THE ANALYSIS OF MEDICAL AND SANITARY SUPPORT OF THE PRISON OF WAR CAMPS FOR THE SOLDIERS
OF THE 6 FIELD ARMY OF THE WEHRMACHT PLACED ON THE TERRITORY OF STALINGRAD AND STALINGRAD REGION
Nasekin Maxim Anatolievich
Leading methodist of the Museum-Reserve «The Battle of Stalingrad» nasekin.maks@mail.ru
47 Marshala Chuikova Street, 400005, Volgograd, Russian Federation
Abstract. The article analyses physical condition of the prisoners of war of the 6 Field Army of the Wehrmacht and military units of the allies of the Nazi Germany in the camps in Stalingrad and Stalingrad Region. The reasons of the high number of deaths among them are investigated. The author tells about the measures to improve sanitary conditions, medical service and food in the camps, undertaken by the NKVD Directorate for POW and interned persons affairs and People’s Comissary of health-care.
Key words: prisoners of war, medical service, dystrophy, epidemic.
Monowehme boehhocnywaymx bepmaxta bo bpeme 6mtbɵ sa Ctanmhfpag 6ɵno kpauhe tewenɵm. Haumhae c cehte6pe (I stam) Øaktmueckmu paymoh oghofo conga- ta coctabnen okono 500 fpammob xne6a. C momehta okpywehme oh k 26 hoe6pe he mpebɵman 1/3 hopmanahou mopymm, t.e. pabhence 200 fpammam, a k ehbapd nmma 50-100 f., uto b ycnobmex mcmxmueckmx m Ømsmueckmx mepefpysok mpmbeno k ywa- cadymm mocnegctbmem . Pesynatatom stofo ctan poct cmepthoctm cpegm congat ot hegoegahme (c ehbape cuet momen ha cothm), a takwe peskoe yxygmehme o6yefo Ømsmueckofo coctoehme bcex congat 6es mcknduehme.
besycnobho, eye go hauana okpywehme m, koheuho we, mocne hefo, moctymne- hme bpaweckmx boehhomnehhɵx ctano maccobɵm. Mo hobeummm gahhɵm, b Cta- nmhfpage 6ɵno mneheho 110 tɵc. uenobek . Mepbyd tpahcmoptmpobky mepewmno 93 tɵc. uenobek (sty ymØpy mepbohauanaho bsenm sa ochoby mpm mogcuete umcna mnehhɵx congat bepmaxta). O6yee mopanahoe coctoehme a6condthofo 6onammh- ctba saxbauehhɵx hemeykmx congat mowho oyehmta kak 6nmskoe k moky . C camofo hauana b mnehy mobɵmehhoe shauehme o6pena haymohanahae mpmhagnewhocta. Hapegy c hemhofmmm mtanaehckmmm pa6oummm 6ɵnm xopbatɵ, pymɵhɵ, a takwe cobetckme fpawgahe, ctabmme moco6hmkamm bepmaxta, m cobetckme boehhomneh- hɵe, saxbauehhɵe 6-u apmmeu. O tom, kak o6payanmca c stmmm katefopmemm bo- ehhomnehhɵx, mmedtce mpotmbopeumbɵe cbmgetenackme mokasahme.
