The Contemporary Garden(2435)
There is an ever-growing trend toward a simple, contemporary garden - one that works for a smaller yard or for those seeking an easy-care garden.
These gardens have an emphasis on hardscape of stone, wood and concrete, with bold architectural plants incorporated. Water features, sculpture and containers are important in the contemporary garden; and plants, while fewer in numbers, are actually highlighted and add drama. We are more likely to notice a plant's stunning attributes when it is not competing against scores of other plants for attention.
Elements of the Contemporary Garden
Concrete Steppers
Inexpensive and highly versatile: precast concrete stepping-stones are the perfect geometric form for surfacing. Round, square or rectangular; small or massive slabs; these are an affordable way to get just the right look.
Metal Grids
Welded wire panels of varying density are ideal fencing materials. Use as screen panels for vines, combine with wood planks or create a revolutionary idea with new or recycled segments.
Cobbles
The rounded, natural form of river stone is the perfect contrast for rigid, man-made industrial materials. They offer an excellent surfacing texture for those difficult spaces that can be turned into serious design opportunities. Widely available in a range of colors and sizes.
Sheet Metal
Galvanized metal sheeting is easy to install without any special skills. Popular for its ability to curve and wrap, it makes outstanding veneer and weatherproof solid screening.
Spheres
Whether created of concrete, ceramic, metal or even a recycled bowling ball, spheres become vital sculptural elements for these gardens. They stand out as bold art forms in a spare landscape.
Slick Pots
Cylindrical or square, composed of resin or ceramic, containers paired with a plant featuring bold sculptural form double the overall impact.
Contemporary Furniture
Reflections of the great modern-era designers can be found in the furniture for these gardens. Stainless steel and chrome alternate with bright plastics to render these functional places.
Keys to a contemporary garden
Dwarf varieties that are well suited to containers; new types of shrubs and trees with a tidy habit; and dramatic architectural plants that can be a focal point in the modern garden.
Trees in a contemporary garden tend to have a more upright habit, so they become a structural element. Their canopies are not too large, and there may be several in a row to create a hedge effect.
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Containers are a standard in the contemporary garden. Often with just a single plant that is either neat or tidy, like a topiary, or a trimmed boxwood.
Plants for a Contemporary Garden
Contemporary topiaries, agaves, bamboo, and containerized trees such as Majestic Beauty Fruitless Olive, Golden Spirit Smoke Tree,palms such as Windmill Palm, and conifers like the Blue Arrow Juniper.
Text 24
Zen Garden Style(3419)
Back in the late 14th century, Zen Buddhist priests created their very austere gardens for meditation and appreciation of beauty. Those early gardens had no water features - rather, the priests created a feeling of water with rocks, even raking them to get a ripple-like appearance. Today there are many interpretations of Zen gardens, with enhancements such as ponds, bridges, lighting and art pieces. But they are still rich in Asian traditions and focus on an intrinsic reverence for nature. At first glance, the Zen garden is very simple - yet the depth and complexity unfolds the more one studies the space.
If you want your outdoor space to be a place of calm, simplicity and quiet contemplation, a Zen garden may be for you. Plus, you'll find that this is a very easy garden to maintain. Whether enjoyed from outdoors or through windows during inclement weather, its ancient beauty transcends all seasons.
Elements of the Asian Garden:
Stone
Great stones and boulders are viewed in the Japanese garden as islands. Stone exists in dozens of other applications, from bridges to stepping pads. The role of stone cannot be over-emphasized because it is the structural basis of the hardscape design.
Pebbles
Pebbles in the Asian garden are most often river-rounded and cobble-like, from pea size to as large as a potato. They are used to create fields on the ground, offer a base plane for art, and to outline stepping stone pathways.
Sand and fine gravel
In classical Asian gardens without ponds or streams, sand and finer gravels are used to create a metaphor for water.
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Bamboo fences and panels
The Japanese art of bamboo fence and gate making has become a vital part of the garden's visual design.
Water
Ponds, streams and waterfalls are beautiful elements in the modern Asian garden. Created in a natural style with rocks and plants often found at water's edge, these pools are the home of
colorful koi fish.
Tea ceremony basin
The Japanese tea garden features a path from the entry gate to the teahouse. Along that pathway, there will be a water basin with its accompanying bamboo utensils for ritual washing. The basins may be naturally hollowed out rock or beautiful containers created from carved stone, ceramic and bronze.
Pagoda lights
Originally made of carved stone to hold oil lamps or candles, these artistic pagoda-shaped lighting fixtures are at home in Asian gardens. Of concrete or stone, small and squat or tall and elegant, these are the most common man-made features.
Buddha
Figures of Buddha in all his many cultural forms are the icons of Asian gardens. Featured in contemplative spaces, they are both garden art and a vital part of Eastern spirituality.
How to Create a Zen Garden
First, define your space. Decide if you want to start with a small corner of your garden or transform your entire yard. Give it rough edges, much like nature would create, rather than the straight lines of a formal garden.
Next, sketch out a design. You can get ideas by visiting Asian gardens at a local botanical garden, looking at photos of Zen gardens you like, and searching online for downloadable plans. Once you have the basic bones of the garden defined -- hardscape, topography and water – then you're ready to choose the plants.
Remember, a Zen garden is not filled with plants. Select some specimen plants that add intrigue, color and texture. The few, well-chosen plants will become the stars of the garden.
