From the History of Gardening
Gardening for food goes far back into prehistory. The earliest forms of gardens emerged from the people's need to grow herbs and vegetables, while rich people eventually began to create gardens for purely decorative purposes. Ornamental gardens were known in ancient times, a famous example being the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, while ancient Rome had dozens of gardens. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are a World Heritage Site and one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
Elaborate ornamental gardens existed since ancient Egypt, when rich people used them as a means to relax in the shade of the trees. Egyptians associated trees and gardens with gods as they believed that gods liked gardens. Commonly, the gardens in ancient Egypt were surrounded by walls with trees planted in rows. Among the most popular species that used to be planted were date palms, sycamores, fig trees, nut trees, and willows. Rich people also grew vineyards, as wine was the beverage for the wealthy. Roses, poppies, daisies and irises did not miss from the gardens of the Egyptians.
The Assyrians were also popular for their beautiful gardens. These were situated in what we know today as Iraq and they tended to be wide and large, some of them used for hunting and others as leisure gardens. Cypresses and palms were some of the most planted types of trees.
The ancient Roman gardens are known by their statues and sculptures. These gardens were laid out with hedges and vines and they contained a wide variety of flowers, including acanthus, cornflowers and crocus, cyclamen, iris and ivy, lavender, lilies, myrtle, narcissus, poppy, rosemary and violet. The beds of flowers were popular in the courtyards of the rich Romans.
The Middle Age represented a period of decline in gardening. After the fall of Rome gardening was only done with the purpose of growing medicinal herbs and decorating church altars.
By the late 13th century, rich Europeans began to grow gardens for leisure and for medicinal herbs and vegetables. They surrounded the gardens by walls to protect them from animals and to provide seclusion. During the next two centuries, Europeans started planting lawns and raising flowerbeds and trellises of roses. Fruit trees were common in these gardens. At the same time, the gardens in the monasteries were a place to grow flowers and medicinal herbs but they were also a space where the monks could enjoy nature and relax.
The gardens in the 16th and 17th century were symmetric, proportioned and balanced with a more classical appearance. Most of these gardens were built around a central axis and they were divided into different parts by hedges. Commonly, gardens had flowerbeds laid out in squares and separated by gravel paths.
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Gardens in Renaissance were adorned with sculptures, and fountains which often contained water jokes. In the 17th century Europeans started planting new flowers such as tulips, marigolds and sunflowers.
In the 18th century, gardens remained a privilege reserved for the upper class. By the next century, gardens became available to the middle class as well. Rock gardens increased in popularity in the 19th century.
9. Choose the correct answer:
1. The earliest forms of gardens appeared from the people's need ____.
a) to grow flowers
b) to grow herbs and vegetables
c) to grow fruit trees
2. The gardens in ancient Egypt were surrounded by ____.
a) walls with bushes planted in rows
b) trees with herbs planted in rows
c) walls with trees planted in rows
3. ____ were some of the most planted types of trees in Assyrian gardens.
a) Cypresses and palms
b) Cypresses and poplars
c) Oaks and palms
4. The ancient ____ gardens are known by their statues and sculptures.
a) English
b) Egypt
c) Roman
5. By the late 13th century, rich Europeans began to grow gardens for ____.
a) growing vegetables
b) growing fruits
c) leisure and for medicinal herbs and vegetables
6. Gardens in Renaissance were adorned with ____.
a) sculptures
b) fountains
c) water jokes
d) all of the above
7. Rock gardens increased in popularity in the ____.
a) 18th century
b) 19th century
c) 20th century
10. Find in the text the equivalents to the following word combinations:
потребность людей;в древние времена;множество садов;тщательно спланированные декоративные сады;в тени деревьев;посаженные рядами;среди самых популярных видов;огромное разнообразие цветов;клумбы с цветами;период упадка;лечебные травы;наслаждаться природой и отдыхать;разделенные гравийными дорожками;водный объект шуток;высший класс;средний класс
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11. Find in the text and read the sentence in which it is said that…
– Ornamental gardens emerged in ancient times.
– Rich Egyptians used gardens as a means to relax in the shade of the trees.
– AncientEgyptians planted trees in rows.
– The Assyrians gardens were wide and large, some of them used for hunting.
– Statues and sculptures featured the ancient Roman gardens.
– After the fall of Rome there was a period of decline in gardening.
– In the Middle Age gardens in Europe were used by rich people for medicinal herbs and
vegetablesandfor leisure.
– The gardens in the 16th and 17th century weredivided into different parts by hedges.
– Planting of new flowers such as tulips, marigolds and sunflowers began in Europe
in the 17th century.
– By the 19th century, gardens became available to the middle class.
12. Match the parts of the sentences:
| 1. Ornamental gardens were known … 2. Elaborate ornamental gardens existed … 3. Some Assyrian gardens were used for hunting and others as … 4.The ancient Roman gardens are known … 5. The gardens in the monasteries were also a space … 6. Rock gardens increased in popularity … 7. The Middle Age … 8. The earliest forms… 9. The beds of flowers … 10. Gardens in Renaissance … | a)… of gardens emerged from the people's need to grow herbs and vegetables. b)… were popular in the courtyards of the rich Romans. c) … represented a period of decline in gardening. d) … were adorned with sculptures, and fountains. e) … where the monks could enjoy nature and relax. f) … since ancient Egypt. g) … leisure gardens. h) … by their statues and sculptures. i) … in the 19th century. j) … inancienttimes. |
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13. Say if it is true or false. Correct the wrong statements:
1. The earliest forms of gardens emerged from the people's need to grow fruit trees.
2. The most popular species used in Egyptians gardens were date palms, sycamores, fig trees, nut trees, and willows.
3. Wine was the beverage for the wealthy from ancient times.
4. The Assyrian ancient gardens were situated in what we know today as Iran.
5. The ancient Assyrian gardens were famous for their statues and sculptures.
6. Roman gardens were laid out with hedges and vines and they contained a wide variety of ornamental trees.
7. The Middle Age represented a period of prosperity in gardening.
8. The gardens in the 16th and 17th century were symmetric, proportioned and balanced.
9. In the 18th century, gardens became available to the middle class.
14. Answer the questions:
1. When did gardening appear?
2. Why did gardening emerge?
3. When did ornamental gardens appear?
4. How did Egyptian gardens look like?
5. What are ancient Roman gardens famous for?
6. How did the gardens of Renaissance look like?
7. When did gardens become available to the middle class?
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