Vumtɵbae smmhme ycnobme m to, uto mogabnedyee 6onammhctbo bpaweckmx boehhomnehhɵx moctymano b teweneumem coctoehmm, samectmtena fnabhokomah- gydyefo ¶ohckmm Øpohtom mo tɵny fehepan-neutehaht H. F. Cobethmkob eye 25 geka6pe 1942 f. msgan mpmkas o cosgahmm gne mx mpmema m sbakyaymm gomonhmtena- hɵx apmeuckmx mpmemhɵx myhktob b Bopo6aebke, Hobo-Tpomykom, Cebactomona- ckom, 3atynobckom. Tofga we hauanaca paspa6otka mepompmetmu mo opfahmsaymm 6ecmepe6ouhofo mmtahme mnehhɵx. B bomhckmx focmmtanex 6ɵnm otkpɵtɵ cmeym- anahɵe otgenehme gne neuehme mnehhɵx (bcefo 7). K 21 Øebpane kbanmØmympo- bahhae momoya 6ɵna okasaha 8696 boehhomnehhɵm, b tom umcne 2775 o6mopo- wehhɵm m 1965 pahehɵm, hywgadymmce b xmpypfmueckou momoym. V mhofmx hemeykmx congat ha momeht mnehehme 6oneshm ywe hocmnm heo6patmmɵu xapak- tep, mostomy ypobeha cmepthoctm b nasapetax 6ɵn mpegenaho bɵcokmm – go 80% . uetom 1943 f. cmepthocta b nafepex gne boehhomnehhɵx o6nactm cokpatm- naca, ho oceha m smma 1943–1944 f. choba bephynm ctanmhfpagckme nafepe b umc- no he6nafomonyuhɵx. Ocehad 1943 f. hag hmmm bhoba habmcna yfposa smmgemmm cɵmhofo tmØa. Vumtɵbae cepaeshocta monowehme, pykobogctbo nafepeu mpobeno cmeymanahɵe mpotmbosmmgemmueckme mepompmetme, o pesynatatax kotopɵx 6ɵno gonoweho hampemyd b VMBH HKB¶ CCCP (gok. ¼ 53). 3to 6ɵn he egmhctbeh- hɵu cnyuau, kofga ot nafepeu tpe6obanoca cbesɵbatace hemocpegctbehho c Vmpab- nehmem b Mockbe. Haumhae c 1943 f. m bmnota go pacØopmmpobahme, pefynepho b yehtp hampabnenmca cbogkm o sa6onebaemoctm m cmepthoctm cpegm boehhomneh- hɵx. Pykobogctbo HKB¶ CCCP moctoehho kohtponmpobano bce bompocɵ, cbesah-
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hɵe co sgopobaem boehhomnehhɵx.
B yenex bɵebnehme mctmhhɵx mpmumh bɵcokou cmepthoctm Hapkomsgpabom CCCP 6ɵno pemeho mpobectm megmymhckoe ocbmgetenactbobahme b heckonakmx nafepex-pacmpegenmtenex. Mpm mpobepke nafepeu b Xpehobom m Bonacke b mepmog c 22–25 mapta m 7–17 ampene 1943 f. cootbetctbehho sacbmgetenactbobaho, uto ms o6yefo umcna mnehhɵx 71% coctabnedt 6onahɵe m mctoyehhɵe m nmma 29% sgopobɵe, mpmuem k sgopobɵm mpmmmcɵbanmca bce te, kto mof camoctoetenaho mepegbmfatace. Mo ctatmctmueckmm gahhɵm, 57% cmepteu mno ot gmctpoØmm, 33% ot cɵmhofo tmØa. Bɵbog kommccmm 6ɵn heytemmteneh: bɵcokae cmepthocta o6aechenaca samosganɵm pemehmem hemeykofo komahgobahme o kammtyneymm m mnoxmm cha6wehmem congat 6-u apmmm bo bpeme mpe6ɵbahme b «kotne». B mdhe 1943 f. 6ɵn cyyectbehho ybenmueh paymoh bcex boehhomnehhɵx. Cmtyayme ha- uana cta6mnmsmpobatace. Vwe c cepegmhɵ 1944 f. kakmx-nm6o smmgemmueckmx m gpyfmx mhØekymohhɵx sa6onebahmu, mpmbogeymx k cmepthoctm, he ha6ndganoca. B hoe6pe 1943 f. samectmtena hapoghofo kommccapa bhytpehhmx gen C. H. Kpy- fnob hampabmn cmeymanahɵe ykasahme hauanahmky ympabnehme nafepe ¼ 123 f. Vpdmmhcka b cbesm c mobɵmehmem cmepthoctm b stom nafepe. Oh mpegympewgan
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«o ctpowaumeu otbetctbehhoctm nmy, gomyckadymx mocna6nehme b mpobegehmm mep, hampabnehhɵx k chmwehmd sa6onebaemoctm m cmepthoctm». Hauanahmkam cahmtaphofo otgenehme nafepe m nafephɵx otgenehmu b cnyuae pashofnacmu c pykobogctbom ympabnehme C. H. Kpyfnob pekomehgoban «o6payatace hemocpeg- ctbehho b Mockby ha mme hauanahmka 4-fo otgena Vmpabnehme HKB¶ CCCP mo genam boehhomnehhɵx m mhtephmpobahhɵx». B cbesm c stmm b nafephɵx otgene- hmex 6ɵno mpobegeho megmko-cahmtaphoe o6cnegobahme .
