Children with a delay of mental development
Development of the differentiated studying of children with various deviations allowed to allocate category of children which features of mental development don't allow them without specially created conditions fully to acquire the training program of comprehensive school, but at the same time significantly distinguish them from the children oligophrenic persons who are trained at correctional schools. Children with a delay of mental development enter this category.
The Delay of mental development – extreme option of norm, one of types of a dizontogenez. Children with such diagnosis develop more slowly, than their contemporaries. The Delay of Mental Development (DMD) is shown early. It alcoholism of parents, diseases of mother can be the initial cause during pregnancy, the patrimonial injuries, infections transferred to the first months of life, and some other of harm, expressing ill-defined organic insufficiency of the central nervous system. In special literature the delay of mental development is called differently the minimum brain dysfunction.
The clinical classification developed by K. S. Lebedinska carries to ZPR of children with states, with psychophysical and mental infantility, and also at what after long somatic diseases functional insufficiency of the central nervous system is noted.
At a delay of mental development violations both emotional and intellectual spheres are observed. In the first cases the emotional underdevelopment, in others – violations of cognitive activity prevails. Violations of the emotional and strong-willed sphere and behavior are shown in weakness of strong-willed installations of emotional instability, impulsiveness, excitability, a motive t or slackness, apathy.
Insufficient expressiveness of cognitive interests at children with ZPR is combined with immaturity of the highest mental functions, with violations of attention, memory, with functional insufficiency of visual and acoustical perception, with bad coordination of the movement. The molding, drawing, designing, the letter are given to children with ZPR with difficulties because of small differentiation of movements of hands.
2.Translate and make up sentences with….
1. to vary
2. milestones
3. delay
4. reaction
5. defect
Examination task № 17
1. Read and translate the text:
The psychology and pedagogical characteristic of children with the general underdevelopment of the speech.
The concept "general underdevelopment of the speech" (ONR) is used for designation of group of children with normal hearing and safe intelligence the representing specific manifestation of speech anomaly at which it is broken or formation of the main components of speech system lags behind norm: lexicon, grammar, phonetics The diagnostic sign of ONR – dissociation between speech and mental development, that is mental development proceeds more safely, than development of the speech .The general underdevelopment of the speech affects formation at children of intellectual, touch and strong-willed spheres.
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T.D. Barmenkova's researches (1997) testify that preschool children with ONR on the level of formation of logical operations considerably lag behind the normally developing contemporaries. The author allocates four groups of children with ONR on degree of formation of logical operations.
The 1st group, rather high level of formation of nonverbal and verbal logical operations, informative activity, interest in a task it is high, purposeful activity of children is steady and systematic;
The 2nd group, level of formation of nonverbal and verbal logical operations is lower than age norm. Speech activity is reduced, children experience difficulties of reception of the verbal instruction, show the limited volume of short-term memory, impossibility to hold a verbal row;
The 3rd group, purposeful activity is broken when performing both nonverbal, and verbal tasks. Insufficient concentration of attention, low level of informative activity, low volume of representations about surrounding are characteristic, difficulties of establishment of relationships of cause and effect, but are available potential opportunities for mastering abstract concepts, on condition of assistance;
The 4th group, the underdevelopment of logical operations is characteristic. Logical activity of children differs in extreme instability, lack of regularity, informative activity of children low, control over correctness of performance of tasks is absent.
A number of authors (R. E. Levina, T.B. Filicheva, G. V. Chirkina, A.V. Yastrebova) note at children with ONR insufficient stability and volume of attention, limited opportunities of its distribution. At rather safe semantic, logical memory at children verbal memory is reduced, efficiency of storing suffers, i.e. they forget difficult instructions, elements and sequence of tasks.
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2.Translate and make up sentences with….
1. tо represent
2. to hesitate
3. blind
4. deaf
5. positive
Examination task № 18
1. Read and translate the text:
Maria Semyonovna Pevzner
Maria Semyonovna Pevzner (on April 14, 1901 — on August 3, 1989) — the Soviet scientist, the psychiatrist, the psychologist, the speech pathologist and the teacher.