Plants of the Zen garden reflect the change of seasons. Azaleas and cherry blossoms define the spring, Japanese maples the fall. The rest of the year the gardens are noticeably lacking in flowers, with the emphasis shifted to sculptural evergreens. These evergreens offer year-round beauty with a unique appeal under snowfall. You can still achieve this same garden character with some judiciously placed perennial flowers, which add interest without diverging from the traditional
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landscape.
Plants for a Zen Garden
Focus on foliage/texture plants such as conifers, bamboo, Japanese maples, and shade-loving bloomers: camellias, azaleas, rhododendrons.
Text 25
Types of Gardening (1490)
Residential gardening takes place near the home, in a space referred to as the garden. Although a garden typically is located on the land near a residence, it may also be located on a roof, in an atrium, on a balcony, in a window box, or on a patio or vivarium.
Gardening also takes place in non-residential green areas, such as parks, public or semi-public gardens (botanical gardens or zoological gardens), amusement and amusement parks, along transportation corridors, and around tourist attractions and garden hotels. In these situations, a staff of gardeners or groundskeepers maintains the gardens.
Indoor gardening is concerned with the growing of houseplants within a residence or building, in a conservatory, or in a greenhouse. Indoor gardens are sometimes incorporated as part of air conditioning or heating systems.
Native plant gardening is concerned with the use of native plants with or without the intent of creating wildlife habitat. The goal is to create a garden in harmony with, and adapted to a given area. This type of gardening typically reduces water usage, maintenance, and fertilization costs, while increasing native faunal interest.
Water gardening is concerned with growing plants adapted to pools and ponds. Bog gardens are also considered a type of water garden. These all require special conditions and considerations. A simple water garden may consist solely of a tub containing the water and plant(s). In aquascaping, a garden is created within an aquarium tank.
Container gardening is concerned with growing plants in any type of container either indoors or outdoors. Common containers are pots, hanging baskets, and planters. Container gardening is usually used in atriums and on balconies, patios, and roof tops.
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СПИСОК ТЕРМИНОВ
A
Abreuvoir
A drinking place for animals, sometimes treated as a garden ornament.
Academy
The Academy was the olive grove outside Athens in which Plato set up his school of philosophy. It continued in operation for 900 years. The term was later used by the Ptolomys in Egypt, by Charlemagne in north Europe and by Muslims in Spain. Renaissance Italy saw the foundation of a new Platonic Academy in Florence, which re-established the link between philosophy and gardens.
Adonis Garden
Adonis was the nourisher of seeds in Greek mythology. This led to the making of “Adonis gardens” which were small gardens in terracotta pots. They were placed outside Adonis temples during festivals.
Alcove
An alcove is a recess in a wall or hedge, often curved and often used to house a sculpture, a seat
or a fountain.
Allée
An Allée is a walk bordered with trees or clipped hedges.
Alpine garden
A garden used to grow Alpine plants (though many of them do not come from the Alps). Rocks are often used in Alpine gardens and can help to keep the roots wet and the leaves dry.
American garden
An American garden is an area of a Mixed Style garden used to grow plants from North America.
Amphitheatre
The etymology of Amphitheatre is from “amphi” (both, or both sides) + “theatron” (theatre). It means a circular theatre with seating on both sides. Garden amphitheatres are made with landform, planting or stonework.
Anglo-Chinois
The French term for the Serpentine Style of garden layout is Anglo-Chinois. The term originated with the belief that the “English” style of garden layout was inspired by the Chinese. Walpole argued against the term.
Apiary
An Apiary is a place where bees are kept (from the Latin “apis” = bee). Bee hives have been placed in gardens at least since Roman times.
Appadana
Appadana is a method of construction using a flat roof and columns (but not arches)
Arbour
An Arbour us a garden shelter, usually curved and made with vegetation.
Arcade
An Arcade is a set of arches supported by columns.
Arch
An Arch is a structure of wedge-shaped bricks, stones or other materials that lock together and can be supported from the sides.
Architect
Architect derives from the Greek “arkhos” (meaning chief) and “tekhne” (meaning the art of doing something).
Armillary sphere
An Armillary sphere is a type of spherical sundial.
Art nouveau
Art nouveau was a decorative movement which reached its zenith in the period 1893–1907. The ParqueGüell Barcelona (started 1900) is the most famous art nouveau garden.
Atrium
Atrium (Latin) is the central court of a Roman house.
Automata
An Automata is an Italian renaissance term for a mechanical device, usually powered by water, windpower or clockwork.
Axial
Axial is an adjective describing a design which is structured on a straight axis.
B
Back Yard
Back Yard is an American term for a back garden (usually more functional than ornamental).
Bagh
Bagh is the Persian word for “garden”.
Bailey
A Bailey is the open area of a fortified castle. Some of the space was used for castle gardens during the middle ages.
Balustrade
A baluster is a short pillar with a curved outline and a balustrade is a barrier made with pillars of this type and topped with a coping or rail. The word comes from the Greek word “balustion” for a pomegranate flower which resembles the shape of a baluster.
Baoli
Baoli (or Baori): a stepwell or tank, as built throughout India.
Baroque
The term Baroque is applied to the late Renaissance period (1600–1750) when all the arts were combined to produce dramatic effects. It is said to derive from the Portuguese word for a rough pearl.
Basin
The word Basin is used in French gardens (pronounced “bass-an”) to mean a geometrical pool of the type made in Baroque gardens.
Bastion
The term Bastion comes from military architecture, meaning the projecting part of a fortification (from the Italian word “bastire”, build). In gardens it means a projecting point (usually octagonal or circular) in a walled garden.
