THE BATTLE OF STALINGRAD IN FILM AND PHOTO DOCUMENTS FROM THE STATE RUSSIAN ARCHIVE OF FILM AND PHOTO DOCUMENTS
Korolyeva Galina Victorovna
Head of Department of information support of the State Russian Archive of Film and Photo Documents
koroleva_rgak fd@mail.ru
1 Rechnaya Street, 143400, Moscow Region, Krasnogorsk, Russian Federation
Abstract. The article is devoted to the heroic activity of well-known Soviet cameramen and photo journalists – G. Zelma, E. Evzerikhin, G. Lipskerov, Y. Ryumkin and many others. The author tells about difficult and dangerous conditions of their work, gives fragments of their memoirs and statistic of their film and photo documents that are stored in the State Russian Archive of Film and Photo Documents.
Key words: film and photo documents, negative, Battle of Stalingrad, chronicles of the Great Patriotic War
Poccmuckmu focygapctbehhɵu apxmb kmhoØotogokymehtob – oco6o yehhɵu o6aekt kynatyphofo hacnegme hapogob P8. Ham apxmb – kpymheumee m ctapeu- mee b mmpe focygapctbehhoe xpahmnmye aygmobmsyanahɵx gokymehtob. B stom fogy mcmonheetce 90 net co ghe efo ochobahme. Ha focygapctbehhom xpahehmm b hamem apxmbe haxogetce 6onee 45000 hammehobahmu kmhogokymehtob, haum-
hae c mepbou kmhocaemkm b Poccmm – kopohaymm mmmepatopa Hmkonae Btopofo go hactoeyefo bpemehm, okono monytopa mmnnmohob opmfmhanahɵx Øotogoky- mehtob c 1850 foga mo hactoeyee bpeme: sto m gafeppotmmɵ, m Øeppotmmmm, m ana6omɵ, b tom umcne mpmhagnewabmme yapckou cemae, m hefatmbɵ ha ctekne m mnehke, m cobpemehhɵe ymØpobɵe Øotomso6pawehme; a takwe c 1992 foga – bm- geogokymehtɵ, cosgahhɵe b mpoØeccmohanahom Øopmate.
«Cnoba bpyt, gokymehtanahoe mso6pawehme – hmkofga», – ckasan kak-to Xah- udk Fogap. O Benmkou Oteuectbehhou bouhe ckasahɵ mmnnmohɵ cnob, ho ee mctmhhɵu o6pas cosgabance he moctØaktym, a mpemo ha mecte – cmnamm komah- gmpobahhɵx ha Øpoht kmhoomepatopob m Øotokoppecmohgehtob. Hmehho mx fnasamm mɵ bmgmm Benmkyd Oteuectbehhyd, kofga cmotpmm uepho-6enyd bo- ehhyd xpohmky mnm mpocto mɵtaemce mpegctabmta ce6e ty smoxy.
3a uetɵpe foga bouhɵ kmhoomepatopɵ m Øotopemoptepɵ cgenanm cothm tɵ- ceu Øotochmmkob, chenm mmnnmohɵ metpob kmhomnehkm. Okono monytopa uacob ms kawgɵx cytok ywachou bouhɵ octanmca sameuatnehhɵmm. 3tm ndgm otmpab- nenmca ha mepegobyd m chmmanm ms okomob, ms cmotpobou yenm tahka, bɵeswad- yefo mepbɵm ha mone 6oe, ms ka6mhɵ camoneta, uepes am6pasypy gsota, ms okoh fopeyefo sgahme... chmmanm otobcdgy, fge men pasfyn bouhɵ.
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B PFAK8¶ xpahmtce cbɵme 2 tɵc. hasbahmu (sto 6onee 3,5 tɵc. eg. xp. m800 tɵc. m kmhomnehkm) kmhogokymehtob boehhɵx net m 6onee 90 tɵc. egmhmy xpahehme Øotogokymehtob. Cpegm hmx 221 kmhoØmnam m cmeymanahɵu bɵmyck, 402 homepa kmhowyphana, 1462 kmhonetommchɵx cdweta.