O6aektom o6cnegobahme ctano megmko-cahmtaphoe coctoehme nafepe, Øm- smueckoe coctoehme boehhomnehhɵx, mpobepka neue6ho-mpoØmnaktmueckmx m osgopobmtenahɵx mepompmetmu. Oghou ms fnabhɵx yeneu 6ɵno bɵechehme mpm- umh bɵcokou cmepthoctm cpegm boehhomnehhɵx. ¶ne stofo heo6xogmmo 6ɵno os- hakommtace c mectamm mx pasmeyehme. Mpobepmta coctoehme nmuhou fmfmehɵ, opfahmsaymd mmtahme m cahmtaphofo coctoehme mpogobonactbehhɵx, mmyebɵx 6nokob. bɵno ocmotpeho 1 640 uen., oto6pahhɵx gne otmpabkm b mpomsbogctbeh- hɵu nafepa, ms kotopɵx 196 uen. okasanmca ocna6nehhɵmm m hemogxogeymmm gne hampabnehme, octanahɵe 1444 uenobeka mo Ømsmueckomy coctoehmd othocetce k mepbou (mpmmepho 90%) m II fpymme tpygocmoco6hoctm.
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Ocmotpehɵ haxogeymece b nasapete 375 6onahɵx, ms hmx okasanoca: 6ona- hɵx, hywgadymxce b cmeymanahom kbanmØmympobahhom focmmtanahom neuehmm,
— 211 uenobek, 30 6onahɵx okasanmca b coctoehmm kpauhe tewenom m hetpahc- mopta6enahom. Fpymma 6onahɵx gmctpoØmkob, pasmeyehhɵx bhe nasapeta, b ko- nmuectbe 169 uen., ms kotopɵx 89 uenobek hywganmca b kbanmØmympobahhom fo- cmmtanahom neuehmm, a 80 uenobek mognewanm cpouhou otmpabke b nasapet. Bcefo ocmotpeho ms umcna haxogeymxce b nafepe 2 657 boehhomnehhɵx, ms kotopɵx 300 uenobek mognewanm cpouhou otmpabke b focmmtana, 304 uenobeka octabnehɵ mpo- xogmta neuehme b nasapete .
O6cnegobahme nmuhou fmfmehɵ boehhomnehhɵx bɵebmno cnegydyee. Mo- gabnedyee umcno okasanmca hectpmwehɵmm m he6pmtɵmm, y 6onammhctba mnehhɵx fpeshɵe pykm m nmyo, sto o6aecheetce otcytctbmem ymɵbanahmkob. Bmmbocta 6ɵna o6hapyweha b egmhmuhɵx cnyuaex.
Haxogeymece b nafepe boehhomnehhɵe mpoxoget kommnekchyd cahmtap- hyd o6pa6otky b 6ahe co cmehou 6enae he pewe 4 pas b mecey. bahe pacmo- noweha b kmpmmuhom sgahmm, o6opygobaha mo tmmy cahmpomyckhmka c mpo- myckhou cmoco6hoctad 50 uenobek b uac. Mpm 6ahe mmeetce gesokamepa c mpomyckhou cmoco6hoctad 50 kommnektob b uac. Ha teppmtopmm nafephou sohɵ haxogmtce gesokamepa gne gesmhØekymm moctenahɵx mpmhagnewho- cteu m o6myhgmpobahme c mpomyckhou cmoco6hoctad 50 kommnektob b uac. bahd m gesokamepy o6cnywmbadt cmeymanahɵe komahgɵ ms umcna boehhomnehhɵx mog pykobogctbom gesmhcektopa. Ha teppmtopmm sohɵ mmeetce mpaueuhae, o6opygobah- hae 3 kotnamm gne kmmeuehme 6enae m ctmpanahɵm yexom, o6ecmeuehɵ ctmpanahɵmm gockamm m kopɵtamm. Mpoyecc ctmpkm 6enae opfahmsobah mpabmnaho, ho kauectbo ctmpkm mnoxoe, mpokatka m mpofnawmbahme 6enae he mpomsbogmnmca.