Beautiful
In general use, the word Beautiful means “possessing beauty”. In the eighteenth century the term was given a specific use (e. g. by Edmund Burke), in contrast with the word “Sublime”, so that Beautiful meant “soft, gentle and smooth” while Sublime meant “dramatic, awe-inspiring and almost frightening”. Picturesque was used as an intermediate term.
Bedding plant
Bedding plants are used in displays of colourful plants. Usually the plants are annual or biennial and start their life in conservatories,
Belt
A Belt is a strip of trees, usually planted to define a space or a view. The term came into use with the Serpentine Style in the eighteenth century.
Belvedere
The word Belvedere derives from Italian roots (“bel” – beautiful and “vedere” – see) and describes a place from which one can see a beautiful view. This place can be a building, usually with open sides, or a defined spot (e. g. a curved terrace with a seat).
Berceau
A Berceau is a vaulted trellis, used to grow climbing plants.
Bonsai
Bonsai is a Japanese word (derived from the Chinese word “penjing”) meaning a tray garden.
Border
A Border is a long flower bed, usually beside a path a wall or a hedge.
Bosco
Bosco is an Italian word, usually applied to a wood of evergreen oak (Quercus ilex) with a mysterious air. The SacroBosso at Bomarzo is, literally, a sacred wood - inspired by the ancient idea of making a Sacred Grove in association with an Egyptian temple.
Bosquet
Bosquet is a French word, used for a block of trees and shrubs pierced by paths. At Versailles the bosquets are defined by geometrical paths and many contain elaborate features (e. g. sculpture and fountains) hidden in the trees.
Bostan
Bostan (or Bustan) is the Persian word for “orchard” or “fruit garden”.
Botanic garden
The idea of making a collection of plants is found in Egyptian and Mesopotamian gardens. In classical Greece and Rome, such plants were used for medicinal purposes. This practice was continued in the monasteries of medieval Europe and flourished anew with the scientific concerns of the renaissance. The world now has a large number of botanic gardens most of which are used for the scientific study of plants.
Bower
A Bower is a garden seat protected by foliage.
Bowling Green
A Bowling Green is a flat lawn for playing the game of bowls.
Brownian
The adjective Brownian is used to mean the romantic Serpentine Style of the mid-eighteenth
century.
Burj
A Burj is a fortified tower, as found in Indian gardens.
Buttress
From the French “bouter”=to bear against, and used to describe a mass of brick or masonry which resists the outward pressure of a wall, arch or vault.
C
Campagna
Campagna is the Italian word for open country. The “Roman campagna” is the countryside around Rome which was painted by landscape artists (e. g. Claude and Poussin) and helped to give form to English gardens in the eighteenth century.
Canal
The term Canal is used in garden design to describe a long thin body of water, which is usually rectangular but may be curved.
Capital
A Capital is the crowning feature of a column (from the Latin “caput” =head).
Carpet bedding
The nineteenth century practice of using bedding plants to create carpet-like patterns. The idea derives from the older ideas of knot gardens and parterres. At the end of the nineteenth century “carpet bedding” became a term of abuse for annual displays of plants, but it remains popular in show gardens and public parks.
Cascade
From the Latin “cascare”, to fall, the word Cascade came into use for a small waterfall in a garden (either natural or artificial).
Casino and Casina
Casino and Casina are diminutives of “casa”, meaning a small house. The Spanish equivalent is “casita”. Garden houses are often described as casinos.
Chabutra
A Chabutra is a sitting platform in an Indian garden (or elsewhere in an Indian town)
Chadar
A Chadar is a water chute or cascade in an Indian garden (the word means “sheet” or “shawl”)
ChaharBagh
ChaharBagh (pronounced “ch-haar-bah”) describes the “four square” plan of a Persian paradise garden. The term is used in connection with Iranian and Mughal gardens. The oldest example of a rectangular canal pattern is at Passargadae, in Iran, and the oldest example of a square garden with symmetrical crossing canals is at the Alhambra.
Chanoyu
Chanoyu (or Cha-no-yu) is the Japanese tea ceremony, performed in a “chashitsu” (teahouse)
Chenar
Chenar: is the oriental plane tree (Platanusorientalis)
Chhatri
Chhatri (or Chatri): an umbrella - and thus an umbrella-shaped pavilion in an Indian garden. Chhatris were built over funnerary sites and are common in India.
Chinosierie
The term Chinosierie means “imitation of Chinese” and in gardens is applied to the type of garden houses, bridges and other structures which became popular in the eighteenth century.
Clairvoie
A Clairvoie is a gate, fence or grille placed in an otherwise solid barrier to provide a “clear view’ of the outside scenery.
Classic
The word Classic means “of the first class” and was first applied to the civilization of ancient Greece and Rome. It then came to include renaissance art and is now used for anything of good quality e. g. “a classic left jab”.
Cloister
Cloister derives from the Latin “clostrum” = lock. It described the part of a monastery to which the public had no access and then became used to describe a rectangular lawn surrounded by a covered walk.
Clump
A Clump is a group of trees (or shrubs) planted together to form a group. The word “clumping” was used in the eighteenth century to describe the practice of converting an avenue into clumps.
Coade Stone
Coade Stone is a composite material made by Mrs Eleanor Coade to give the appearance of stone at a lower price. The formula was kept secret but is thought to have been based on the use of fragments of previously-fired ceramic material with a blend of clays in a firing process. It has great strength and durability.
Colonnade
A Colonnade is a row of columns.