2 Øebpane 1943 foga sabepmmnaca Ctanmhfpagckae 6mtba – cpawehme, koto- poe ctano mepenomhɵm momehtom bouhɵ, mocne kotopofo Øammctckme boucka okohuatenaho motepenm ctpatefmueckyd mhmymatmby.
Bot mouemy Øotogokymehtɵ o6 stou smomee, co6pahhɵe Poccmuckmm focy- gapctbehhɵm apxmbom kmhoØotogokymehtob, mpegctabnedt mckndumtenahyd yehhocta. B apxmbe xpahmtce 6onee 1700 hefatmbob o co6ɵtmex 1942–1944 ff., sameuatnehhɵx takmmm msbecthɵmm mactepamm, kak F. 3enama, F. Kamyctehckmu,
3. Ebsepmxmh, O. Khoppmhf, F. ummckepob, H. Cmthmkob, B. Temmh, Æ. Pdmkmh, a takwe gba Øotoana6oma. Ogmh ms hmx oco6ehho mhtepeceh (An. ¼ 1203). Bce chmmkm (15) he tonako mhØopmatmbhɵ, ho m bɵcokoxygowectbehhɵ. Mpegmo- nowmtenaho ØotofpaØmm cgenahɵ C. Anmepmhɵm. Ana6om 6ɵn mogapeh H. C. Xpyyeby monkobhmkom F. E. Fpmmko b geka6pe 1944 f.
8otogokymehtɵ PFAK8¶ o Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbe othocetce k 6oebɵm geuctbmem, Øpohtobou wmshm fopoga, efo bocctahobnehmd. Mepbae, ham6onee mhofoumcnehhae, fpymma (800 eg. xp.) otpawaet xpohmky boehhɵx co6ɵtmu, gee- tenahocta komahgobahme, mywectbo m fepomsm 6ouyob m komahgmpob, katactpo- Øy momabmeu b mneh hemeykou apmmm m tpafegmd mneha.
Macmta6 paspymehmu Ctanmhfpaga gohocet go hac 360 gokymehtob: ynmyɵ, ha6epewhɵe, moctɵ, yyenebmme ctehɵ gomob c otcytctbydymmm stawamm m mponetamm, myctɵe fnashmyɵ sgahmu motpecadt go cmx mop. B bocctahobnehmm
fopoga mpmhmmana yuactme bce ctpaha. 8otogokymehtɵ sameuatnenm tpygobɵe 6yghm wmteneu, Øaktmueckm sahobo moctpombmmx fopog.
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Ham6onee shaumtenahae uacta konnekymm – sto ØotofpaØmm Ctanmhfpag- ckofo ymkna 3mmahymna Ebsepmxmha. B teuehme mhofmx meceyeb Ebsepmxmh sameuatneban hactoeymu, fonoghɵu m paspymehhɵu Ctanmhfpag. Mahopamɵ fopeyefo fopoga c «ocnemmmmm» okhamm gomob; 6oebɵe geuctbme bomhob Kpachou Apmmm; myfadyae myctota bɵmepmmx ynmy; moctpoukm, ot kotopɵx octanmca oghm kapkacɵ, hamommhadt mnockme teatpanahɵe gekopaymm mnm pas6pocahhɵe getanm kohctpyktopa. Chmmkm mnehhɵx hemyeb mpohmkhytɵ otuaehmem m sactabnedt comepewmbata ndgem, ctabmmm weptbamm bouhɵ. 3a- mepsmme, wankme, sakytahhɵe b noxmotae m moctpoehhɵe b hepobhɵe mepeh- fm congatɵ 6pegyt mo 6enomy chefy b hmkyga, mx nmya m Ømfypɵ octabnedt nmma oyyyehme uygobmyhou 6eccmɵcnehhoctm bcekou bouhɵ.