Mpoahanmsmpobab mpmumhɵ cmepthoctm, mowho cgenata bɵbog o tom, uto ochob- hou ee mpmumhou ebmnoca: moctymnehme b nafepa c stamamm 464 uen. teweno6onahɵx, b shaumtenahou cboeu macce gmctpoØmkob c heo6patmmɵmm mpoyeccamm. B cbesm c tem, uto 6onahɵe b cmeyfocmmtanm he sbakympobanmca, a oceganm b nasapete, ckommnoca mx 6onamoe konmuectbo, uto ocnowhmno yxog sa teweno6onahɵmm. Teweno6onahɵe gmc- tpoØmkm mo coctoehmd sgopobae hywganmca b cmeymanahom neuehmm m o6cnegobahmm, goctymhom b ycnobmex focmmtane. uasapet co cbommm monogɵmm kagpamm bpaueu, mpm otcytctbmm na6opatopmm, pehtfeha m gmetmueckou kyxhm he mof samehmta focmmtana, bcnegctbme uefo hemonhoyehho o6ecmeumbanoca neuehme teweno6onahɵx. Mepe6om c mpogyktamm, otcytctbme b paymohe gmctpoØmkob cbewefo wmbothofo 6enka, hegocta- touhoe moctymnehme otgenahɵx mpogyktob, hepaymohanaho opfahmsobahhoe mmtahme gmctpoØmkob chmwanm efo kauectbo m monhoyehhocta, uto otpawanoca ha teuehmm 6oneshm.
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Vmpabnehmem mo genam boehhomnehhɵx 6ɵnm mpobegehɵ cnegydyme mepompm- etme. 320 6onahɵx cpouho 6ɵnm bɵbesehɵ b cmeyfocmmtana, b geka6pe meceye mpo- begeha mobtophae sbakyayme cnegydyeu maptmm 6onahɵx. Bpemehho go pasfpyskm nafepe hobɵe stamɵ boehhomnehhɵx he hampabnenmca b Vpdmmhckmu nafepa. Cpouho 6ɵnm komahgmpobahɵ b nafepa cpokom ha 1 mecey cmeymanmctɵ – tepamebt m gmetonof. Vganoca go6mtace ot cha6wadymx opfahob monhofo ygobnetbopehme peanahou saebkm nafepe ha meg. mmyyectbo. Ha gonwhocta hauanahmka CAHO 6ɵn hashaueh omɵthɵu bpau, a ha gonwhocta hauanahmka nasapeta – cmeymanmct mo bhytpehhmm 6oneshem. Takwe 6ɵno otmyyeho mmyyectbo gne pasbeptɵbahme mpm nasapete knmhmueckou na- 6opatopmm, cpouho bɵcnaha b nafepa megmymhckae 6m6nmoteuka .
Komahgobahmem nafepe 6ɵnm mpobegehɵ cnegydyme mepompmetme. Bce gmctpo- Ømkm, pasmeyehhɵe bhe nasapeta, 6ɵnm pasmeyehɵ b nasapete, o6ecmeuehɵ kouka- mm, moctenahɵmm mpmhagnewhoctemm, cootbetctbydymm mmtahmem m neuehmem. B
cbesm c mepefpyskou nasapeta 6ɵno pasbephyto b oghom ms cbo6oghɵx sgahmu go- monhmtenaho 200 koek. Bcd osgopobmtenahyd komahgy pasmectmnm ha koukax c o6e- cmeuehmem mx moctenahɵmm mpmhagnewhoctemm. Pacmopegok ghe m pewmm, a takwe megmymhckoe o6ecmeuehme 6ɵno opfahmsobaho tak, kak stofo tpe6obana gmpektmba Vmpabnehme mo genam o boehhomnehhɵx. bɵna opfahmsobaha moctoehhae mapmk- maxepckae, yctahobnehɵ ymɵbanahmkm, hanaweho o6ecmeuehme kmmeuehou bogou, ynyumeho kauectbo ctmpkm 6enae m opfahmsobaho mpofnawmbahme efo ytdfom, ymo- pegoueha opfahmsayme otmycka fotobou mmym boehhomnehhɵm. Mpm coctabnehmm packnagok 6ɵn mogcumtaho konmuectbo 6enkob, wmpob m yfnebogob b heu. uasape- tam bɵgabanmca gne mmtahme 6onahɵx, b oco6ehhoctm gmctpoØmkam, cbewee meco m pɵ6a. Opfahmsobahho neue6hoe mmtahme gmctpoØmkob b cootbetctbmm c mhctpyk- ymeu gne mx neuehme.
O6opygobaha am6ynatopme, opfahmsobah sy6obpaue6hɵu ka6mhet m mepebesou- hae, 6ɵno o6ecmeueho otomnehme ka6mhetob m pasgebanok gne 6onahɵx. Xpohmue- ckme 6onahɵe mepmogmueckm bɵsɵbanmca ha megmymhckmu ocmotp gne hashauehme mm neuehme.
bɵna o6cnegobaha gohopckae fpymma gne mepenmbahme kpobm gpo6hɵmm gosamm. B mpabom kpɵne nasapeta ha mepbom stawe o6opygobah cahmpomyckhmk, a manata pegom c cahmpomyckhmkom mcmonasobanaca kak coptmpobouhae.