Column
A Column is a post or pillar used for support or decoration (from the Latin “columna” =post).
Conceit
The noun Conceit is derived from the verb “to conceive” and used for a fanciful idea (e. g. an ornamental structure with little or no use).
Concrete
From the Latin “concretus” =compounded. The Romans made concrete with pozzolana and lime. The modern use of reinforced concrete began with the making of flower pots.
Conservatory
A Conservatory is a glazed structure for conserving (protecting) plants from cold weather. Originally the term was also used for non-glazed structures used for keeping food (e. g. apples).
Coppice
From a French word meaning “to cut”, a coppice is a wood maintained by periodical cutting. It the middle ages this was an important means of growing wood for fencing and kindling.
Corinthian Order
The Corinthian Order of Architecture has bell-shaped capitals decorated with acanthus leaves.
Coronary Garden
A Coronary Garden is used to grow flowers which could be used for wreaths and garlands (“like a crown”).
Court
Court derives from the Latin “cohors” meaning a company or retinue or persons (who gathered in an enclosed place). The word thus gained a range of uses: the people associated with a king; the place in which legal judgments are given; a place in front of a palace; an enclosed rectangular space within a building. It is ironic, given this derivation, that many courtyards in twentieth century buildings are used only as lightwells.
Courtyard Garden
A Courtyard Garden is a rectangular space surrounded by walls or buildings. See the entries for atrium, peristyle and xystus.
Crinkle-crankle wall
Crinkle-crankle is a serpentine wall which crinkles and crankles.
D
Deciduous
Deciduous is an adjective used for a tree or shrub which sheds its leaves in winter.
Deer Park
A Deer Park is used for keeping deer. The idea of making hunting parks originated in Mesopotamia. Specialized deer parks were made in the middle ages.
Dipping Pool
A Dipping Pool has convenient access for drawing water, usually for garden use.
Dipping well
A Dipping well has convenient access for drawing water, often in a medieval town or monastery garden.
Doric Order
Doric is an Order or Architecture in which the capitals have a fluted shaft and plain capital.
Dovecote (Doocot in Scotland)
A Dovecote is a building in which doves are kept for food (eggs and meat).
Dreamstone
Dreamstone, in Chinese garden design, is a translucent stone in which mineral deposits have formed pictures of woods and water (also known as a Journeying Stone). Dreamstones were hung from pavilion walls or set into the backs of chairs.
E
Elysium
In Greek mythology, Elysium is the place where the blessed go after death (the Elysian Fields). An elysium is a place of ideal happiness.
Espalier
An Espalier is a fruit tree with the branches trained flat against a wall.
Etoile
From the French “etoile” =star, used to describe a point where straight walks cross (see Rondpoint and Patted'oie)
Eurythmy
Eurythmy derives the Greek “eu” (meaning good) and “rhuthmos” (meaning proportion or rhythm). According to Vitruvius “good rhythm” is one of the aims of design.
Exedra
The Greek word “exedra” originally meant a building standing apart from a dwelling. Later, it was used for a hall with seating, attached to a peristyle, gymnasium, palaestra or private house. In gardens, it usually means an area with a semicircular area backed by a wall or hedge.
Exotic
A plant species which is not native to the country in which it is being grown (e. g. a Eucalyptus tree in India or a Cactus in England) is described as being Exotic.
Eyecatcher
An Eyecatcher is a distant feature, often outside the owner’s property, used to catch the eye (e. g. at Rousham in England).
F
FermeOrnee
FermeOrnee, from the French “ornamented farm” and used, mainly in England, to describe a farm which is treated aesthetically, somewhat in the manner of a garden.
Fernery
A Fernery is a collection of ferns, either indoors or outdoors.
Finial
A Finial is an ornament on a column, gate pier, balustrade, wall or building (from the Latin
“finis” =end).
Flowery Mead
A Flowery Mead is a medieval name for a lawn rich in wild flowers.
Folly
A Folly is a garden structure which can be seen as a folly (by its owner or by visitors) because of its appearance, cost or lack of utility (e. g. a sham castle, an artificial ruin or a hermit's cell).
Formal
The term Formal is applied to gardens which emphasize straight lines, right angles and circles. It makes most sense in relation to Plato’s Theory of Forms and as a contrast with 'informal'.
G
Garden
Yard and Garden and Garth derive from the Old English“geard”, and older languages, meaning an enclosure. Dr Johnson gave the following definition of garden: “A piece of ground, enclosed, and cultivated with extraordinary care, planted with herbs or fruit or food, or laid out for pleasure”. The key point, as Johnson emphasizes, is that a garden is an enclosed place.
Gardenesque
The term Gardenesque was coined by J C Loudon to mean “like a garden” and “recognizable as a work of art, as distinct from a work of nature”. He recommend that when using the irregular lines of the Picturesque style, all the plants should be exotic to ensure that the garden cannot be confused with a wild place.
Gardenist
A gardenist is a garden designer, and the term comes from Horace Walpole (1762–1771).
Garden Archaeology
Garden Archaeology is the scientific study of the physical evidence of gardens recovered through the excavation.
Garten
Garten is the German word for garden.
Gazebo
A Gazebo is a garden pavilion with a good view, often placed at the corner of a garden.
Genius of the place
The genius of the place (Italian “genius loci”) can be defined as “the spirit of the place”. Alexander Pope said she must be “consulted” in the course of making a design. “Consult the genius of the place” is one of the most widely-supported principles in garden and landscape design.