Tpygho ce6e mpegctabmta, kak b ycnobmex smmɵ fge-to b mogbane paspy- mehhofo goma oh ymygpence mpoebmta mnehky, bɵcymmta ee m he omosgata k camonety – bobpeme otmpabmta hefatmbɵ b Mockby. Cpokm bcefga mogwmmanm – chmmkm gonwhɵ 6ɵnm moebmtace b fasetax ha cnegydymu geha oghobpemehho co cbogkamm CobmhØopm6dpo.
Boehhɵu Øotokoppecmohgeht «Hsbectmu» Feopfmu 3enama 6ɵn b Ctanmhfpage c mepbofo ghe, kofga oh ctan Øpohtobɵm fopogom, m go okohuatenahofo pasfpoma fmtnepobckou fpymmmpobkm. Ctanmhfpagckae 6mtba, mokasahhae Feopfmem 3ena- mou, mpegctaet bo bceu cnowhoctm m mhofoo6pasmm, c ee hebmgahhɵm fepomsmom, fposhɵmm mcmɵtahmemm, pagoctad mo6eg, fopeuad mepewmbahmu m motepa. 8oto- koppecmohgeht haxogmnce b fyye 6mtbɵ, b shamehmtou 62-u apmmm fehepana B.
H. fyukoba. Otchetyd mnehky otmpabnenm gne mpoebkm m meuatm camonetamm.
«Hhofga mɵ c Øpohtobɵm omepatopom B. Opnehkmhɵm, – bcmommhaet Feopfmu Ahatonaebmu, – mpoebnenm mnehky camm. ¶ne stofo hago 6ɵno mog bpaweckmm o6- ctpenom mepeutm samepsmyd Bonfy – b ceno bypkobckoe. Tam, b semnehke, mɵ m yctpomnm «na6opatopmd»: mpoebnenm, cymmnm mnehky, hatefmbae hag heu mpo- ctɵhm, – o6epefae ot semnm, kotopae cɵmanaca c motonka ot 6nmskmx paspɵbob…» B apxmbe xpahmtce he tak mhofo chmmkob, cgenahhɵx boehhɵm Øotokoppe- cmohgehtom Feopfmem uemckepobɵm b Ctanmhfpage. Vhmkanahɵu chmmok «Bse- tɵu b mneh fehepan-Øenagmapman Mayndc» bomen b mctopmd. Bot kak pacckasɵ- baet o6 stom cam Feopfmu A6pamobmu: «Vtpom 31 ehbape mehe cpouho bɵsbanm b mta6 64-u apmmm, fge e cnywmn Øotokoppecmohgehtom. Mpm6ɵb b beketobky, e ybmgen cpegm co6pabmmxce komahgydyefo apmmeu M. Hymmnoba, mpegcegatene FKO A. fyehoba m yshan, uto bckope mpmbesyt mnehhofo Mayndca. Hywho nm fo- bopmta, b kakom e 6ɵn hampewehmm. Bckope efo mpmbesnm. Okono goma, fge haxo- gmnce mta6 Hymmnoba, Mayndcy, hauanahmky efo mta6a m agadtahty, mpmmnoca mogowgata. Kak tonako Mayndc uybctboban habegehhɵu ha hefo Øotoammapat, oh otbopaumbance mnm bɵcoko bckmgɵban fonoby. H bot mopa mgtm. B stot momeht
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Mayndcy 6ɵno he go bɵmpabkm. 3to bmgho ha ØotofpaØmm».
Ækob Pdmkmh cmycte copok net mocne bouhɵ bcmommhan o cboeu 200-gheb- hou caemke Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ, kofga oh b kauectbe Øotokoppecmohgehta
«Mpabgɵ» 6ɵn mpmkomahgmpobah k 62-u apmmm: «O6ctahobka 6ɵna tpyghae, mopou kpmtmueckae, ho mɵ mohmmanm shauehme hameu wyphanmctckou pa6o- tɵ. Bpeme mosboneet nyume oyehmta to, uto tɵ cgenan. HhØopmayme, kotopyd mɵ tofga mocɵnanm b cbom pegakymm, 6ɵna oueha hywha ndgem – ohm xotenm bmgeta, uto mpomcxogmt ha stom tewenom yuactke Øpohta... Mɵ chmmanm 6om, pasnmuhɵe smmsogɵ boehhɵx geuctbmu, ho 6oname bcefo – ndgeu, motomy uto kawgɵu 6oey sacnywmban, uto6ɵ efo shana bce ctpaha».
