Дайте відповіді на запитання
1. What is the idea behind consumer theory?
2. How will budget constraint affect a consumer's spending decisions?
3. What is the role of preferences in consumer theory?
4. What is substitution effect?
5. When will a consumer be able to purchase more of a desired product?
Варіант №5
Розкрийте дужки, вставляючи прикметник у потрібній формі ступеня порівняння. Речення перекладіть.
5.1.1. The Americans love … (much) coke and hamburgers, people in the UK think that British food is much ... (healthy) and ... (nourishing).
5.1.2. He was ... (restless) than he had ever been.
5.1.3. At over 1 billion years of age, the Blue Ridge mountains are among ... (old) mountains in the United States and sometimes mistaken to be ... (old) mountains in the world.
5.1.4. ... (kind) is the teacher, ... (hard) is to pass exams.
5.1.5. There is no … (good) death than dying to save the one you love … (much) of all.
Перекладіть рідною мовою, зважаючи на ступені порівняння прикметників та прислівників.
5.2.1. Чим раніше ти повернешся, тим скоріше ми закінчимо роботу.
5.2.2. Він дуже сильний , він може підняти коробку в 3 рази важкішу.
5.2.3. Хто з них найстарший в родині?
5.2.4. Перше видання гарне, але друга версія краще.
5.2.5. Якщо ми поїдемо автобусом, це буде швидше ніж пішки.
5.2.6. Ми стали ближче один до одного.
5.2.7. Він зробить свою частину праці акуратніше за тебе.
Розкрийте дужки, вставляючи дієслово у потрібній часовій формі груп Perfect або Perfect Continuous. Речення перекладіть.
5.3.1. Sue … (not/take) a lot of drugs since she joined the health club.
5.3.2. You … (write) this composition for two hours and can't complete it.
5.3.3. Mr. Jackson said that he … (already/buy) everything for lunch.
5.3.4. I … (talk) over the phone for 10 minutes when they brought me the letter.
5.3.5. If we don't hurry, they … (eat) all the food there before we can get to the house.
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Перекладіть рідною мовою, зважаючи на вживання групи часів Perfect та Perfect Continuous.
5.4.1. Потяг вже відійде в тому часу, як ми приїдемо до станції.
5.4.2. Мій годинник продовжує гарно працювати весь час після ремонту.
5.4.3. Я ніколи не забуду вашу доброту, ви завжди були дуже уважні до мене.
5.4.4. Вона видала мені лист тільки після того, як я назвав своє ім.`я.
5.4.5. Вони їхали 4 години до того, як дістались міста.
5.4.6. Я отримаю це повідомлення, коли вже буду годину їхати в автобусі.
Заповніть пропуски одним із наданих слів. Речення перекладіть.
The situation where there are only a few sellers is called (5.5.1) . This frequently arises in manufacturing industry because of economies of scale – continuously declining unit costs as production increases – and the cost barriers of entering an industry. A (5.5.2) is where companies in the same industry collaborate by coordinating prices, sharing out markets, etc. In many countries, including the USA, this is illegal, under (5.5.3) . The situation in which there are only a small number of relatively large buyers in a market is (5.5.4) .
Some monopolies are legal. For example, inventors are granted (5.5.5) that give them monopolistic privileges for a certain length of time. There are also natural monopolies, such as water, gas, electricity and telephones where it may not be economic to have a large number of competing companies laying cables or pipes to the same consumers. Consequently, (5.5.6) companies such as these are frequently granted monopolies, but with prices regulated by the government.
| 5.5.1 a. an oligopoly | b. an oligopsony | c. a recession |
| 5.5.2 a. cartel | b. conglomerate | c. conspiracy |
| 5.5.3 a. anti-trust laws | b. honesty laws | c. trust laws |
| 5.5.4. a. a concentration | b. an oligopoly | c. an oligopsony |
| 5.5.5 a. licences | b. patents | c. trademarks |
| 5.5.6 a. useful | b. utility | c. utilitarian |
Перепишіть текст за фахом та перекладіть його рідною мовою.
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In his General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), Keynes argued that people's economic expectations about the future were generally erratic and random, and could consequently be systematically wrong. In the 1970s, the Rational Expectations school, led by Robert Lucas and Thomas Sargent, began to argue that, on the contrary, people (or "economic agents") generally make rational choices according to the information available to them. For example, if people anticipate that the government will cut taxes or allow the money supply to grow or interest rates to fall, so as to boost employment and stimulate demand, they will plan and behave accordingly. Even before the government announces such measures, companies will plan price rises, and trade unions will demand higher pay. This means that predictable and systematic policies to stabilize the business cycle (e.g., monetary expansion and tax cuts) will instantly be compensated for and thus become ineffective. In other words, fiscal or monetary policy will only affect output and unemployment if it is unpredictable and comes as a surprise, in much the same way as only random news shocks stock market prices.
Monetarists such as Milton Friedman argue that the average levels of prices, wages and economic activity are determined by the quantity of money in circulation and its velocity of circulation, and that inflation is caused by excessive monetary growth. Other economists have used the same data to argue that it is increased business activity that causes the money supply to rise, and that the money supply follows prices, and not vice versa. Monetarists claim that Keynesian attempts to stabilize the business cycle only lead to rising prices and the crowding out of private investment, and that the business cycle, inflation and unemployment are the unintended results of misconceived government interventions and of exogenous variables. They insist that free markets and competition are efficient and should be allowed to operate with a minimum of governmental intervention.
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