Gestatio
As described in Pliny the Younger’s letters, a gestatio was an avenue set apart for exercise either on horseback on in a horse-drawn vehicle. It was generally laid out in the form of a circus
(see hippodrome).
Giardino
Giardino is the Italian word for garden.
GiardinoSegreto
GiardinoSegreto is the Italian for “secret garden”. During the renaissance this described a secret enclosure within a garden.
Giochid'acqua
Giochid'acqua (Italian = “water joke”).Typically, a concealed fountain which sprayed water on unsuspecting guests in renaissance gardens.
Gloriette
In medieval gardens a gloriette was a summerhouse, often in the woods near a castle. It might be used by the ladies to take a meal while watching a hunt.
Grotto
Plato used the cave as an analogy to explain the nature of human understanding. The ancient Greeks were fascinated by caves. Cretan grottoes were sites of mysteries. The ancient Romans liked natural caves and also made artificial caves. The Blue Grotto and Grottadel’Arsenale, on Capri, are famous examples. Alberti recommended grottoes as garden features and they became popular during the renaissance. A room set into the ground and decorated with minerals and shells. The idea of making Garden Grottos dates from classical times and was revived during the renaissance.
Gulistan
Gulistan, in Persian, means a rose garden or any flower garden.
Gymnasium
Gymnasium derives from the Greek “gumnos”, (meaning naked). It was a place where people exercised naked. The modern word “gym” derives from gymnasium.
H
Ha-Ha
A Ha-Ha is a sunk wall with a ditch outside, used so that the garden boundary is not visible
from within.
Hauz
Hauz means a stepwell or tank, as built in India and many parts of Central Asia The word is equivalent to “baoli” and “baori”.
Herbal
A Herbal is a book with descriptions of herbs and of their properties.
Herber
Herber is the medieval word for a planted garden (from the Latin “herba” =grass, or a herbaceous plant). The herber could be used for medicinal plants or flowers. Later the word came to be used
for an arbour.
Herm
A Herm is a representation of a head of Hermes, rising from a columnar pedestal.
Hermitage
A Hermitage is a garden building which looks suited to use by a hermit, usually with a rustic appearance. Houses (e. g. the Ermitage outside Bayreuth) were designed like monasteries.
Hippodrome
(Greek “hippos” =horse + “dromos” =course) In ancient Greece, a hippodrome was course for chariot racing. The word was then used by the Romans for a garden space shaped like a racing track but most likely to be used for walking.
Horticulture
Horticulture derives from the Latin “hortus”. It meant a “garden” space, in contrast to an “agricultural” space.
Hortus
“Hortus” is the Latin word for garden.
Hortusconclusus
“Hortusconclusus” is the Latin for enclosed garden.
I
Ichnographia
An Ichnographia is a ground-plan (from the Greek“ichno” =track, “graphia” =drawing)
Improver
The process of converting a farm to a designed landscape was described as “improvement” during the eighteenth century.
Informal
Informal is used as a contrasting term to Formal, meaning a layout not characterized by straight lines and right angles.
Ionic Order
The Ionic is an Order of Architecture which has slimmer columns and voluted capitals.
J
Jardim
Jardim is the Portuguese word for “garden”.
Jardin
Jardin is the French word for garden. Jardín with an accent on the "i" is the Spanish word
for garden.
K
Karesansui
A Karesansui is a Japanese Dry Garden, with water represented by sand or gravel (note that a Dry Garden is increasingly described as a Zen Garden)
Kiosk
A Kiosk is a pavilion in an Islamic garden.
Knot Garden
A Knot Garden is a small rectangular plot with an intricate design. They were called “knot” gardens because the patterns were based on the type of knot pattern seen in carpets.
L
Labyrinth
The name comes Labyrinth comes from the maze of passages where, in Greek mythology, Theseus had to escape from the Minotaur. In gardens it network of paths designed as a puzzle to entertain visitors.
Lion Dog
A Lion Dog is a characteristic form of Buddhist and Chinese statue. The lion is a symbol of majesty and the dog is a symbol of loyalty. Buddha's teaching was described as the “Lion's Roar” and the Lion Dog, began as a Buddhist symbol. It was placed in temples, then outside buildings and
in gardens.
Logia
A Logia is an open-sided arcade for sitting and dining, often attached to a house.
M
Mahal
Mahal is an Indian word for temple, as in TajMahal (“Taj” means crown)
Mali
Mali is the Indian word for gardener.
Mausoleum
A Mausoleum is a tomb, usually of fine architectural quality. The Egyptian pyramids were built as mausoleums and many rich garden-owners have made them (e. g. at Castle Howard).
Maze
A Maze is a network of paths designed as a puzzle. Garden mazes can be designed using turf, paving, hedges or other materials. The idea is ancient.
Menagerie
A collection of wild and exotic animals. The idea appeared in Western Asia in ancient times and was common until the nineteenth century. The Wilhelmina in Stuttgart is still managed as a combined botanical garden and zoo.
Mirador
A Mirador, from the Spanish “mirar” =to look, is room or tower, usually on the edge of a garden, from which there is a good view ( amirador is similar to a belvedere).
Mixed Border
A Mixed Border is a flower bed with a mix of different plants (e. g. herbaceous plants and shrubs).
Moat
Originally a defensive feature, moats came to be valued for ornamental reasons. A canal placed round a garden for decorative reasons can also be described as a moat.
Moon Gate
A Moon Gate is circular aperture in a wall. The idea comes from Chinese gardens.