Hmkonau Cmthmkob 6ɵn komahgmpobah b ocbo6owgehhɵu Ctanmhfpag b kaue- ctbe koppecmohgehta TACC. 3geca, chmmae fepoeb – yuacthmkob 6mtbɵ sa Cta- nmhfpag, oh ctapance mmpe m mogpo6hee mokasata bosbpayehme b fopog mmphou wmshm: pas6opɵ sabanob, bosbpayehme 6ewehyeb, mepbɵu pa6oumu moesg, mpm- megmmu b Ctanmhfpag mocne ocbo6owgehme, pa6oume b yexax bocctahabnmbae- mɵx sabogob, sa6otɵ mmphɵx wmteneu…
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K cowanehmd, cyyectbyet kommnekc Øotogokymehtob, mocbeyehhɵx Cta- nmhfpagckou 6mtbe, abtopɵ kotopɵx hemsbecthɵ.
8pohtobɵe ımhoomepatopɵ – sto netommcyɵ, xpohmıepɵ Benmıou Ot- euectbehhou bouhɵ.
Kohctahtmh Cmmohob, cam mpomegmmu bcd bouhy, mmcan: «Fnege b tɵny kagpɵ Øpohtobɵx kmhoxpohmk, ndgm he bcefga echo mpegctabnedt ce6e, uto shaumt pa6otata c kmhoammapatom b ycnobmex cobpemehhou bouhɵ, uto ctomt tot mnm mhou, kasanoca 6ɵ, he oco6ehho bhemhe sØØekthɵu kagp kmhonehtɵ. Oh moutm bcefga ctomt hemmobephɵx ycmnmu». Bouha, chetae hammmm omepato- pamm, – sto bouha congatckae, chetae ms okoma ha mepeghem kpae.
Hecta meceyeb, haumhae c mepbofo haneta ha Ctanmhfpag bpaweckou abma- ymm go mocneghefo sanma mo okpywehhou fpymmmpobke bpafa, bmecte c saymthm- kamm fopoga 6ɵnm kmhoomepatopɵ. Ohm, tak we kak m pegobɵe 6ouyɵ, mobtope- nm ctabmyd kpɵnatou Øpasy: «3a Bonfou gne hac semnm het!».
Hctopmueckyd 6mtby ha Bonfe chmmanm boehhɵe kmhoomepatopɵ bopmc Ba- kap, Hmkonau Bmxmpeb, Conomoh Fona6pmx, Hspamna Fonagmteuh, ¶abmg H6pa- fmmob, Pomah Kapmeh, Hcaak Kaymah, A6pam Kosakob, A6pam Kpmuebckmu, Hbah Manob, Ebfehmu Myxmh, Banehtmh Opnehkmh, Fpmfopmu Octpobckmu, Mmxamn Mocenackmu, Abehmp CoØamh, bopmc ⎝agpob. Matepmanɵ, otchetɵe mmm, bom- nm b bɵmyckm «Codskmhowyphanob» m gokymehtanahɵu Ømnam «Ctanmhfpag».
B PFAK8¶ xpahmtce 9 gokymehtanahɵx Ømnamob («Ctanmhfpag», «Bos- powgehme Ctanmhfpaga», «Paspymehme Ctanmhfpaga», «Benmkae 6mtba», «Be- nmkae Oteuectbehhae. 8mnam 7. O6opoha Ctanmhfpaga. 8mnam 8. Mo6ega mog Ctanmhfpagom» m gp.), cdwetɵ b 175 gokymehtanahɵx Ømnamax, cdwetɵ b 21 bɵmycke «Codskmhowyphana» sa 1942–1943 ff., 70 cdwetob «Kmhonetommcm», mocbeyehhɵx Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbe.
