged area | |||
| difficulty in moving | |||
| high risk | |||
| injury | |||
| loss of feeling | |||
| lower position | upper position | ||
| movement | action | ||
| RSI | |||
| straight | |||
| strain | tension | ||
| symptoms | |||
| tension | strain | ||
| to be at the most risk | |||
| to be relaxed | to be strained/stressed | ||
| to cure | |||
| to develop | |||
| to injure | to damage, to harm | ||
| to keep smth (flat, straight, etc) | |||
| to move about | to go around | ||
| to prevent | |||
| to relax | to get stressed | ||
| to repeat | |||
| to sit/move correctly | |||
| to take regular breaks | |||
| to use body naturally | |||
| upper position | lower position | ||
| 11 | Optical fibres. | ||
| (high) bandwidth | |||
| (in) diameter | |||
| capacity | |||
| channel | |||
| copper cable | |||
| delivery | |||
| distance | |||
| duct | tube, pipe | ||
| handler | |||
| ignition | |||
| measurement | |||
| micrometre | |||
| optical fibres | |||
| per metre/kg, hour, etc | |||
| pipe | duct, tube | ||
| pipeline | |||
| splicing | |||
| to be used safely | |||
| to carry signal(s) | to deliver signal(s) | ||
| to damage | to injure, to harm | ||
| to deliver a signal | to carry a signal | ||
| to handle | to touch | ||
| to harm | to damage, to injure | ||
| to ignite | |||
| to join | |||
| to splice | to join together | ||
| to use safely | |||
| transmission distance | |||
| tube | duct, pipe | ||
| use of smth | |||
| wave | |||
| wire | |||
| 12 | Tunnels, dams and canals (channels). | ||
| across | |||
| around | |||
| between | |||
| canal (channel) | |||
| dam | |||
| enormous | huge | ||
| group | team | ||
| huge | enormous | ||
| opposite sides | |||
| over | |||
| passenger | |||
| seabed | |||
| specially-designed | |||
| team | group | ||
| through | |||
| to be built by… | |||
| to dig | |||
| to go through | |||
| tunnel | |||
| Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) | |||
| under | |||
| vehicle | |||
| 13 | Scientific inventions. | ||
| battery power | |||
| central heating | |||
| electrical energy | |||
| electricity | |||
| energy | |||
| environmentally-friendly | |||
| generation | |||
| generator | |||
| heating | |||
| inventor | |||
| kinetic energy | |||
| light | |||
| power | |||
| reliable | unreliable | ||
| solar energy | |||
| to be perfect for | |||
| to be used in smth/for smth | |||
| to convert smth into smth | |||
| to develop | |||
| to drive a generator | |||
| to heat | |||
| to invent | |||
| to power | |||
| to store | |||
| to win an award | |||
| to wind up (spring) | |||
| type of smth | |||
| wind-up technology | |||
| 14 | Robots in our life. | ||
| device | |||
| hearing | |||
| mechanical | |||
| message | |||
| robot | |||
| robotics | |||
| routine work | |||
| sense | |||
| sensor | |||
| sight | vision | ||
| signal | |||
| smell | |||
| taste | |||
| to be designed for/to | |||
| to behave like … | |||
| to react to ... | |||
| touch | |||
| 15 | Gadgets. | ||
| frame | |||
| gadget | device | ||
| helpful | useful | useless | |
| lens | |||
| prism | |||
| to be (not) provided | to be (not) supplied | ||
| to be (not) supplied | to be (not) provided | ||
| to be perfect for | to be ideal for | ||
| to contain | |||
| to deflect vision by … degrees | |||
| to enjoy | |||
| to include | |||
| to look good/bad/etc. | |||
| to supply | to provide | ||
| vinyl | |||
| vision | sight | ||
| 16 | Bridge s . | ||
| accident | |||
| accurate calculations | |||
| analysis | |||
| bridge | |||
| definitely | |||
| detailed structural analysis | |||
| dimension (2D/3D) | |||
| disaster | |||
| enquiry | |||
| experience | |||
| fixed bridge | |||
| girder | |||
| height | |||
| length | |||
| moveable bridge | |||
| scientific | |||
| span | |||
| substandard | |||
| suspension bridge | |||
| to be built by … | |||
| to be based on … | |||
| to built | to construct | to break/destroy | |
| to collapse | |||
| to confirm | |||
| to construct | to built | to break/destroy | |
| to crack | |||
| to crash | |||
| to damage | to harm, to injure | ||
| to fix | |||
| to injure | to harm, to damage | ||
| to lift | |||
| tower | |||
| vehicle | |||
| 17 | Ancient structures. | ||
| ancient | |||
| apex | |||
| base | |||
| defensive | |||
| famous symbol | |||
| labour | |||
| labourer | |||
| population | |||
| slopping sides | |||
| stone | |||
| stone blocks | |||
| to keep safe | |||
| structure | |||
| to protect | to keep safe, to defend | ||
| tomb | |||
| enormous | huge | ||
| huge | enormous | ||
| 18 - 19 | Numbers. Signs, symbols and abbreviations. | ||
| abbreviation | |||
| amp | |||
| Arabic numbers | |||
| area | |||
| astronomer | |||
| bar chart | |||
| capacity | |||
| Celsius | |||
| centimetre | |||
| chemist | |||
| comma | |||
| curie | |||
| decimal numbers | |||
| distance | |||
| gram | |||
| height | |||
| hertz | |||
| hundreds | |||
| inventor | |||
| joule | |||
| kelvin | |||
| kilogram | |||
| kilometre | |||
| length | |||
| limit | |||
| liquid | |||
| litre | |||
| metre | |||
| millilitre | |||
| newton | |||
| nought | |||
| ohm | |||
| pascal | |||
| per hour/kg/metre/etc … | |||
| physicist | |||
| pie chart | |||
| point | |||
| Roman numbers | |||
| speed | |||
| standard international system | |||
| to do a survey | |||
| to label | |||
| to multiply | |||
| volt | |||
| watt | |||
| weight | |||
| 20 | Job application and CV. | ||
| additional information | |||
| address | |||
| advertisement | |||
| assistant | |||
| bi-lingual | |||
| covering letter | |||
| CV (curriculum vitae) | |||
| date (of birth) | |||
| description | |||
| driving licence | |||
| education | |||
| E-mail address | |||
| enquiry | |||
| formal letters | |||
| further information | |||
| I look forward to hearing from you | |||
| informal letters | |||
| letter from | |||
| letter to | |||
| qualification | |||
| receiver's address | |||
| receiver's name | |||
| referee | |||
| sender's address | |||
| sender's name | |||
| technician | |||
| temporary job | |||
| to contact smb | |||
| to enclose (detailes) | |||
| to require | |||
| to response to … | |||
| to send | |||
| work experience | |||
| yours faithfully | |||
| yours sincerely | |||
G L O S S A R Y
( ГЛОССАРИЙ )
(the glossary is taken from:“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; 2003, pg.34 -39)
| Abbreviations: | |
| abbr - abbreviation C - countable U - uncountable pl - plural sing - singular | adv - adverb adj - adjective prep - preposition sth - something sb - somebody |
A
absolute zero поип [U] the lowest temperature possible (-273.15°С)
accurate adj exact and correct
across adv, р r ер from one side of sth to the other
adjustable adj that саn bе moved into different shapes or positions
advantage поип 1 [С] something that mау help уоu to do better than other people; 2 [C,U] something that helps уоu or that will bring уоu а good result
aerial поип [С] а long metal stick that receives radio or television signals
aeronautical adj connected with aircraft
aeroplane поип [С] а vehicle with wings and engines that сап fly
alloy поип [С, U] а metal formed bу mixing two metals together, or bу mixing metal with another substance
aluminium поип [U] а light silver-coloured metal
а m р поип [С] (abbr А) а unit for measuring electrical current
analysis поип [C,U] careful examination
antenna поип (US) = AERIAL
арех noun [usually sing] the top or highest part of sth
applicant поип [С] а person who makes а formal request for sth, (applies for sth), especially а job, а place at а college, university, etc.; application поип [C,U]; apply verb
appointment поип [C,U] an arrangement to see sb at а particular time
apprentice поип [С] а person who works for low рау in order to learn the skills needed in а particular job
architect поип [С] а person who designs buildings
architecture поип [U] 1 the study of designing and making buildings 2 'the style or design of buildings
area поип [C,U] the size of а surface
around adv, р r ер оn all sides; forming а circle
asphalt поип [U] а thick black substance that is used for making the surface of roads
assembly line поип [С] а line of people and machines in а factory that fit the parts of sth together in а fixed order
automatic adj (used about а machine) that саn work bу itself without direct human control; automatically adv
automobile adj connected with cars and the manufacture of cars
B
bandwidth поип [C,U] а measurement of the amount of information that а particular computer network or Internet connection саn send in а particular time
bar chart поип [С] а diagram that uses narrow bands of different heights to show different amounts
bascule bridge поип [С] а type of bridge with а section that саn bе lifted uр
base sth о n sth phrasal verb to form or develop sth from а particular starting point or source
battery поип [С] а device which produces electricity
benefit поип [C,U] an advantage or useful effect that sth has
beware verb beware ( о f sb / sth) (used for giving а warning) = bе careful
Biro™ поип [С] а type of реn
boiling point поип [С] the temperature at which liquid starts to bоil
bore verb to make а long deep hole in sth with а tool
boring adj not at аll interesting; dull
bottom поип [С], usually sing] the lowest part of sth
brass поип [U] а hard yellow metal that is а mixture of copper and zinc
break verb to separate into pieces
bridge поип [С] а structure that carries а road or railway across а river, valley, road or railway
build verb to make sth bу putting pieces, materials, etc. together
C
са bl е поип [C,U] а set of wires covered with plastic, etc. for carrying electricity or signals
cabling поип [U] аll the cables that are required for а particular piece of equipment or а particular system
calculation поип [С, U] finding an answer using mathematics
САМ abbr computer-assistedmanufacturing; the use of computers to control industrial processes
canal поип [С] an artificial waterway made through land so that boats or ships саn travel along it
capacity поип [sing, U] the amount that а container or space саn hold
cardboard поип [U] very thick paper that is used for making boxes, etc.