Moorish
The adjective Moorish is used for the design style characteristic of the inhabitants of North West Africa and Southern Spain, of mixed Arab and Berber descent.
Mosaiculture
Mosaiculture is a French term for the use of bedding plants “like a mosaic” to form patterns. The patterns could be geometrical or representational (e. g. butterflies).
Mossery
A Mossery is a collection of mosses.
Moss House
A Moss House is a garden building with moss pressed between the wall slats.
Mount
A Mount is a characteristic feature of English gardens in the Middle Ages. It is a mound, often with a summer house on top, used to provide a view out from an enclosed garden. Sometimes, a circular path led to a seat or bower on the summit.
N
Natural
The Platonic axiom that “art should imitate nature”, which comes from Plato’s Theory of Forms, has had a profound influence on garden design. But the meaning of the term “nature” has varied. Sometimes it has meant “the world of the forms” and sometimes it has meant “the everyday world”.
Neoclassical
In the fine arts, Neoclassicism is a movement of the second half of the eighteenth century, corresponding to the Enlightenment and the Art of Reason. It arose,like the English landscape garden, as a reaction to the pomposity of the Baroque. Following the example of literary critics, art critics looked back to the glories of Rome, and then Greece, as revealing a noble simplicity and reasoned calm. The movement was encouraged by the German art historian Winckelmann and by the excavation of Pompeii and Herculaneum after 1738. In architecture, Neoclassicism led to the work of the Adam brothers in England, Ledoux in France and Jefferson in America. In music, Neoclassical refers to a twentieth century reaction to the excesses of Romanticism.
Neoplatonism
The term Neoplatonism (“New Platonism”) is used for a school of philosophy which developed in the 3rd century AD. The most influential figures were Plotinus and St Augustine, both of whom were born in Roman North Africa. They took the Theory of Forms, embeded in many of Plato’s books, and transformed it into a more specific theory. It came to have a major influence on religious thinking and also on what became known as the Ideal Theory of Art.
Niche
A Niche is a shallow recess in a wall or hedge, for placing a sculpture or for decorative effect.
Niwa
Niwa is the Japanese word for “garden”.
Nymphaeum
A Nymphaeum is a place for nymphs. A nymph was a semi-divine maiden. They were believed to like water, caves, rivers and fountains.
O
Obelisk
An Obelisk is column carved from a single block of stone, with a square (or rectangular) cross-section and a pointed top. The form came from Egyptian temples.
Orangery
An Orangery is a conservatory made for the cultivation of oranges. They were common in renaissance and baroque gardens.
Orchard
An Orchard is a place for growing fruit trees, derived from the roots “hortus+yard”.
Orders of Architecture
The Greeks recognized three Orders in architecture: the Doric Order, the Ionic Order and the Corinthian Order. Each was a style for treating a column with its base, shaft and capital. The Doric Order has a fluted shaft and plain capital. The Ionic Order has slimmer columns and a voluted capital. The Corinthian Order has a bell-shaped decorated with acanthus leaves.
P
Pagoda
The word Pagoda came into English from Portuguese and may derive from the Persian “butkada” = temple for idols. It is now used for a sacred Chinese or Indian building, or an imitation of such a building in a garden.
Palace
Palace derives from the Latin palatium, which derives from the name of the Palatine Hill in Rome on which Augustus built his house.
Palaestra
Palaestra derives from the Greek “palaio” (meaning to wrestle) and describes a wrestling school.
Pale
Pale comes from the Latin “palus” =stake, and means a pointed wooden stake driven into the ground to make a paling fence.
Palissade
Palissade is a French term for a fence made of pales.
Pall-mall
Pall-mall (from the French “Paille-maille”, and originally from the Italian “pallamaglio”, “palla”, ‘ball”, and “maglio”, “mallet’) is a game, rather like croquet, which led to the making of “malls” in parks and gardens. This was the original use of The Mall in London.
Palladian Bridge
A Palladian Bridge is a roofed bridge in the style of the great renaissance architect Andrea.
Papyrus
Papyrus is an aquatic plant (Cyperus papyrus) used by the Egyptians for many purposes, including the making of columns and a thick paper-like substance.
Paradise
Paradise was originally a Persian name (“paradeisos”) for a park stocked with exotic animals, the word Paradise was used by the Greeks to mean “an ideal place”.
Park
A Park is a piece of land enclosed by a fence or wall. It could be woodland or pasture.
Parterre
A Parterre (From the French “par” =on + “terre” =ground). A level space, usually rectangular and on a terrace near a house, laid out in decorative pattern using plants and gravels.
Parterre de Broderie
A Parterre de Broderie is a parterre with a pattern resembling embroidery.
Patio
Patio is a Spanish word for an arcaded or colonaded courtyard. It is now applied to any small paved area in a garden.
Patted'oie
A Patted'oie, from the French “foot of the goose”: a point where straight walks radiate from a point (see Rondpoint and Etoile).
Pavilion
The word Pavilion derives from the Latin “papilio” =butterfly. Originally the word meant a tent, in gardens it is used for an airy and light building.
Pavimentum
Pavimentum, from the Latin “pavire” =to ram down, is used to describe a pavement made from from pieces of stone or ceramic which have been rammed down to make walking surface.
Pedestal
A Pedestal is a block used as a stand for a vase, an urn or a statue.
Penjing
Penjing is the Chinese word for a tray garden (the word came into Japanese as “bonsai”).
Peristyle
A Peristyle is a group of columns round a courtyard, or temple, and often used to support a roof (the Greek word derives from “peri” =round + “stilus” =column).