Bce Øpohtobɵe caemkm genmnm ha gbe tematmueckme uactm. B mepbyd bxogmnm mo6eghɵe pemoptawm, kotopɵe mokasɵban b kmhoteatpax «Codskm- howyphan», bɵxogmbmmu heckonako pas b mecey.
B kawgom bɵmycke «Codskmhowyphana» 6ɵna py6pmka «Kmhopemoptaw c Øpohtob Oteuectbehhou bouhɵ», b kotopou m gemohctpmpobanmca Øpoh- tobɵe pemoptawm o xoge Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ. Kawgɵu pemoptaw o6e- satenaho mmen cboe hasbahme – «Œfo-samaghee Ctanmhfpaga», «Otctoeta Ctanmhfpag», «B pauohe Ctanmhfpaga», «Ctanmhfpag», «Cefoghe b Ctanmh- fpage», «Fopog-bomh» m t.g.
B pemoptawax ms Ctanmhfpaga mɵ mowem ybmgeta owectouehhɵe 6om ha mogctymax k Ctanmhfpagy, atakm tahkob, mexotɵ, aptmnnepmm, bosgymhɵu 6ou, ynmuhɵe 6om, bmgɵ Ctanmhfpaga, hactymnehme cobetckmx bouck mog Ctanmhfpagom, hemeykmx boehhomnehhɵx, tpoØem. ¶nmtenahocta cdwetob coctabneet 3–5 mmhyt.
Ochobhae tpyghocta m cmeymØmka pa6otɵ Øpohtobofo kmhoomepatopa sa- knduanaca b tom, uto «Codskmhowyphan» tpe6oban, uto6ɵ matepman mpeg- ctabnen co6ou sakohuehhɵu pacckas o co6ɵtmm. ¶ne stofo hago cheta he tonako o6yme, ho m kpymhɵe mnahɵ ndgeu, getaneu, heo6xogmmɵe gne mo- ctpoehme cbeshofo kmhopacckasa. K tomy we chetɵu c oghou toukm matepman he gaet mpegctabnehme hm o macmta6ax co6ɵtme, hm o ndgex. ¶ne caemok hactymatenahou omepaymm omepatopy hywho mpobectm heckonako gheu b bo- uckobou uactm b momeht camɵx aktmbhɵx 6oebɵx geuctbmu, cheta bce mx snemehtɵ, haumhae c aptmogfotobkm, atak go mpeogonehme ykpemnehmu bpa- fa, bsetme mnehhɵx, tpoØeeb m t.g. Tonako b stom cnyuae matepman 6yget mpmshah monhoyehhɵm m momaget ha skpah.
Btopae uacta caemok mna he b «Codskmhowyphan», a b «Kmhonetommca». 3tm kagpɵ he mokasɵbanm mmpokou aygmtopmm, mx chmmanm kak 6ɵ «mpo samac», ha 6ygyyee, kofga 6yget ogepwaha monhae mo6ega hag bpafom. Ho mhofga mx mcmonasobanm m mpm cosgahmm gokymehtanahɵx Ømnamob, mocbe- yehhɵx tomy mnm mhomy macmta6homy cpawehmd. Hampmmep, b hekotopɵx mohtawhɵx nmctax k netommcm o Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbe ecta cdwetɵ c mo- metou «K Ømnamy «Ctanmhfpag». Bce cdwetɵ b kmhonetommcm hemɵe, ho k hmm ecta mohtawhɵe nmctɵ, coctabnehhɵe ha ochobahmm ctygmuhou ah- hotaymm, mo kotopɵm mowho cygmta o cogepwahmm tofo mnm mhofo cdweta.
8pohtobae kmhonetommca mmpoko mcmonasobanaca b afmtaymohho-mpo- mafahgmctckou pa6ote cpegm saymthmkob Ctanmhfpaga. V6ewgehhocta b mpabote cboefo gena m matpmotmsm bomhob mopowganm maccobɵu fepomsm, kotopɵu mpoebnence b ymophou 6opa6e sa kawgɵu gom, sa kawgɵu kameha m knouok poghou semnm.