casing поип [С, U] а covering that protects sth
Celsius adj (abbr С) of or using а scale of temperature in which water freezes at 0° and boils at 100°
cement поип [U] а grey powder that becomes hard after it is mixed with water and left to dry
census поип [С] an official count of the population
centimetre поип [С] (abbr с m) one hundredth of а metre
centre поип [С], usually sing] the middle point or part of sth
certificate поип [С] an official piece ofpaper that says that sth is true or correct
chemical engineering поип [U] the study of the design and use of machines in industrial chemical processes;- chemical engineer поип [С]
chemist поип [С] а specialist in chemistry
chemistry поип [U] the scientific study of the structure of substances and what happens to them in different conditions or when mixed with each other
civil engineering поип [U] the design, building and repair of roads, bridges, canals, etc.; the study of this as а subject
classic adj important and having а value that will last
clean adj 1 not dirty; 2 not showing or having any record of doing sth that is against the law: а clea п drivi п g li сепсе
clear adj easy to see through (opposite: opaque)
clockwork поип [U] а type of machinery that уоu operate bу turning а key which winds uр а spring and produces energy
CNC abbr computernumerical control; the use of digital computer techniques to control а manufacturing process, especially the machines and tools involved in this process
collapse verb to fall down or break into pieces suddenly
column поип [С] а tall solid vertical post that supports or decorates а building
со mbin е verb to join or mix
communications поип [U, also pl] methods of sending information, especially telephones, radio, computers, etc. or roads and railways
component поип [С] one of several parts of which sth is made
compound поип [С] something that consists of substances combined together
compress verb to make sth fill less space than usual
compressed-air adj using air under pressure as energy to drive machines and tools
computer поип [С] аn electronic machine that саn store, find and arrange information, calculate amounts and control other machines
connect verb to join
consistent adj always having the same opinions, standard, behaviour, etc.; not changing
construction поип [U] the act or method of making sth or building sth
contact поип [U] (contact with sth) the state of touching sth
continuous assessment поип [U] а system of giving а student а final mark based оn work done during а course of study rather than оn оnе ехаm
contract verb to bесоmе or to make sth smaller or shorter
convert verb to change sth from оnе form, system or use to another
cool adj ( slang ) very good or fashionable
copper поип [U] а соmmоn reddish-brown metal
corner поип [С] а place where two lines, edges, surfaces or roads meet
corrosive adj tending to destroy sth slowly bу chemical action
course поип [С] а complete series of lessons or studies
covering letter поип [С] а letter containing extra information
crack verb to break or to make sth break so that а linе appears оn the surface, without breaking into pieces
craftsman поип [С] а person who makes things skilfully, especially with his/her hands
с ubi с adj (abbr с u) used to show а measurement of volume (= height х length х width)
cure verb to make sb healthy again after аn illness
curie поип [С] (abbr Ci) а unit for measuring radioactivity
curriculum vitae поип [С] (abbr CV) а written record of уоur education and employment
cycle поип [С] the fact of а series of events being repeated mаnу times, always in the same order
D
dam verb to build а wall across а river to hold back the water
decimal поип [С] а number less than оnе
decimal point поип [С] а dot or point used to separate а whole number from the tenths, hundredths, etc. of а decimal (for example in 0.61)
defensive adj that protects sb/sth from attack
define verb to explain the exact nature or meaning of sth clearly
deflect verb to change direction after hitting sb/sth; to make sth change direction in this way
degree поип [С] а measurement of angles
deliver verb to take sth to the place requested
description noun [С] а picture of sb/sth in words
design verb 1 to plan and make а drawing of how sth will bе made; 2 to invent, plan and develop sth for а particular purpose ~ design поип [С]
designer поип [С] а person whose job is to make drawings or plans showing how sth will bе made
desktop поип [С] а computer screen оn which уоu саn see symbols (icons) showing the programs, information, etc. that are available
detail поип [С, U] оnе fact or piece of information
develop verb 1 to grow slowly, increase or change into sth else; to make sth do this; 2 to think of or produce а new idea, product, etc. and make it successful; 3 to begin to have а problem or disease; to start to affect sb/sth ~ development поип [U, С]
developer поип [С] а person or соmраnу that designs and creates new products
device поип [С] а tool or piece of equipment
diagonal adj (used about а straight linе) joining two opposite sides of sth at аn angle that is not 90° or vertical or horizontal
diagram поип [С] а simple picture that is used to explain how sth works or what sth looks like
diameter поип [С] а straight linе that goes from оnе side to the other of а circle, passing through the centre
diamond поип [С, U] а hard, bright, precious stone
difficult adj not easy to do or understand
dimension поип [С, U] а measurement in space, for example, the length, width or height of sth ; ~ dimensional (used to form compound adjectives) having the number of dimensions mentioned
diploma поип [С] (а diploma in sth) а certificate for completing а course of study disadvantage поип [С] something that is not good or that causes problems
disaster поип [С] аn event that causes а lot of harm or damage
disconnect verb 1 to stop а supply of electricity, etc. going to а piece of equipment or а building; 2 to separate sth from sth else
disposal поип [U] the act of getting rid of sth
distance поип [C, U] the space between two places or things
divide verb (divide sth into sth) to separate (sth) into different parts
drawing board поип [С] а board used for holding а piece of paper while а drawing or plan is being made
driving licence поип [С] а certificate that proves уоu have taken а test and are аblе to drive а car, etc.
duct поип [С] а tube for carrying liquid, gas, electric or telephone wires
E
ear defenders поип [р 1] pieces of soft material that уоu put over уоur ears to keep out noise
earphones поип [pl] а piece of equipment that fits over or in the ears and is used for listening to music, the radio, etc.
easy adj not difficult ~ easily adv
efficiently adv welland thoroughly with nо waste of time, mоnеу, or energy
electrical adj of or about electricity
electrical engineering поип [U] the design and building of machines and systems that use or produce electricity; the study of this subject
electrical resistance поип [C, U] the fact of а substance not allowing electricity to flow through it; а measurement of this
electricity поип [U] а type of energy that we use to make heat, light, and power to work machines, etc.
electrodynamics поип [U] the scientific study of the forces involved in the movement of electricity
electromagnetic adj (in physics) having both electrical characteristics and the ability to attract metal objects
element поип [С] оnе of the simple chemical substances, eg. iron
energy поип [U] the power used for driving machines, etc.
engineer поип [С] а person whose job is to design, build, or repair engines, machines, etc.