She was born on April 14, 1901 in Senno Mogilyovska of lips. (nowadays Vitebsk Region), in the employee's family. B1918 of graduated from school of the 2nd step in Atkarsk of the Saratov region. She got an education at medical faculty of Moscow State University (1924) and special courses on children's neurology (1925).
Already in Saratov Maria Semenovna conducted serious research work under the leadership of the prof. I. N. Markov. Results of this work devoted to studying of psychopathic forms of behavior at children's age were presented at the congress of psychiatrists which was taking place in Leningrad in 1929 devoted to studying of behavior of the person where Maria Semenovna meets the outstanding scientist-psychologist L. S. Vygotsky (1896 — 1934) who highly appreciated her scientific report on behavior pathology at the children who had encephalitis and offered it cooperation. In 1938 it defended the dissertation on competition of an academic degree of the candidate of medical sciences on a subject: "Psychopathic states at children's age".
In December, 1960 it awarded an academic degree of the doctor of pedagogical sciences (on special psychology). In 1963 to Maria Semenovna the academic status of professor is given. From 1960 to 1972 M.S.Pevzner managed sector of clinical and neurophysiological studying of abnormal children of scientific research institute of defectology of NPA of the USSR where under its management the new direction — genetic studying of abnormal children was developed. Under the direction of and with direct participation of Maria Semenovna the new direction of domestic pedagogical science — clinical defectology is defined. It continues to conduct big pedagogical work: lecturing at advanced training courses of teachers-speech pathologists, doctors-neuropsychiatrists, logopedists, for students the defektologic of faculties of the Russian Federation and federal republics.
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Maria Semenovna was repeatedly awarded by certificates of honor of NPA of the USSR and MO the USSR; medals: "For valorous work in the Great Patriotic War of 1941 — 1945" and "In memory of the 800 anniversary of Moscow".
In January, 1989 M. S. Pevzner retired in connection with a serious illness. In the summer of 1989 she underwent a difficult operation and soon, on August 3, died. It is buried on Novodevichy Cemetery near the husband, Igor Mikhaylovich Reysner.
2.Translate and make up sentences with….
1. to transform
2. formation
3. compensation
4. to trouble
5. to share
Examination task № 19
1. Read and translate the text:
Logopsykhology
Logopsykhology — the branch of special psychology studying psychological features of persons with various speech frustration.
The object of studying is defined by that at various violations of the speech also various features mental process, states and properties which need to be considered in correctional and psychology and pedagogical work are observed.
Interpersonal communication of children of the advanced preschool age with the general underdevelopment of the speech.
Psychology and pedagogical researches convincingly show an important role of communication with contemporaries in formation of the identity of the child and his relationship with other children (T. A. Markova, V. G. Nechayev, A. P. Usov). Violation of communication and the related negative emotional health often leads to formation of the interpersonal relations (E. A. Arkin, L. I. Bozovic).
The problem of interaction of children in group is studied insufficiently, existence of speech defect has negative impact on formation of the identity of the child and his relations with people around. Features of interaction of such children are formed is specific in connection with features of their personal development.
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Speech violations affect nature of relationship of the child with people around, formation of his consciousness and a self-assessment. Studying features of development of preschool children with the general underdevelopment of the speech, O. A. Slinko notes that not formation of means of communication can be the main cause of the adverse relations in group of contemporaries. The identity of children with pathology of the speech is formed in the conditions of a peculiar development owing to the available defect.
Timely development of the speech is one of the main conditions of normal mental development of the child. The delay of manifestation of speech communication, a poor lexicon, and other violations are reflected in formation of consciousness and the child's self-assessment.