Beca megcoctab mogpo6ho msyumn mhctpykymd mo neuehmd gmctpoØmm m py- kobogctbobance ed kak yue6hmkom m mpaktmueckmm moco6mem. bɵno ynyumeho ka- uectbo begehme mctopmm 6oneshm c yenad fpamothofo m monhofo otpawehme o6a- ektmbhofo coctoehme 6onahofo m teuehme 6oneshm. Mpmbneuehɵ gne kohcynataymm 6onahɵx cmeymanmctɵ mecthou 6onahmyɵ m boehhofo focmmtane. Opfahmsobahɵ sahetme c hemeykmmm bpauamm mo neuehmd gmctpoØmm bbmgy mx heshahme stofo sa6onebahme.
Hs bɵmemsnowehhofo mowho cgenata bɵbog o tom, uto b Cobetckom Codse ympabnehme mo genam boehhomnehhɵx m mhtephmpobahhɵx ygeneno 6onamoe bhm- mahme megmko-cahmtaphomy coctoehmd nafepeu gne boehhomnehhɵx bepmaxta. Tem camɵm co6ndgance ochobomonafadymu sakohogatenahɵu akt cobetckofo mpabm- tenactba, ompegenedymu ctatyc boehhocnywaymx apmmu mpotmbhmka, momabmmx b cobetckmu mneh, a takwe o6esahhoctm cobetckmx gonwhocthɵx nmy, pa6otadymx c mnehhɵmm.
Npmmeuahme
1.3afopynako M. M. Boehhomnehhɵe b Ctanmhfpage. – Bonfofpag, 2003.
2. Obepmahc P. ¶pyfou nmk bouhɵ: wmsha m fm6ena 6-u apmmm / Mep. c hem. – M., 1996.
3. Bephxapg P. Kpehep. Ctanmhfpag m totanahae bouha 1942–1943 ff. – M., 1996.
4. Epmh M. E., bapahoba H. B. Hemyɵ b cobetckom mnehy // Oteuectbehhae mctopme. – 1995.– ¼ 6.
ECTO1HEKE 8OPMEPOBAHEª ECTOPE1ECKOM NAMªTE O BEflEKOM OTE1ECTBEHHOM BOMHE (NO MATEPEAflAM ECCflE¶OBATEfl@CKEX NPOEKTOB)
Osapeoba Enena Bna6unupobna
Pan6u6am ucmopuueceux naye,
6oçenm eaØe6pa pycceoso etaea Bonsospa6ceoso socy6apcmbennoso mexnuueceoso ynubepcumema
elen-ogar kova@yandex.ru
np. flenuna, 28, 400005, s. Bonsospa6, Poccue
Ahhotayme. B ctatae o6o6yadtce ha6ndgehme abtopa, mogtbepwgadyme bɵbogɵ yuehɵx o «bmsyanahom mobopote» b mctopmueckou hayke, satpafmbad- yem pasnmuhɵe cØepɵ mctopmueckofo shahme, mpewge bcefo msyuehme kynaty- pɵ mobceghebhoctm. Coo6yaetce o pege gmckyccmohhɵx mpo6nem b msyuehmm mctopmm Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ, kotopɵe mofyt 6ɵta moggepwahɵ mnm ompo- bepfhytɵ b mpoyecce msyuehme 6onee mmpokou mctouhmkobou 6asɵ. Hampmmep, gokymehtob nmuhofo mpomcxowgehme – mmcem, ghebhmkob, bocmommhahmu, a tak- we xygowectbehhɵx mso6pasmtenahɵx mctouhmkob – mnakatob, nmctobok, Øpoh- tobɵx pmcyhkob m t.g.
Abtop genaet bɵbog o tom, uto bce hampabnehme msyuehme mctopmm benmkofo cpawehme ha Bonfe ebnedtce 6asou gne Øopmmpobahme mctopmueckou mametm o Benmkou Oteuectbehhou bouhe.
Knduebɵe cnoba: mctouhmkobae 6asa, mctopmueckae mameta, bmsyanahɵe mc- touhmkm, ycthae mctopme.
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