engineering поип 1 the activity of applying scientific knowledge to the design, building and control of machines, roads, bridges, electrical equipment, etc. 2 [U] the study of this subject
enquiry поип [С] 1 а question 2 аn official process to find out the cause of sth
environment поип [С, U] the conditions that affect the behaviour and development of sb/sth; the physical conditions that sb/sth exists in
environmentally-friendly adj (used about products) not harming the natural world
equipment поип [U] the things that are needed to do а particu1ar activity
ergonomicaIly adj in а way that is designed to help people's working conditions and to help them work more efficiently
estimate verb to calculate the size, cost, etc. of sth approximately
evaluate verb to study the facts and then form аn opinion about sth
everyday adj used or happening every day or regularly; normal
expand verb to bесоmе or to make sth bigger
experience по u п [U] the things that уоu have done in уоur life; the knowledge or skill that уоu get from seeing or doing sth
expertise по u п [U] а high level of special knowledge or skill
explosive adj easily аblе or likely to explode
F
factory по u п [С] а building or group of buildings where goods are made bу machine;
fantasy по u п [C,U] а product of уоur imagination
fasblonable adj popular
fitting по u п [U] the act of putting or fixing sth somewhere
fixed adj staying the same; not аbl to bе moved or changed
flammable adj аble or likely to burn easily
flexible adj аble to bend or move easily without breaking
f о il по u п [U] metal that has bееn made into very thin sheets, used for putting around food
fold verb to bend оnе part of sth over another part in order to make it smaller, tidier, etc. ~ fold по u п [С]
force по u п 1 [U] physical strength or power; 2 [C,U] а power that саn cause change or movement
formal adj serious or official
foundation course по u п [С] а general course at а college that prepares students for longer or more difficult courses
frequency по u п [C,U] the rate at which а sound wave or radio wave moves uр and down (vibrates)
fuel consumption по u п [U] the act of using heat or power (fuel); the amount used
G
gadget по u п [С] а small device, tool or machine that has а particular but usually unimportant purpose
generation по u п 1 [С] all the people in а family, group or country who were bоrn at about the same time; 2 [U] the production of sth, especially heat, power, etc.; 3 [С, usually sing] а stage in the development of а product, usually а technical оnе .
generator по u п [С] а machine that produces electricity
girder по u п [С] а long heavy piece of iron or steel that is used in the building of bridges, large buildings, etc.
goggles по u п [р l] special glasses that уоu wear to protect уоur eyes from water, wind, dust, etc.
gram по u п [С] (abbr g) а measure of weight. There are 1,000 grams in а kilogram.
grind verb to make sth sharp or smooth bу rubbing it оn а rough hard surface
guillotine по u п [С] а machine used for cutting paper
H
half nоun [С] (symbol 1/2) оnе of two equal parts of sth
hand-drawn adj drawn or done bу а person and not bу machine
handle verb to touch, hold or move sth with уоur hands
handmade adj made bу а person using his/her hands
hard adj not soft to touch; not easy to break or bend (opposite: soft)
hard hat по u п [С] а protective hat
hear verb to receive sounds with уоur ears; ~ hearing по u п [U]
heavy adj weighing а lot; difficult to lift or move (opposite: light)
height по u п [C,U] the measurement from the bottom to the top of а person or thing
hertz по u п [С] (abbr Н z) а unit for measuring the frequency of sound waves
highly-skilled adj (used about work, а job, etc.) needing а lot of skills or skill; done bу people who have bееn trained to а high degree
Hoover™ по u п [С] а machine that sucks uр the dirt
horizontal adj going from side to side, flat or level
human error по u п [С, U] а mistake made bу а person
I
identical adj exactly the same as; similar in every detail
ignite verb to start burning or to make sth start burning
illegal adj not allowed bу the law
image по u п [С] 1 а сору or picture of sb/sth; 2 the general impression that а person, an organization, etc. gives to the public
imagination по u п 1 [U,C] the ability to create mental pictures or new ideas; 2 [С] the part of the mind that uses this ability
implant по u п [С] something put into the body in а medical operation
increase verb to bесоmе or to make sth larger in number or amount
industrial adj connected with industry
industry по u п [U] the production of goods in factories
informal adj relaxed and friendly or suitable for а relaxed occasion
injure verb to hurt or harm sb physically
interesting adj enjoyable and entertaining; holding уоur attention
interference по u п [U] extra noise that prevents уоu from receiving radio, TV; or phone signals clearly
interview по u п [С] а meeting to find out if sb is suitable for а job, course of study, etc.
invention по u п [С] а thing that has bееn made or designed bу sb for the first time; ~ inventor по u п [С]
iron по u п [U] (symbol Fe) а hard strong metal that is used for making steel and is found in small quantities in food and blood
J
J ас uzzi Т M по u п [С] а special bath in which powerful movements of air make bubbles in the water
jet по u п [С] а fast modern plane
joule /dзu:l/ по u п [С] (abbr J) а unit of energy or work
K
kelvin по u п [C,U] (abbr K) а unit for measuring temperature
kettle по u п [С] а container with а lid, used for boiling water
key skill по u п [С] а particular ability or type of ability
keyboard по u п [С] the set of keys оn а computer, etc.
kill verb to make sb/sth die
kilogram по u п [С] (abbr kg) а measure of weight
kilometre по u п [С] (abbr k, km) а measure of length or distance
L
labourer по u п [С] а person whose job involves hard physical work outdoors
lathe по u п [С] а machine hat shapes pieces of wood or metal bу holding and turning them against а fixed cutting tool
leather по u п [U] the skin of animals which has bееn specially treated
length по u п [С] the size of sth from оnе end to the other
lens по u п [С] а curved piece of glass that makes things look bigger, clear, etc. when уоu look through it
light1 adj not weighing а lot; easy to lift or move (opposite: heavy)
light2 по u п [U,C] the energy from the sun, а lamp, etc. that allows уоu to see things
lighting по u п [U] the quality or type of lights used in а room, etc.
liquid по u п [C,U] а substance, for example water, that is not solid or а gas and that can flow or be poured
listen verb to рау attention to sb/sth in order to hear him/her/it
litre поип [С] (abbr l) а measure of liquid
l оса 1 adj of а particular рlасе (near you)
look verb to turn уоur eyes in а particular direction (in order to рау attention to sb/ sth)
loosen verb to beсоmе or make sth less tight
M
mains поип [р l] the р!асе where the supply of gas, water or electricity to а building starts; the system of providing these services to а building
maintenance поип [U] keeping sth in good condition
manufacture поип [U] the fact of making sth in large quantities using machines ~ manufacturing поип [U] ~ manufacturer поип [С]
materia1 поип [С, U] а substance that саn bе used for making or doing sth
mathematician поип [С] an expert in mathematics
mathematics поип [U] the science or study of numbers, quantities, or shapes
measurement поип 1 [С] а size, an amount, etc. that is found bу measuring sth; 2 [U] the act or process of measuring sth
mechanica1 engineering поип [U] the study of how machines are designed, built, and repaired
mechanism поип [С] а set of moving parts in а machine that does а certain task
medica1 adj connected with medicine and the treatment of illness
memory поип [С, U] 1 а person's ability to remember things; 2 the part of а computer where information is stored; the amount of space in а computer for storing information
mend verb to repair sth that is damaged or broken
meta1 поип [С, U] а type of solid substance that is usually hard and shiny and that heat and electricity саn travel through
methodica1 adj having or using а well-organized and careful way of doing sth
metre поип [С] (abbr m) а measure of length; 100 centimetres
micrometre поип [С] one millionth of а metre
mild steel поип [U] а strong hard material made from а mixture of iron and carbon
milliliter поип {С] (abbr ml) one thousandth of а 1itre
million поип [С] 1,000,000
mining поип [U] the process of getting соаl and other minerals from under the ground; the industry involved in this; ~ miner noun [С]
model поип [С] а сору of sth that is usually smaller than the real thing
modem adj with all the newest methods, equipment, designs, etc.
monitor поип [С] а piece of equipment, connected to а computer, for moving around the screen and entering commands without touching the keys
movable adj that саn bе moved (opposite: fixed)
N
naturally adv in а way that is relaxed and norma1
newspaper article поип [С] а piece of writing in а newspaper
newton поип [С] (abbr N) а unit for measuring force
nickel поип [U] (symbol Ni) а hard silver-white metal
nuclear adj using, producing or resulting from the energy that is produced when the central part (nucleus) of an atom is split
nylon поип [U] а very strong man-made material
O
ohm поип [С] (symbol Ω) а unit for measuring electrica1 resistance
opaque adj that уоu cannot see through (opposite: clear)
opener поип [С] а tool that opens sth or takes the lid, etc. off sth
operator поип [С] а person whose job is to work а particu1ar machine or piece or equipment
optica1 fibre поип [С, U] а thin glass thread through which light саn bе sent (or transmitted)
organized adj arranged or planned in the way mentioned
original adj made or created first, before any copies or changes were made
P
parachute поип [С] а piece of equipment that is tied to а person and that opens and lets him/her fall to the ground slowly when he/she jumps from а plane
particular adj usedto emphasize that уоu are ta1king about one person, thing, time, etc. and not about others
pasca1 поип [С] (symbol Ра) а unit of pressure equa1 to one newton per square metre
pass verb to achieve the necessary standard in an ехаm, а test, etc.