Htak, okasabmmca ha mecte mo pacmpegenehmd komahgobahme uactm, Øpohtobɵe kmhoomepatopɵ cobmeyanm b ce6e tpm ponm – cyehapmcta, pe- wmccepa m omepatopa, camoctoetenaho pemae, kofo m kak chmmata. Omepato-
pɵ uacto mpmmehenm «maphɵu» metog pa6otɵ: ogmh chmmaet o6yme mnahɵ, btopou – 6onee kpymhɵe.
Touka caemkm, pakypc, momeht bknduehme kamepɵ m gpyfme bawhɵe momehtɵ tbopueckofo pemehme kagpa bɵ6mpanmca b ckopocthom pewmme. Ha bouhe sto ha- sɵbanoca «apmØmetmkou». Hempoctou «apmØmetmkm» tpe6obana kamepa «Aumo», kotopae ctana fnabhou fepomheu bcex omepatopckmx memyapob. Kacceta bmeyana bcefo tpmgyata metpob – oghy mmhyty skpahhofo bpemehm. Oueha cnowhou 6ɵna uactae mepesapegka b 6oebɵx ycnobmex, cnowhɵm 6ɵn, hampmmep, pacuet bpeme- hm moneta 6om6ɵ m ee bspɵba ha semne – sacheta bce ha oghou kaccete he bcefga ygabanoca. Ouebmgho, cnegyet hamomhmta, uto tpm c monobmhou mmnnmoha metpob kmhonetommcm cknagɵbanmca b ochobhom ms tpmgyatmmetpobɵx kyckob mnehkm. Konmuectbo bnowehhofo tpyga mowho tonako boo6pasmta.
Otchetyd mnehky c kaccetou hywho 6ɵno sabephyta b uephyd 6ymafy m sa- cyhyta b temhɵu memok. Mpm stom ecnm bo bpeme mepesapegkm ha mnehky moma- gana copmhka, to ha ctygmm, mpm mpoebke, matepman cpasy yxogmn b 6pak. Chetoe otcɵnanoca b Mockby camonetom, m gonwho 6ɵno compobowgatace mohtawhɵm nmctom, b kotopom omepatop moechen cogepwahme kagpob. B otbet ha kawgɵu ma- tepman mpmxogmna peyehsme ot mockobckmx pegaktopob. Hhofga c otpmyatenahɵm otbetom: «bpak – mepecheta!».
B mepmog Ctanmhfpagckou smomem Øpohtobɵe omepatopɵ bmepbɵe ctonkhy- nmca co caemkou ynmuhɵx 6oeb. Vmospmtenaho ohm mpegctabnenm ce6e, uto sha- umt 6ou sa ynmyy, sa mepekpectok, sa gom, ho hago 6ɵno hayumtace efo chmmata m he ctata cnyuauhou weptbou hemeykofo chaumepa mnm manahou mmhɵ. Bmecte c tem hago 6ɵno mokasata ha skpahe, uto mepehec cobetckmu bomh, octahobmb- mmu Øammctckyd apmmd ha 6epefax Bonfm. «]enae apmme, yyemmbmmca sa 6epef Bonfm, bpocna b yskyd monocky semnm, – bcmommhaet omepatop A. Kpmuebckmu.
– Mpabga, gmbmsmm, monkm m 6atanaohɵ gabho ywe mepectanm 6ɵta takobɵmm mo konmuectby ndgeu m coxpahmnm tonako cbom hasbahme. Ot KM apmmm go KM mon- ka 6ɵno mehame gbyxcot metpob. H bce we sto 6ɵna ctanahae nmhme o6opohɵ. Fopoga, mo cyyectby, het. Ctoet paspymehhɵe kopo6km gomob. Bce, uto mofno fopeta, cfopeno».
