Тема “ Colloquial syntax ” / Part 2
Цель: рассмотреть основные типы конструкций устой речи, сформировать навыки идентификации основных синтаксических и функциональных характеристик устной речи.
Знания и умения, приобретаемые студентами: студенты должны усвоить понятие colloquial speech и основные типы конструкций устой речи, уметь идентифицировать основные синтаксические и функциональные характеристики устной речи.
Формируемые компетенции: ОПК–3.
Актуальность темы определяется тем, что в ее рамках осваиваются понятие colloquial speech и основные типы конструкций устой речи, а также формируются навыки идентификации основных синтаксических и функциональных характеристик устной речи.
Теоретическая часть
We may speak about following syntactical processes characteristic for colloquial speech:
Parcellation. Jack went off. To Paris. Yesterday. To fix things up. (Ср. рус. Она вышвырнула все книги. До одной. В помойку. Как будто бы они были в чём-то виноваты).
Absolute attribute. Here comes Harry, a nice-looking guy. (Ср.рус. И вот наступила весна, тёплая, бурная).
Proleptical constructions. These are utterances beginning with the nomination of the theme of the utterance (a noun) after which the rheme comes bearing descriptive, decoding the theme character. Jack, I never met him in my whole life. ( Ср . рус . Деньги, их у меня сроду-то не было.)
Anticipational constructions. The theme of the utterance as the noun finishes the construction: I never met him in my whole life, Jack.
The nominal utterance with post-positional detailing theme. A terribly posh place, that restaurant.
Inversion. A hopeless old fool I am; And a nice cup of tea you shall have, my dear. (Ср.рус. Глупыми были её вопросы, глупыми были и мои ответы).
The formation of speech in question – answer type. Have I found a good job? Yes, I have. Do I make enough money? Yes, I do. Can I send my kids to college now? Yes, I can. What else do they want of me?
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Echo-questions. Do you think Mary Beautiful? – Beautiful? In a way; How about having a cup of tea? – A cup of tea? Sounds good to me.
Repetition. Sad, sad, all that is very sad.
The usage of appellative pronouns. I am saying this to you, old devil, you.
Interjectional indication of interrogation. Nice weather, ah?
The ellipsis of the link-verb. My bank account empty, my credit card lost, my purse stolen – what shall I do?
Explicatives. What the hell are you doing here? Remove that bloody car of yours! I don’t care about that damned garage.
Periphrasis. Yes. They say… Perfectly true; Yes, indeed instead of Yes!, and instead of No! – By no means; No way; Nothing of the kind.
Imperative expressions without verbs. Substantial utterances (Waiter, the bill please!), adjectival utterances (Careful! You’ll break it.), adverbial utterances (Slowly, slowly, please! Out of please), interjectional utterances (Shhh! You’ll wake him up).
Negation in the form of question. Did I say anything about you being foolish? ( А разве я имею что - нибудь против ?)
The declarative form of the question. You know the answer? She is going with you to London?
The statement in the form of negative question. Wasn’t I careful enough to you? Didn’t I tell you what to do?
The ellipsis of the subject. Can’t say how glad I am!
The ellipsis of the subject and the predicate. When? – At 5 p.m. – Where to? – To the restaurant.
The ellipsis of functional words of the sentence. Uncle George comes Saturday; Where does he live? – Paris.
A functional survey of conversation
Conversation cannot be easily characterized in terms of communicative goals or social functions. It is a pervasive activity among human beings, and that its primary function appears to be to establish and maintain social cohesion through the sharing of experience, although secondarily it may promote other goals such as entertainment, exchange of information and control of other’s behavior.
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There are several characteristics of conversation which define its grammar:
1) Conversation takes place in speech – by use of an oral-auditory channel.
2) Conversation takes place in shared context.
3) Conversation avoids elaboration or specification of meaning.
4) Conversation is interactive. Conversation is co-constructed by two or more interlocutors, dynamically adapting their expression on the ongoing exchange.
5) Conversation is expressive of politeness, emotion, and attitude.
6) Conversation takes place in real time.
7) Conversation has a restricted and repetitive repertoire.
8) Conversation employs a vernacular range of expression.
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