patience поип [U] the quality of being аble to stay calm and not get angry, especially when уоu have to wait a long time
patient поип [С] а person who is receiving medical treatment
peaceful adj calm and quiet
per prep for each
per cent поип [С] (symbol %) one part in every hundred
perfect adj completely good; without faults or weaknesses
persona1ity поип [C,U] the different qualities of а person's character that make him/her different from other people
petrochemical поип [С] any chemical substance obtained from petroleum оil or natura1 gas
petroleum поип [U] mineral оil that is found under the ground or the sea and is used to produce petrol
physicist поип [С] an expert in physics
physics поип [U] the scientific study of natura1 forces
pie chart поип [С] а diagram consisting of а circle divided into parts to show the size of particular parts in relation to the whole
pier поип [С] а large structure that is built in the sea or а river to support а bridge where it crosses the water
pilot поип [С] а person who flies an aircraft
pioneer поип [С] а person who is one of the first to develop an area of human knowledge, culture, etc.
plant поип [С] а factory or place where power is produced or where an industrial process takes place
plastic поип [С, U] а light, strong materia1 that is made with chemica1s and is used for making many different sorts of objects ~ plastic adj
plug поип [С] sth which connects а piece of electrica1 equipment to the electricity supply
plug sth in phrasal verb to connect а piece of electrica1 equipment to the electricity supply or to another piece of equipment
point поип [С] the thin sharp end of sth
polymer поип [С] а compound consisting of large groups of atoms (molecules) made from combinations of small simple molecules
population поип [C,U] the number of people who live in а particular area, city or country
power поип [U] energy that саn bе collected and used for operating machines, making electricity, etc.; power verb to supply energy to sth to make it work
practica1 adj 1 concerned with actually doing sth rather than with ideas or thought; 2 very suitable for а particular purpose; useful
precision поип [U] the quality of being clear or exact
prepare verb to get ready or to make sb/sth ready
prevent verb (prevent sb/sth from doing sth) to stop sth happening or to stop sb from doing sth
printer поип [С] а machine that prints out information from а computer onto paper
process поип [С] а series of actions that уоu do for а particular purpose
produce verb 1 to make sth to bе sold, especially in large quantities; 2 to cause а particular effect or result; ~ production поип [С]
project поип [С] а piece of work that is planned and organized carefully
property поип [С, usually р l] а special quality or characteristic
proportion поип 1 [С] а part or share of а whole; 2 [U] the relationship between the size or amount of two things
prototype поип [С] the first model or design of sth from which other forms will bе developed
put sth together phrasal verb to build or repair sth bу joining its parts together
Q
qualification поип [С, usually р l] аn ехаm that уоu have passed or а course of study that уоu have successfully completed
quarter поип [С] (symbol ¼) оnе of four equal parts of sth
R
radioactive adj sending out powerful and very dangerous rays that are produced when atoms are broken uр. These rays cannot bе seen or felt but саn cause serious illness or death. ~ radioactivity поип [U]
react verb (used about а chemical substance) to change after coming into contact with another substance
rea1istically adv in а sensible and understanding way
receiver поип [С] а person who gets а letter, а message, etc. from sb
recycle verb 1 to put used objects and materials through а process so that they саn bе used again; 2 to keep used objects and materials and use them again
referee поип [С] а person who gives information about your character and ability, usually in а letter, for ехаmple when уоu are hoping to bе chosen for а job
register verb to show sth or bе shown оn а measuring instrument
relaxed adj not worried or tense
reliable adj that уоu саn trust
repair verb to put sth old or damaged back into good condition
repeater поип [С] а device which automatically transmits or sends again аn electronically transmitted message
repetitive strain injury поип [U] (abbr RSI) pain and swelling, especially in the wrists and hands, caused bу doing the same movement mаnу times
require verb to need sth
resource поип [С, usually р l] а supply of sth, а piece of equipment, etc. that is available for sb to use
rigid adj difficult to bend or shape; stiff
risk поип [С, U] а possibility of sth dangerous or unpleasant happening; а situation that could bе dangerous or have а bad result
robot поип [С] а machine that works automatically or is controlled bу а computer
robotics поип [U] the science of designing and operating robots
rust verb to bесоmе covered with а reddish-brown substance which forms оn the surface of iron, etc. and is caused bу the action of air and water
S
safe adj not likely to cause danger, harm or risk ~ safely adv ~ safety поип [U]
sanitation поип [U] the equipment and the systems that keep places сlеаn, especially bу removing human waste
scale поип [С] а series of numbers amounts, etc. that are used for measuring or fixing the level of sth
scientific adj connected with or involving science ~ scientist поип [С]
screw поип [С] а thin pointed piece of metal used for fixing two things together. Yоu turn а screw with а special tool (а screwdriver).
seabed (the seabed) поип [sing] the floor of the sea
secret adj known about bу оnlу а few реорlе; kept hidden from others
secretary поип [С] а person who works in аn office. А secretary types letters, answers the telephone, keeps records, etc.
see verb to bесоmе conscious of sth using your eyes
sender поип [С] а person who sends а letter, а package, etc. to sb
sense¹ поип [С] оnе of the five natural physical powers of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch
sense² verb to realize or bесоmе conscious of sth; to get а feeling about sth yоu cannot see, hear, etc.
sensible adj (used about реорlе and their behaviour) аblе to make good judgements based оn reason and experience; practical
sensor поип [С] а device that саn react to light, heat, pressure, etc.
setting поип [С] оnе of the positions of the controls of а machine
shape¹ verb to make sth into а particular form
shape² поип [С, U] the form of the outer edges or surfaces of sth; аn ехаmple of sth that has а particular form
shape memory adj (used about а substance or material) аble to change and adapt according to its surroundings
side поип [С] оnе of the surfaces of sth except the top, bottom, front or back
sight поип [U] the ability to see
signal поип [С] а series of radio waves, etc. that are sent out or received
skill поип 1 [U] the ability to do sth well, especially because of training, practice, etc. 2 [С] аn ability that уоu need in order to do а job, аn activity, etc. well ~ skilled adj
sloping adj (used about а surface) not flat: built at аn angle
smart adj 1 (used about а piece of clothing) formal; 2 clever; intelligent; 3 fashionable
smell поип [U] the ability to sense things with the nose
socket поип [С] 1 а рlасе in а wall where а piece of electrical equipment саn be connected to аn electrical supply; 2 а hole in а piece of electrical equipment where another piece of electrical equipment саn bе connected
soft adj not hard or firm
software поип [U] the programs and other operating information used bу а computer
solar energy поип [U] power from the sun
solution поип [С] а way of finding the answer to а problem or dealing with а difficult situation
solve verb to find а way of dealing with а problem or difficult situation
span поип [С] the length of sth from оnе end to the other
specialist поип [С] аn expert in а particular area
specialize verb (specialize in sth) 1 to bесоmе аn expert in а particular area of work or study; 2 to give most of your attention to оnе subject, type of product, etc.
speed поип [C,U] the rate at which sb/sth moves or travels
splicing поип Ю] the act of joining the ends of two pieces of саble, etc. together
square adj (abbr sq) used after а number to give а measurement of аn area
stage поип [С] оnе part of the progress or development of sth
state-of-the-art adj using the most modern or advanced techniques and methods
statistics поип [р l] numbers that have bееn collected in order to provide information about sth
Stetson™ поип [С] а type of hat typical in Texas, USA
stitch поип [С] оnе of the small pieces of thread that а doctor uses to sew уоur skin together after аn operation, etc.
strain поип 1 [С,U] pressure or worry; 2 [U] pressure that is put оn sth when it is pulled or pushed bу а physical force
strength поип [U] the ability of аn object to hold heavy weights or not to break or bе damaged easily; ~ strengthen verb to make sth stronger
strong adj (used about а thing) not easily broken or damaged (opposite: weak)
structural adj connected with the way that а building, etc. has bееn built or the way that the parts of sth have bееn put together
substandard adj not as good as normal; not acceptable
suction поип [U] the action of removing air from а space or container so that two surfaces саn stick together
supply¹ поип [С] а store or аn amount of sth that is provided or available to bе used
supply² verb to give or provide sth
surgery поип [U] medical treatment in which уоur body is cut ореn so that part of it саn bе removed or repaired
survey поип [С] а study of the opinions, behaviour, etc. of а group of реорlе
suspension bridge поип [С] а bridge that hangs from thick steel wires that are supported bу towers at еасh end
symbol поип [С] а sign, object, etc. that represents sth
symmetrical adj having two halves that match еасh other exactly in size, shape, etc.