Banehtmh Opnehkmh mepbɵm chmman b ymop ynmuhɵe 6om b Ctanmhfpage. Ana- mmhmct-nd6mtena, oh nasmn mo pas6mtɵm gomam. Oh we mepbɵm chen no6obou tahkobɵu tapah, kofga tahk gabmn got. Opnehkmh tofga haxogmnce b tahke m cmna- ho moctpagan.
Mepemonsae mo xogam coo6yehmu, kotopɵe sgeca hasɵbanmca «ynmyamm», me- pe6efae b mectax, fge bmcenm ta6nmukm c hagmmcad: «3geca he mepexogm, a mepe- 6efau! Ctpeneet hemeykmu chaumep!», mackmpyeca sa ctehamm gomob, wmbe bmecte c congatamm b semnehkax, bɵpɵtɵx b otkocax bonwckmx 6epefob, omepatopɵ benm kmhonetommca benmkou 6mtbɵ.
Komahgobahme xopomo mohmmano bcd bawhocta mmccmm, bɵmonheemou Øpohtobɵmm kmhoxpohmkepamm, m bceueckm cogeuctbobano mm.
8ammctɵ eye o6opohenmca, ho uac pacmnatɵ mpm6nmwance. Kofga boucka Œfo-3amaghofo, ¶ohckofo m Ctanmhfpagckofo Øpohtob mepemnm b hactymne- hme, omepatopɵ mnm c hactymadymmm uactemm.
8pohtobɵe omepatopɵ, chmmae mocneghme kagpɵ Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ, mokpɵtɵe chewhɵm cabahom tpymɵ hemeykmx congat, pas6mtyd boehhyd texhmky, abtomammhɵ, 6ecumcnehhɵe konohhɵ mnehhɵx, mgyymx ha boctok, gymanm o tom, uto ckopo, oueha ckopo b stom meptbom fopoge hauhetce 6yp- hae wmsha.
Ctanmhfpagckme omepatopɵ c uectad bɵmonhmnm cbou gonf. O6 mx pa6o- te hammcan b fasete «umtepatypa m mckycctbo» (1943, 6 mapta) mmcatena C. Hafophɵu: «Ohm chmmanm bce mepmmetmm benmkou 6opa6ɵ, kak 6ygto shanm, uto cfopet stm goma m paspymatce stm yexm, ho mpmgyt ms-sa Bonfm mogkpe- mnehme, m hactymmt 6nmctatenahɵu mmf mo6egɵ, m ha mnoyagm fopoga, cpegm gomob, hackbosa mpohmsahhɵx conhyem, co6epytce ha mmtmhf 6ouyɵ m fopo- wahe benmkofo Ctanmhfpaga. A mowet 6ɵta, geuctbmtenaho shanm ohm bce hamepeg? ¶a, shanm, motomy uto 6ɵnm bmecte c saymthmkamm Ctanmhfpaga m genmnm c hmmm mx tpyg, 6egctbme m bepy. Vbepehhocta b 6ygyyem m bsbonho- bahhocta bomha – bot uto hywho gne cosgahme takofo smoca».
CTAflEHFPA¶CKAª bETBA – 8AKTª E EHTEPNPETA]Eª
Muxaunob flanen Bacuneb
¶oemop Øunonosuueceux naye,
npoØeccop by6anenmceoso ynubepcumema um. flopan6a 5mbena (Benspue) kmihajlov@abv.bg
Egyetem ter 1-3, 1053, s. by6anenm, Benspue
Ahhotayme. Ctatae packpɵbaet bompocɵ ocbeyehme co6ɵtmu Ctanmhfpag- ckou 6mtbɵ oØmymanahou mpeccou bonfapmm b 1942–1943 ff. Abtop mpegoctepe- faet cobpemehhɵx samaghɵx monmtmkob ot mobtopehme fe66enacobckmx goktpmh m mcmonasobahme mx gne pemehme aktyanahɵx mmpobɵx mpo6nem.
Knduebɵe cnoba: 6onfapckae mpecca, fasetɵ «Vtpo» m «3opa», Boctouhɵu Øpoht, bonfapckae pa6ouae maptme
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