Perspective
Perspective drawing is the art of delineating a solid object on a flat surface. Once the art had been perfected, during the renaissance, it was used to create perspective effects in gardens.
Physic Garden
A Physic Garden is a special garden used for growing medicinal plants.
Piazza, Plaza, Place, Platz
Piazza, Plaza, Place, Platz, deriving from Italian, describe a public open space surrounded
by buildings.
Picturesque
In general use, the word Picturesque means “suitable for making into a picture”. In the eighteenth century the term was given a specific use as an intermediate quality between Beautiful and Sublime. It meant “rough and shaggy”.
Pier
Pier, deriving from the Latin “petra” =rock, means a column made with blocks of stone.
Pinery
A Pinery is conservatory for growing pineapples.
Pinetum
A Pinetum is a collection of coniferous trees.
Piscina
A Piscina is a stone basin used as a fish-pond or a bathing-pond (Latin “picis” =fish).
Planter
A Planter is an ornamental container for growing plants.
Plat
A Plat is a flat area (plot) of ground, usually a rectangle of grass.
Pleach (or Plash)
Pleaching (or Plashing) is the practice of bending and inter-twining plants. Pleached trees grow together to form a hedge on stilts.
Pleasance (or Pleasuance)
A Pleasance (or Pleasuance) is a pleasure ground attached to a castle or mansion, usually outside the fortifications.
Plinth
A Plinth is the square base of a column or of a building.
Poduim
A Poduim is a continuous projecting pedestal or speakers’ platform. The word derives from the Greek podion, meaning a little foot.
Pollard
A Pollard is a tree that has been cut 2–3 metres above the ground.
Pomarium
Pomarium is a medieval term for an apple orchard.
Portico
A Portico is a colonnaded entrance space (doorway).
Potager
Potager is the French word for a vegetable garden.
Praeneste
Praeneste was a Roman town (now called Palestrina) 38 km from Rome. It had a series of great terraces linked by ramps and inspired later designers to make terraces (often arcaded).
Privy garden
Privy means “private” and thus a private garden usually made for the sole use of a king or queen.
Promenade
A Promenade is a public walk.
Prospect
A Prospect is a view. Architects and garden designers debated the importance of “prospect and aspect” in placing a building (e. g. is it better to have a sunny place to sit, or a place with
a good view?)
Public park
A Public park is a piece of land provided for public recreation, sometimes defined as such a piece of land which is also owned by the public and designed for recreational use.
Pulhamite
Pulhamite is a reconstituted stone devised by James Pulham in the 1840s. It was used to make
artificial rocks.
Pumice
Pumice is an igneous rock derived from lava. It is light and porous. Pumice was used as a building stone by the Romans and has been much-used in making grottos because it favour the growth of plants.
Pyramid
A Pyramid is a pointed form with square base. Stone pyramids, topiary pyramids and turf pyramids have been used in garden design.
Q
Quincunx
A Quincunx is planting pattern with five points (four to mark a square and one to mark the
centre point).
R
Renaissance
Renaissance derives from the French for “re-birth” and is used for the re-introduction of classic Greek and Roman designs in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
Rill
A Rill is a small water course.
Rocaille
Rocaille is rockwork, shellwork or pebblework.
Rock Garden
A Rock Garden is a place for growing mountain plants (e. g. from the Alps and Himalayas).
Roji
A Roji is a “dewy path’ to a tea house in a Japanese garden.
Romantic
Romanticism shows itself in the artist’s attitude of mind and choice of subject. It entered the language of art criticism in the eighteenth century (and has since become more widely applied). The word derives from the Romances of the Middle Ages, which were written in Romance languages
(i.e. languages, like French) deriving from Latin. They told of chivalrous deeds in “romantic” settings. By the late-eighteenth century “romantic” was being used as a term which contrasted with “classical”. Nicholas Pevsner argued that the “irregularity” which affected English gardens in the first quarter of the eighteenth was the first breath of romanticism on European art. Other historians talk of the whole eighteenth century as a 'pre-romantic' period in contrast with the full-blown romanticism of the nineteenth century. Ruined temples became more significant than new temples because they had a greater effect on the viewer's attitude of mind, suggesting the passage of time, human frailty and heroic deeds in ancient times.
Rondpoint
A Rondpoint is a circular area where avenues meet (e. g. in a Baroque garden).
Root House
A Root House is a garden building made with roots, trunks, stumps, branches and other parts of trees.
Rosarium
A Rosarium is a rose garden, often circular.
Rotunda
A Rotunda is a round building.
Rustication
Rustication is stonework with roughened surfaces and recessed joints.
S
Sacred Grove
In Ancient Egypt, Sacred Groves were placed within temple compounds. In Homeric Greece they were places of resort, outside citadels, often dedicated to specific gods and associated with a fresh spring or grotto. In Classical Greece, sacred groves were used for physical and intellectual exercise. They became academies, lyceums and gymnasia.
Shakkei
Shakkei is borrowed scenery (e. g. a mountain) in a Japanese garden.
Shin-Gyo-So
Shin, gyo and so are terms (derived from calligraphy) and used to describe, respectively, a formal, semiformal and informal style of Japanese garden design.
Shinden-zukuri
Shinden-zukuri is the Sleeping Hall (“Shinden”) Style (“Zukuri”) of laying out a Japanese garden during the Heian period.
Shoin
A Shoin is a study with a low writing desk. The shoin can either be a room in a house of a separate building in a garden.