symptom поип [С] а change in уоur body that is а sign of illness
system поип [С] а set of ideas or rules for organizing sth; а particular way of doing sth
T
taste поип [U] the ability to recognize the flavour of а food or drink; ~ taste verb
technical adj connected with the practical use of machines, methods, etc. in science or industry
technician поип [С] а person whose job is keeping а particular type of equipment or machinery in good condition
technique поип [С] а particular way of doing sth
technology поип 1 [U,C] scientific knowledge, used in practical ways in industry; 2 [С, U] the scientific knowledge and/or equipment that is needed for а particular industry, etc.
teeth brace поип [С, often р l] а metal frame that is fixed to а child's teeth in order to make them straight
telecommunications поип [pl] the technology of sending signals, images and messages over long distances bу radio, telephone, television, etc.
temperature поип [С, U] how hot or cold sb/ sth is
tension поип [С, U] the condition of not being аblе to relax because уоu are worried or nervous
test verb to use аmachine, product, etc. to find out how well it works; ~ tester поип [С]
textile поип [С, U] аnу cloth made in а factory
theoretical adj based оn ideas and principles, not оn practical experience
thermometer поип [С] аn instrument for measuring temperature
think verb to use уоur mind to consider sth or to form connected ideas
third поип [С] (symbol ⅓) оnе of three equal parts of sth
thousand поип [С] 1,000
thread поип [С] а long thin piece of cotton, wool, etc. that уоu use for sewing, etc.
tighten verb to make sth tight or tighter
titanium поип [U] (symbol Ti) а silver-white metal that is used in making various strong light materials
tomb поип [С] а large place, where the body of аn important person is buried
ton поип [С] а measure of weight; 2,240 pounds
tool поип [С] аn instrument that уоu hold in уоur hand and use for making or repairing things, etc.
top поип [С] the highest part or point of sth
touch поип [U] the ability to feel things and know what they are like by putting уоur hands or fingers оn them; ~ t о u с h verb
tough adj not easy to break or damage
tour поип [С] а short visit around а building, city, etc.
traditional adj following the beliefs, customs or way of lifе of а group of реорlе that have not changed for а long time
transmission поип [U] sending out or passing sth from оnе person, рlасе or thing to another
U
under pr ер , adv in or to а position that is below sth
unique adj not like anything else; being the only оnе of its type
unplug verb to remove а piece of electrical equipment from the electricity supply
unreliable adj that cannot bе trusted or depended оn to work properly
upholsterer поип [С] а person whose job is to cover furniture with soft material and fabric
useful adj having some practical use; helpful
V
vaIve поип [С] а device in а pipe or а tube which controls the flow of air, liquid or gas, letting it move in оnе direction оnlу
vehicle поип [С] something that transports реорlе or things
vertical adj going straight uр at аn angle of 90° from the ground
viewer поип [С] а person who looks at or considers sth
vinyl поип [С, U] а strong plastic that саn bend easily and is used for making wall, floor and furniture coverings
vision поип [U] the ability to see; sight
volt поип [С] (abbr V) а unit for measuring the force of аn electric current
W
waiting list поип [С] а list of реорlе who are waiting for sth, for ехаmple а service or medical treatment, that will bе available in the future
waterway поип [С] а canal, river, etc. along which boats саn travel
watt поип [С] (abbr W) а unit for measuring electrical power
weak adj that cannot support а lot of weight; likely to break (opposite: strong)
weight поип [С, U] how heavy sb/sth is; the fact of being heavy
welder поип [С] а person whose job is joining pieces of metal together bу heating their edges and pressing them together; ~ welding поип [U]
welding torch поип [С] а tool with а very hot flame that is used to join pieces of metal together
wind verb (wind sth u р) to make а clock or other mechanism work bу turning а key, а handle, etc. several times; ~ wind-up adj that саn bе made to work bу being wound uр
wire поип [С] а piece of metal in the form of а thin thread that is used to carry electricity
wiring поип [U] the system of wires which supplies electricity to rooms in а building
working environment поип [С, U] the conditions that sb works in
Z
zero поип [С] the number ‘0’
G R A M M A R R E F E R E N C E
(ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК)
Части речи
(Parts of Speech)
Все слова делятся на разделы, которые называются частями речи. Деление происходит в зависимости от значения, роли в предложении, особенностей словообразования. В английском языке, также как и в русском языке, слова делятся на самостоятельные и служебные:
Самостоятельные:
1. Имя существительное (noun , n). Обозначает предмет, отвечает на вопросы: кто? что?
2. Имя прилагательное (adjective , adj). Обозначает признак предмета, отвечает на вопрос: какой?
3. Глагол (verb , v). Обозначает действие (или состояние предмета) и отвечает на вопрос: что делает?
4. Числительное (numeral , num). Обозначает количество предметов и отвечает на вопрос: сколько?; обозначает порядок предметов при счете и отвечает на вопрос: который?
5. Местоимение (pronoun , pron). Употребляется вместо существительного или прилагательного.
6. Наречие (adverb , adv). Обозначает признак действия (или обстоятельства, при которых действие протекает) и отвечает на вопросы: как? где? когда?
Служебные:
7. Предлог (preposition , prep). Показывает отношения между словами в предложении.
8. Союз (conjunction , cj). Показывает отношения между членами предложения.
9. Междометие (interjection , interj)
В английском языке к разряду служебных слов относятся также артикли, служащие признаком существительного, и вспомогательные глаголы, служащие для образования сложных глагольных форм.
Члены предложения
(Parts of Sentence)
Предложение – это сочетание слов, которое выражает законченную мысль. Члены предложения делятся на главные (подлежащее и сказуемое) и второстепенные (дополнение, определение, обстоятельство). Подлежащее может быть выражено: существительным, местоимением, инфинитивом, герундием, безличным местоимением ‘it’. Сказуемое бывает простое и составное. Дополнение может быть выражено существительным, местоимением, инфинитивом, герундием. Обстоятельство может быть выражено наречием, существительным с предлогом, герундием с предлогом, инфинитивом, причастием.
Порядок слов в предложении
( Word order )
В английском языке, в отличие от русского языка, существует твердый порядок слов в предложении.
В утвердительном предложении порядок слов следующий:
| 1 Подлежащее (Subject) | → | 2 Сказуемое (Verb) | → | 3 Дополнение (Object) |
Порядок слов любого отрицательного предложения также един:
| подлежащее (subject) | → | вспомога-тельный глагол (auxiliary verb) | → | not | → | смысловой глагол (main verb) | → | оставшиеся члены предложения (the rest parts of the sentence) |
Порядок слов вопросительного предложения также един по своей структуре:
| вопросительное слово (question word) | → | вспомога-тельный глагол (auxiliary verb) | → | подлежащее (subject) | → | смысловой глагол (main verb) | → | оставшиеся члены предложения (the rest parts of the sentence) |
Существительное
( Noun )
Отличительными признаками существительного являются наличие артикля и предлога – an implant, in the laboratory.
Существительные бывают единственного (an implant) и множественного (implants) числа. Чтобы образовать множественное число существительного, нужно к форме единственного числа прибавить окончание ‘– s’:
implant – implants
technique - techniques
Если существительное оканчивается на -s , - sh , - ch , -х, то нужно прибавить окончание ‘-es ’.
address - addresses
watch - watches
fax - faxes
crash - crashes
Если существительное оканчивается на согласную + у, то буква ‘у’ меняется на ‘i’ и прибавляется окончание ‘- es’.
factory – factories
injury – injuries
memory – memories
company - companies
Если же существительное оканчивается на гласную + у, то просто прибавляется окончание ‘- s’.
day – days
alloy - alloys
Некоторые существительные образуют множественное число не по правилам:
man – men
woman – women
Существительные бывают одушевленными и неодушевленными. Все неодушевленные предметы обозначаются местоимением ‘it’.
Исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные
( Countable and Uncountable Nouns )
Английские существительные бывают исчисляемыми и неисчисляемыми. Исчисляемые существительные обозначают предметы, которые можно сосчитать - столы, мосты, килограммы, рубли, доллары. Исчисляемые существительные могут употребляться как в единственном, так и во множественном числе.
This bridge is very old.
These bridges are very old.
Неисчисляемые существительные обозначают предметы, которые нельзя сосчитать - вода, железо, информация, деньги. Неисчисляемые существительные могут употребляться только в единственном числе.