Depending on the level of communicative violations and extent of experience of speech defect preschool children with the general underdevelopment of the speech of Chirkina G. V. were divided into three groups. Children of the first group don't show experience of speech defect, they don't note difficulties at speech contact. They actively interact with adults and contemporaries, widely use thus nonverbal means of communication. Enter communication and support dialogue, often ask to each other the questions commenting and the inducing statements.
2.Translate and make up sentences with….
1. immediately
2. mistake
3. perspective
4. future
5. tendency
Examination task № 20
1. Read and translate the text:
Oligofrenopsykhology
Oligofrenopsykhology (from other - Greek ὀλίγος — small, the little, insignificant, φρήν — mind) — the section special and patopsikhologic, studying structure of intellectual defect, feature of mental development and possibility of its correction at people with heavy forms of underdevelopment of a brain. The island studies features of mental activity of people at various forms of a congenital or mental underdevelopment (intellectual backwardness) as a result of early organic damages of a brain (congenital defects of nervous system, result of an illness or trauma), investigates their psychological features, forms and degree of expressiveness of defect.
One of the first scientific works devoted to studying of mentally retarded children were works of the outstanding domestic scientist I. A. Sikorsky who in the works "… developed K. D. Ushinsky's ideas about the principles of creation of pedagogics as sciences, emphasizing that an original basis for the scientific theory of education is complex studying of the child". In 1882 I. A. Sikorsky gave the report in Geneva on the congress of doctors of hygienists "On children difficult in the educational relation". In the report the author analyzes pupils of the Military schools which are lagging behind in training. He points to the different reasons of lag from normally developing contemporaries, among which: the violation in intellectual development connected with defeat of TsNS, and also the intellectual and moral violations connected with chronic exhaustion mental work. In the report it is indicated the need of further researches in this direction. Same year there is I. A. Sikorsky's work "About treatment and education of underdeveloped, backward and feeble-minded children". In this work the author analyzes the problem specified in the name, relying on the international experience. It gives briefly history of studying, education and training of feeble-minded children abroad, shows, what achievements in this direction foreign scientists achieved. Along with need of deep studying of an intellectual underdevelopment at children, I. A. Sikorsky indicates the need of studying and training of children with prevalence emotionally — strong-willed violations. It characterizes such children as children with a moral underdevelopment. "Studying of a moral underdevelopment and its correction becomes the major new practical task …". Among features of such children the author calls "… anomalies of feelings and character, lack of harmony of sincere forces …" Presence of children with emotional and strong-willed violations, according to I. A. Sikorsky, speaks about need of creation for them specialized institutions.
2.Translate and make up sentences with….
1. attempts
2. to search
3. pick up
4. pediatrician
5. toddler
Examination task № 21
1. Read and translate the text:
Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky
Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky (5 on November (17), 1896, Orsha the Mogilyov province — on June 11, 1934, Moscow) — the Soviet psychologist, the founder of the research tradition called in critical works of the 1930th years as "the cultural and historical theory" in psychology. The author of literary publications, works on pedogogy and cognitive development of the child, headed so-called "Vygotsky's circle".
Vygotsky's formation as scientist coincided with the period of reorganization of the Soviet psychology on the basis of Marxism methodology in which he took active part. In search of methods of objective studying of difficult forms of mental activity and behavior of the personality Vygotsky subjected to the critical analysis a row philosophical and the majority modern to it psychological concepts ("Sense of psychological crisis", the manuscript, 1926), showing futility of attempts to explain behavior of the person, reducing the highest forms of behavior to the lowest elements.
Investigating speech thinking, Vygotsky in a new way solves a problem of localization of the highest mental functions as structural units of activity of a brain. Studying development and disintegration of the highest mental functions on material of children's psychology, defectology and psychiatry, Vygotsky comes to a conclusion that the structure of consciousness — is dynamic semantic system of the affective, strong-willed and intellectual processes which are in unity.
2.Translate and make up sentences with….
1. to train
2. muscles
3. aural
4. to confuse
5. facial
Examination task № 22
1. Read and translate the text:
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