Shoin-zukuri
Shoin-zukuri is the study (shoin) + style (zukuri) – the style of laying out a Japanese garden.
Stewpond
A Stewpond is a fishpond in a monastery garden.
Stoa
A Stoa is a portico or detached colonnade.
Stroll Garden
A Stroll Garden is a Japanese garden planned to reveal a sequence of views as the visitor strolls along the path.
Sublime
In general use, the word Sublime means “of exalted status”. In the eighteenth century the term was given a specific use (e. g. by Edmund Burke), in contrast with the word Beautiful (meaning “soft, gentle and smooth”) so that Sublime meant “dramatic, awe-inspiring and almost frightening”. Picturesque was used as an intermediate term.
Sundial
A Sundial is a device which uses the sun to tell the time, much-used as a garden ornament.
T
Terrace
Terrace derives from the Latin “terre” =earth and describes a flat area of earth, often supported by a retaining wall.
Terracotta
Terracotta, from the Latin for “earth+burnt”, is the traditional material for flowerpots and tiles and also describes their characteristic colour.
Theatre
Theatre derives from the Greek “theaomai” =to behold). In gardens a theatre can be a place for a theatrical performance or place which is like the set for a play.
Topiary
Topiary describes a shape made by clipping plants. The practice was popular in Roman gardens and revived with the renaissance.
Torii
A Torii is a gateway at the entrance to a Japanese Shinto shrine, and in other derivative locations, sometimes in gardens.
Treillage
Treillage is elaborate trellis-work, used to support plants in gardens.
Trellis
A Trellis is a lattice for the support of climbing plants.
Triclinium
A Triclinium is a Roman dining room with couches on three sides (from the Greek for
“three couches”).
Trompe l'oeil
A Trompe l'oeil is an illusion which “deceives the eye” (e. g. a wall-painting which resembles a real garden feature).
Tufa
Tufa is a soft volcanic stone, used in making grottos.
Tuin
Tuin is the Dutch word for garden.
U
Urn
An Urn is a vase, originally used for storing the ashes of a cremated body. Empty urns have been popular garden ornaments.
V
Vault
A Vault is an arched covering in stone or brick or other material.
Villa
Villa is the Latin word for a country estate. It refers to the land itself and to the buildings upon it.
Volute
Volute derives from the Latin “volute” =scroll, and is used for the scroll decoration in the classical Orders of European architecture.
W
Weathering
Weathering is the process which changes a material in time or, in architecture, the slope on a buttress to shed rainwater.
Wilderness
A Wilderness is a wood, kept for pleasure, with walks.
Winter Garden
A Winter Garden can be either an outdoor area used for winter-flowering plants, or, a conservatory.
Wrought Iron
Wrought Iron is iron which has been worked (“wrought”) by hammering on a forge (though the word is often used for gates made by bending mild steel bars).
X
Xystus
Xystus derives from the Greek “xustos”, meaning smooth, and describes a place for exercise. In the gardens of Pompeii, the “xystus” was a place for horticulture.
Y
Yuan
Yuan is the Chinese word for “garden”. Originally, a “yuan” was an imperial hunting park, bounded by a mud wall.
Z
Ziggurat
A Ziggurat is a pyramid-shaped tower.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1. Цебаковский С.Я. Кто боится английской грамматики?Учеб.пособие / С. Я. Цебаковский. – Обнинск: Титул, 2008.– 208 с.
2. ДроздоваТ.Ю.NewStudent’sGrammarGuide: учеб.пособие для студентов неязыковых вузов и учащихся школ и гимназий / Т.Ю. Дроздова, В.Г. Маилова. – 2-е изд.,испр. и доп. – СПб : Антология, 2007. – 189 с.
3. Англо-русский словарь синонимов. – М.: Иностранный язык. Оникс, 2005. – 411 с.
4. Новый англо-русский биологический словарь / под ред. О.И. Чибисовой. – М.:
ABBYYPress, 2009.– 872 с.
5. Мюллер В.К. Новый англо-русский словарь / В. К. Мюллер. – М.:Дрофа. Русский язык медиа,2008. – 945 с.
6. HornbyA.S. OxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryofCurrentEnglish / A. S. Hornby. – OxfordUniversityPress, 2005.– 509 c.
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8. Википедия : свободная энциклопедия [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://ru.wikipedia.org.
9. Longman dictionary of contemporary English [Электронныйресурс]. – Режимдоступа: http://www.ldoceonline.com.
10. Randall's ESL Cyber Listening Lab [Электронныйресурс]. – Режимдоступа:http://esl-lab.com.
11. Plantdictionary [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://www.bhg.com/gardening/plant-dictionary.
12. PlantKingdom [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0932480.html.
13. Trees [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://www.gardendesign.com/tag/trees.
14. EnglishGardens [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://www.britainexpress.com/History/english-gardens.htm
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CONTENTS
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ……………………………………………………………………………………3
Unit I. Plants……………………………………………………………………….............................4
Unit II. Types of Plants……………………………………………………………………………..17
Unit III. The Tree…………………………………………………………………………………...31
Unit IV. Garden……………………………………………………………………………………..46
Unit V. From the History of Gardening………………………………………………….................61
Unit VI. Garden Design…………………………………………………………………..................75
SUPPLEMENTARYREADING…………………………………………………………………...88
СПИСОК ТЕРМИНОВ…………………………………………………………………………..104
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ………………………………………………………………………..120
Учебное издание
КопейкинаИрина Ивановна
GardenDesign
(Садовый дизайн)
Учебно-методическое пособие
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