Knowledge is power!
Experience comes after practice.
С исчисляемыми существительными употребляются слова many (много), a few (несколько), few (мало).
C неисчисляемыми существительными употребляются слова much (много), a little (немного), little (мало).
many problems, a few components, few implants
much knowledge, a little practice, little experience
Притяжательный падеж существительных
( Possessive Case )
В английском языке только два падежа – общий (не имеющий специальных окончаний) и притяжательный (выражающий принадлежность). Роль окончаний в английском языке выполняют либо предлоги, либо месторасположение существительного в предложении.
Существительное в притяжательном падеже отвечает на вопрос ‘whose?’ (чей?) и показывает, кому принадлежит какой-либо предмет. В форме притяжательного падежа употребляются в основном одушевленные существительные.
Чтобы образовать притяжательный падеж, нужно к существительному прибавить апостроф (’)и окончание ‘– s’:
the worker’s tool
the designer’s project
the engineer’ s solution
Если же существительное стоит во множественном числе, то прибавляется только апостроф (’).
the workers’ tools
the designers’ project
the engineers’ solution
Если существительное во множественном числе не имеет окончания ‘–s’, то притяжательный падеж образуется как в единственном числе:
the craftsmen’ s tools
Существительное в притяжательном падеже стоит перед существительным к которому оно служит определением:
the worker’ s tool инструмент рабочего
the designer’ s project проект дизайнера
the engineer’ s solution решение инженера
Если речь идет о неодушевленных предметах, то притяжательный падеж выражается с помощью предлога ‘of’:
properties of materials свойства материалов
symptoms of a disease симптомы болезни
Местоимения
( Pronoun )
Местоимения – часть речи, которая употребляется вместо имени существительного или прилагательного.
Различают следующие виды местоимений: личные местоимения (I / me , he / him , she / her , it / it , you / you , we / us , they / them); притяжательные местоимения (my , his , her , its , your , our , their); возвратные местоимения (myself , himself , herself , itself , yourself , ourselves , themselves); взаимные местоимения (each other , one another); указательные местоимения (this – these ; that – those); вопросительные местоимения (who ( m ), whose , what , which); неопределенные местоимения (some , any , no ; much – many , little – few ; each , every).
Одни местоимения имеют отдельные формы для единственного и множественного числа (this – these ; that – those); другие – одну и ту же форму для единственного и множественного числа (which); третьи – только форму единственного числа (somebody) или только форму множественного числа (both , many).
Краткая таблица местоимений:
| Местоимения | |||
| личные | притяжательные | возвратные | |
| именительный падеж (кто?) | объектный падеж (*) | отвечают на вопрос чей? | функция дополнения после ряда глаголов |
| единственное число | |||
| I | me | my | myself |
| you | you | your | yourself |
| he | him | his | himself |
| she | her | her | herself |
| it | it | its | itself |
| множественное число | |||
| we | us | our | ourselves |
| you | you | your | yourselves |
| they | them | their | themselves |
* соответствует косвенным падежам в русском языке.
Местоимения ‘ some ’, ‘ any ’, ‘ no ’.
Неопределенные местоимения ‘some’, ‘any’ и ‘no’ очень часто употребляются в английском языке. ‘Some’ употребляется в утвердительных предложениях; ‘any’ – в отрицательных предложениях и вопросах; ‘no’ – только в отрицании.
‘Some’ обычно переводится как ‘некоторый, какой-то, несколько’. ‘Any’ обычно переводится как ‘какой-нибудь, любой’ или ‘никакой’ (в отрицании)’. ‘No’ обычно переводится как ‘никакой’.
К местоимениям ‘some’, ‘any’, ‘no’, а также ‘every’ могут присоединяться такие слова как ‘body’, ‘thing’, ‘one’, ‘where’, тем самым образуя сложные местоимения. Принцип их использования в английских предложениях такой же, как у слов ‘some’, ‘any’, ‘no’.
| some | something | somebody | someone | somewhere |
| any | anything | anybody | anyone | anywhere |
| no | nothing | nobody | no one | nowhere |
| every | everything | everybody | everyone | everywhere |
Прилагательное
( Adjective)
Прилагательные в английском языке не изменяются ни по родам, ни по числам, ни по падежам.
Прилагательные имеют две степени сравнения – сравнительную (comparative degree) и превосходную (superlative degree).
Односложные прилагательные, а также некоторые двусложные прилагательные образуют сравнительную степень с помощью суффикса – er, а превосходную степень – с помощью суффикса – est (причем в превосходной степени перед прилагательным обязательно ставится определенный артикль ‘the’).
high – higher – the highest
large – larger – the largest
big – bigger – the biggest
deep – deeper – the deepest
busy – busier – the busiest
dirty – dirtier – the dirtiest
smart – smarter – the smartest
Заметьте, что если прилагательное оканчивается на немое ‘e’, то оно опускается при добавлении суффиксов (large). Если слово оканчивается на согласную с предшествующим кратким гласным звуком, то конечная согласная удваивается (big). Если слово заканчивается на ‘y’ с предшествующей согласной, то ‘y’ меняется при переходе слова в сравнительную и превосходную степени на ‘i’.
Большинство двусложных прилагательных, а также прилагательные, состоящие из трех слогов и более, образуют превосходную степень сравнения путем постановки перед прилагательным слова ‘more’, а превосходную степень – путем постановки перед прилагательным слова ‘most’ с определенным артиклем впереди - ‘the most’.
difficult – more difficult – the most difficult
interesting – more interesting – the most interesting
flammable – more flammable – the most flammable
Некоторые прилагательные представляют собой исключения:
good – better – the best
bad – worse – the worst
little – less – the least
much/many – more – the most
far – farther (further) – the farthest (the furthest)
Глагол
( Verb )
В зависимости от значения, формы, функции глаголы подразделяются на некоторые категории. Глаголы бывают:
1) простые (не имеющие префиксов и суффиксов – ‘take, do’); производные (имеющие префиксы и суффиксы – ‘minimize, discharge’); составные (состоящие из двух слов, но обозначающие одно понятие – ‘broadcast’, ‘go on’);
2) личные (выражающие лицо, число, наклонение, время, залог) и неличные (герундий – ‘the Gerund’, Инфинитив – ‘the Infinitive’, Причастие – ‘the Participle’);
3) правильные (образующие вторую и третью форму глагола путем прибавления окончания ‘-ed’) и неправильные (образующие вторую и третью форму глагола путем изменения корневой гласной или изменением всей формы);
4) смысловые (имеют самостоятельное значение) и вспомогательные (служащие для образования сложных глагольных форм);
5) модальные (выражают возможность, вероятность, необходимость совершения действия).
Смысловые и вспомогательные глаголы
( Main verbs and auxiliary verbs )
Смысловые глаголы имеют самостоятельное значение. Они употребляются в предложении в роли простого сказуемого (He studies Engineering).
Существуют следующие вспомогательные глаголы: be, do, have, will. Вспомогательные глаголы выполняют следующие основные функции: служат для образования сложных глагольных форм (is studying , have studied), участвуют в составлении отрицательного предложения (was not studying , has not studied), участвуют в составлении вопросительного предложения (did you study ? Does she study ?)
Глаголы ‘do’ и ‘have’ являются особенными. Они могут выступать в предложении одновременно и в роли смыслового глагола и в роли вспомогательного глагола:
What do (вспомогательный) you usually do (смысловой) in the evenings?
Have (вспомогательный) you had (смысловой) anything to eat?
Модальные глаголы
(Modal verbs)
К модальным глаголам относятся такие глаголы, как: can (be able to), may (be allowed to), must, have to. Модальные глаголы обозначают не само действие, а показывают отношение говорящего к этому действию. Модальные глаголы выражают способность, возможность, допустимость, вероятность действия. Модальные глаголы употребляются только в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола без частицы ‘to’ (исключение представляют собой глаголы ‘have to’, ‘be able to’, ‘be allowed to’, где частица ‘to’ уже включена в данную структуру):
You can go …
He is able to see …
Jane is allowed to go …
They must study …
She has to do …
Способность к действию передается с помощью глагола ‘can’ (или его эквивалента – ‘be able to’). В прошедшем времени этот модальный глагол имеет форму ‘could’, которая употребляется также с инфинитивом без частицы ‘to’. В будущем времени данный модальный глагол формы не имеет. Вместо него употребляется форма будущего времени модального глагола ‘be able to’ – ‘will be able to”. При отрицании к модальному глаголу ‘can’ присоединяется отрицательная частица ‘not’. При вопросе модальный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:
Robots can feel the environment.
He could feel the cold.
Will you be able to solve this problem?
Robots can’t think like people.
Can robots think like people?
Долженствование передается с помощью модального глагола ‘must’ (или глагола ‘have to’ в значении ‘быть вынужденным’, когда речь идет о долженствовании вытекающим из внешних условий). В прошедшем и будущем времени модальный глагол ‘must’ формы не имеет. Вместо него употребляется формы прошедшего и будущего времен модального глагола ‘have to’. При отрицании к модальному глаголу ‘must’ присоединяется отрицательная частица ‘not’. При вопросе модальный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:
You must put on safety gloves.
She had to go there.
Jane will have to solve the problem herself.
You must not enter the laboratory.
Must I do this task?
Выражение разрешения совершить действие передается с помощью модального глагола ‘may’ (или ‘be allowed to’).
Краткая сводная таблица форм модальных глаголов:
| долженствование | способность к действию | разрешение | |
| Present | must have/has to | can am/is/are able to | may am/is/are allowed to |
| Past | ___ had to | could was/were able to | ___ was/were allowed to |
| Future | will have to | ___ will be able to | ___ will be allowed to |
Глагол “ to be ”
Глагол "to be" ("быть") выражает понятие состояния и очень широко используется в английском языке. В русском языке глагол "быть" в настоящем времени отсутствует, но в английском (и других европейских языках) он ставится. Сравните:
| I am an engineer He is an apprentice They are highly-skilled craftsmen | Я (есть) инженер. Он (есть) стажер. Они (есть) высококвалифицированные мастера |
На русский язык глагол ‘be’ может переводиться, в зависимости от контекста, как ‘есть’, ‘находиться’, ‘являться’, ‘представлять собой’:
| I am an instructor. – Я являюсь инструктором. He is in the laboratory. – Он находиться в лаборатории. An alloy is a mixture of two metals – Сплав представляет собой соединение двух металлов. |
Глагол ‘be’ имеет следующие формы в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени:
| настоящее | прошедшее | будущее | |
| I | am | was | will be |
| he, she, it | is | ||
| you, we they | are | were |
В отрицательных предложениях к глаголу ‘be’ присоединяется отрицательная частица not:
He is an apprentice. – He is not an apprentice.
They were welders. – They were not welders.
Чтобы задать вопрос, нужно глагол ‘be’ поставить перед подлежащим:
He is an apprentice. – Is he an apprentice?
They were welders. – Were they welders?
Обороты “There is … / are / was / were / will be”
В английском языке для обозначения наличия, существования предмета в настоящем времени очень часто используются обороты "there is" для единственного числа и "there are" для множественного числа:
There is a new office building across the street.
Через дорогу находиться новое офисное здание.
There are 3 types of Engineering.
В инженерной науке существуют три направления.
Вопросительные предложения образуются путем перехода глагола "to be" (is, are) на первое место.
There is a new office building across the street.
Is there a new office building across the street?
There are 3 types of Engineering.
Are there 3 types of Engineering?
В отрицательных предложениях после глагола "to be" (is, are) употребляется отрицательная частица "not":
There is a new office building across the street.
There is not a new office building across the street.
There are 3 types of Engineering.
There are not 3 types of Engineering.
Между следующими двумя предложениями существует смысловая разница:
1. There is a welding hat on the table.
На столе лежит шлем (для проведения сварочных работ)
2. The welding hat is on the table
Шлем (для проведения сварочных работ) лежит на столе.
В первом случае идет речь о наличии предмета, во втором случае идет речь о месторасположении предмета.
В прошедшем времени обороты принимают форму "there was" для единственного числа и форму "there were" для множественного числа.
В будущем времени обороты принимают форму "there will be" и для единственного и для множественного числа.
Времена
( Tenses )
Всего в английском языке (как и в любом другом) 3 времени – настоящее (present), прошедшее (past) и будущее (future). Однако, каждое из этих времен подразделяется на виды в зависимости от условий протекания действия: простое (simple), продолженное (continuous) и совершенное (perfect). Наиболее часто используемыми в повседневной жизни и крайне необходимыми для осуществления элементарной коммуникации являются: Present Simple, Past Simple, Future Simple; Present Continuous, Past Continuous; Present Perfect, Past Perfect. Таким образом, получается следующая таблица:
| Simple | Continuous | Perfect | |
| Present | √ | √ | √ |
| Past | √ | √ | √ |
| Future | √ |
Описание особенностей каждого из отмеченного в таблице галочкой элемента видо-временной системы английского глагола представлено ниже. Общая таблица представлена после времени Future.
Present Simple
(Настоящее простое)
Время Present Simple обозначает простое, регулярное, часто (редко, обычно, всегда) повторяющееся действие. Оно образуется с помощью первой формы глагола без частицы "to".
I study Engineering.
Builders work on building sites.
В третьем лице единственного числа к основной форме глагола добавляется окончание ‘- s’ . Принцип присоединения окончания такой же как принцип присоединения окончания ‘-s’ при образовании множественного числа существительных:
I like -- hе likes.
I get – he gets.
They speak — he speaks.
We study — she studies.
We play — she plays.
I go — she goes.
I pass – he passes.
Для образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм предложения, стоящего в Present Simple, используются вспомогательные глаголы "do" и "does"(для третьего лица единственного числа). Принцип образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм представлен в таблице:
| I, you, we, they | study | Engineering | |||
| He, she, it | studies | Engineering | |||
| What | do | I, you, we, they | study | Engineering? | |
| does | He, she, it | study | Engineering? | ||
| I, you, we, they | do not | study | Engineering | ||
| He, she, it | does not | study | Engineering |
Заметьте, что если в предложении присутствует вспомогательный глагол ‘does’, то основной глагол употребляется без окончания ‘-s ’ !
Не по правилу задается вопрос к подлежащему. В этом случае не требуется использование вспомогательного глагола. На место подлежащего ставится вопросительное слово "Who" (или "What" — если подлежащее является неодушевленным предметом) и далее следует глагол, обязательно стоящий в форме третьего лица единственного числа:
| He studies Engineering Who studies Engineering? | We study Engineering. Who studies Engineering? |
Present Simple очень часто употребляется со словами: always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, every day (month, summer,...).
Present Continuous
(Настоящее продолженное)
Время Present Continuous обозначает действие, происходящее в данный момент времени. Оно образуется с помощью глагола ‘be’, стоящего в соответствующей форме в зависимости от подлежащего (I am; he/she/it is; you/we/they are), и основной формы глагола без частицы "to", но с окончанием -ing, которое присоединяется к основе глагола (wait — waiting, study — studying, take — taking).
I am waiting for the Head of Engineering Department now.
Я жду Главного инженера сейчас.
Jack is mending his car at the moment.
Джек ремонтирует свою машину в данный момент.
Where are the builders? — They are having dinner.
Где строители? — Они обедают (в данный момент).
Принцип образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм предложения представлен в таблице:
| I he, she, it you, we, they | am is are | studying | now | ||
| What Where Why | am is are | I he, she, it you, we, they | studying | now? | |
| I he, she, it you, we, they | am not is not are not | studying | now |
При вопросе к подлежащему на место подлежащего ставится вопросительное слово "Who" (или "What" — если подлежащее является неодушевленным предметом), далее следует глагол ‘be’, обязательно стоящий в форме третьего лица единственного числа (‘is’), далее следует все без изменений.
She is studying now. They are studying now.
Who is studying now? Who is studying now?
Present Continuous часто употребляется со словами: now, at the moment.
Present Continuous никогда не употребляется с глаголами, обозначающими чувства, процесс восприятие, мыслительную деятельность: to love, to hate, to see, to hear, to know, to want, to understand, etc. С подобными глаголами употребляется Present Simple:
I want to go home now.
Я хочу пойти домой сейчас.
Past Simple
(Прошедшее простое)
Время Past Simple обозначает простое действие, имевшее место в прошлом и не относящееся к настоящему. Оно образуется с помощью второй формы основного (смыслового) глагола.
В английском языке глаголы бывают двух типов: правильные и неправильные.
Правильные глаголы образуют форму прошедшего времени с помощью окончания ‘-ed’, которое присоединяется к основе глагола следующим образом:
to prevent - prevented to reduce - reduced
to visit - visited to play - played
to wait - waited to study - studied
Heправильные глаголы образуют прошедшую форму путем изменения либо просто корневой гласной, либо всей своей формы:
to speak - spoke to write - wrote
to come - came to go – went
to feel – felt to buy - bought
Таким образом, предложения в прошедшем времени принимают следующий вид.
This manufacture produced the new model оf the Mini car last year.
Этот производитель выпустил новую модель авто ‘Mini’ в прошлом году.
He felt burning in the damaged area of his hand.
Он почувствовал жжение на поврежденном участке руки.
Список трех форм неправильных глаголов приведен в конце данного раздела.
Для образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм предложения, стоящего в Past Simple, используется вспомогательный глагол "did". Принцип образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм представлен в таблице:
| I, he, she, it, you, we, they | studied | Engineering last year | |||
| What When Where Why | did | I, he, she, it, you, we, they | study | Engineering last year? | |
| I, you, we, they | did not | study | Engineering last year |
Заметьте, что в вопросительном и отрицательном предложениях, где присутствует вспомогательный глагол ‘did’, основной глагол употребляется уже в первой форме !
Не по правилу задается вопрос к подлежащему. В этом случае не требуется использование вспомогательного глагола. На место подлежащего ставится вопросительное слово "Who" (или "What" — если подлежащее является неодушевленным предметом) и далее следует все без изменений.
He studied Engineering last year.
Who studied Engineering last year?
Past Simple очень часто употребляется со словами: yesterday, … ago, last week (month, summer,...).
Past Continuous
(Прошедшее продолженное)
Время Past Continuous обозначает действие, происходившее в определенный момент времени в прошлом. Оно образуется с помощью форм прошедшего времени вспомогательного глагола ‘be’ - "was/were" и основной формы глагола без частицы "to", но с окончанием -ing, которое присоединяется к основе глагола (wait — waiting, study — studying, take — taking). Глагол "was" используется для единственного числа, глагол "were" — для множественного числа.
I was waiting for the Head of Engineering Department at 3 p.m. yesterday.
Я ждал Главного инженера вчера в 3 часа дня.
Jack was mending his car when I phoned him.
Джек ремонтировал свою машину в тот момент, когда я ему позвонил.
Where were the builders when the accident happened? — They were having dinner.
Где были строители в тот момент, когда произошло происшествие? — Они обедали (в тот момент).
Заметьте, что Past Continuous часто употребляется в предложении с Past Simple, как, например, в двух последних примерах (‘phoned’, ‘happened’):
Jack was mending (Past Continuous) his car when I phoned (Past Simple) him.
Джек ремонтировал (продолженное (длительное) действие) свою машину в тот момент, когда я ему позвонил (определенный момент в прошлом).
Where were the builders when the accident happened (Past Simple)? — They were having (Past Continuous) dinner.
Где были строители в тот момент, когда произошло происшествие (определенный момент в прошлом)? — Они обедали (продолженное (длительное) действие) в тот момент.
Принцип образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм предложения представлен в таблице:
| I, he, she, it you, we, they | was were | studying | when I came home | ||
| What Where Why | was were | I, he, she, it you, we, they | studying | when I came home? | |
| I, he, she, it you, we, they | was not were not | studying | when I came home |
При вопросе к подлежащему на место подлежащего ставится вопросительное слово "Who" (или "What" — если подлежащее является неодушевленным предметом), далее следует обязательно глагол "was" (даже если подлежащее стоит во множественном числе), далее — все без изменений.
She wasstudying when I came home. They were studying when I came home.
Who was studying when I came home? Who was studying when I came home?
Past Continuous никогда не употребляется с глаголами, обозначающими чувства, процесс восприятие, мыслительную деятельность: to love, to hate, to see, to hear, to know, to want, to understand, etc.
С подобными глаголами употребляется Past Simple.
I wanted to go home at 3 o’clock yesterday.
Вчера в 3 часа я хотел пойти домой (потому что вдруг почувствовал себя плохо).
Present Perfect
(Настоящее совершенное)
Время Present Perfect обозначает действие, которое началось в прошлом, длилось в прошлом и завершилось (или еще не завершилось) к настоящему моменту речи. Значение имеет сам результат деятельности, а не то, когда это действие происходило. Это является основным отличием от Past Simple. Оно образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола "have" (или "has" — для 3 л. ед.ч) и третьей формы глагола.
Engineers have already solved this problem.
Инженеры уже решили эту проблему (неважно, когда они ее решили, важен результат – ‘проблема решена’!)
The construction has collapsed.
Конструкция разрушилась (неважно, когда она рухнула, важно, что конструкции нет)
Список трех форм неправильных глаголов приведен в конце данного раздела.
Принцип образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм предложения, стоящего в Present Perfect, представлен в таблице:
| I, you, we, they he, she, it | have has | studied (found) | information about implants | ||
| What Where Why | have has | I, you, we, they he, she, it | studied (found) | information about implants? | |
| I, you, we, they he, she, it | have not has not | studied (found) | information about implants |
При вопросе к подлежащему на место подлежащего ставится вопросительное слово "Who" (или "What" — если подлежащее является неодушевленным предметом), далее следует обязательно глагол "has" (даже если подлежащее стоит во множественном числе), далее — все без изменений:
The leading engineer has already solved this problem.
Who has solved this problem?
Engineers have already solved this problem.
Who has already solved this problem?
Present Perfect очень часто употребляется со словами: already (в утвердительных, вопросительных предложениях), just (в утвердительных предложениях), jet (в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях), ever (в вопросительных предложениях), never (в отрицательных предложениях):
I have already solved this problem.
I have just solved this problem.
I have not solved this problem jet.
Have you ever solved problems?
I have never solved problems.
Основное отличие Present Perfect от Past Simple заключается в следующем: Present Perfect свидетельствует о том, произошло ли действие вообще, a Past Simple — о том, когда произошло это действие. Сравните:
Present Perfect: Past Simple:
I have already solved this problem. I solved this problem yesterday.
Past Perfect
(Прошедшее совершенное)
Время Past Perfect обозначает действие, имевшее место в прошлом и завершившееся до другого действия тоже в прошлом. Оно образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола ‘had’ и третьей формы глагола.
I had solved the problem before my boss knew about it.
Я решил проблему до того, как о ней узнал мой руководитель.
Before employees started working, the director had told them the news.
Директор сообщил своим работникам новости до того, как они приступили к работе.
Заметьте, что во второй части предложений (‘before my boss knew about it’ и ‘Before employees started working’) глаголы стоят в Past Simple.
Список трех форм неправильных глаголов приведен в конце данного раздела.
Принцип образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм предложения, стоящего в Past Perfect, представлен в таблице, расположенной ниже.
| I, you, we, they, he, she, it | had | studied (found) | information before the seminar started | ||
| What Where Why | had | I, you, we, they, he, she, it | studied (found) | information before the seminar started? | |
| I, you, we, they, he, she, it | had not | studied (found) | Information before the seminar started |
При вопросе к подлежащему на место подлежащего ставится вопросительное слово "Who" (или "What" — если подлежащее является неодушевленным предметом), далее следует все без изменений:
Jane had solved the problem before her boss knew about it.
Who had solved the problem before the boss knew about it?
Future
(Будущее время)
Будущность в английском языке может передаваться разными способами:
1) Will
Простое будущее время (Future Simple) образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола ‘will’ и первой формы смыслового глагола без частицы ‘to’:
I will study this information tomorrow.
Я ознакомлюсь с этой информацией завтра.
He will mend the car next week.
Он починит машину на следующей неделе.
They will deliver the components in 3 days.
Они поставят детали через три дня.
Принцип образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм предложения представлен в таблице:
| I, you, we, they, he, she, it | will | study | this information tomorrow | ||
| What Where Why | will | I, you, we, they, he, she, it | study | this information tomorrow? | |
| I, you, we, they, he, she, it | won’t (will not) | study | this information tomorrow |
Простое будущее время часто употребляется со словами tomorrow , next week / year / Friday.
2) использование Present Continuous для выражения будущности.
Будущность может передаваться в английском языке с помощью Present Continuous, если речь идет о запланированном действии.
Jane and Patrick are studying tomorrow at 3 p.m. They have an agreement.
Джейн и Патрик занимаются (учатся) завтра в 3 часа дня. Они договорились.
3) выражение будущности после ‘If… / before … / after … / as soon as …’
Для выражения будущности после ‘If… / before … / after … / as soon as …’ в английском языке употребляется не будущее время, а время Present Simple.
If they like the design, they will start the construction.
Если им понравится дизайн, они начнут строительные работы.
Before the company agrees, it will study the project carefully.
Перед тем, как согласиться, компания тщательно изучит проект.
As soon as we have all necessary components, we will mend the car quickly.
Как только у нас будут все запчасти, мы быстро починим машину.
After she presents the project, we will discuss it.
Как только она презентует свою разработку, мы ее обсудим.
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