Reported Commands/Requests/Suggestions
| Direct | Indirect |
| "Watch out," he said to me. | He told me to watch out. (command) |
| "Please, don’t move," he said to me | He asked me not to move. (request) |
| "Let’s play chess," he said. | He suggested playing chess. (suggestion) |
| "You’d better see a doctor," he said. | He suggested that I (should) see a doctor. (suggestion) |
Modal Verbs in Reported Speech
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
| will/shall | → would |
| can | → could (present reference) →would be able to (future reference) |
| may | → might/could |
| shall | → should (asking for advice) →would (asking for information) / offer (expressing offers) |
| must | → must/had to (obligation) (“must” remains the same when it expresses possibility or deduction) |
| needn’t | → didn’t need to / didn’t have to (present reference) → wouldn’t have to (future reference) |
Special Introductory Verbs
| Introductory verb | Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
| agree + to-inf | "Yes, I’ll come with you." | -> He agreed to come with me. |
| demand | "Tell me everything!" | -> He demanded to be told everything. |
| offer | "Would you like me to carry it?" | -> He offered to carry it. |
| promise | I'll study more." | -> He promised to study more. |
| refuse | "No, i won't come with you." | -> He refused to come with me. |
| threaten | "Behave yourself or I'll punish you." | -> He threatened to punish me if I didn't behave myself. |
| claim | "I heard her say that." | ->He claimed to have heard her say that. |
| advise + sb + to-inf | "You should take a coat." | ->He advised me to take a coat. |
| allow | "You can use my phone." | -> He allowed me to use his phone. |
| ask | "Please, put it away." | -> He asked me to put it away. |
| beg | "Please, please help me." | -> He begged me to help him. |
| command | "Fire!" | -> He commanded the soldiers to fire. |
| encourage | "Go ahead, phone her." | -> He encouraged me to phone her. |
| forbid | "You mustn't eat sweets." | -> He forbade me to eat sweets. |
| instruct | "Insert your card and wait for the machine to open." | ->He instructed me to insert my card and wait for the machine to open. |
| invite sb | "Would you like to come to my house?" | -> He invited me to go to his house. |
| order | "Sit down immediately." | -> He ordered me to sit down immediately. |
| permit | "You may speak now." | -> He permitted me to speak. |
| remind | "Don’t forget to pay the bill." | -> He reminded me to pay the bill. |
| urge | "Finish your work." | ->He urged me to finish my work. |
| warn | "Don’t touch that switch." | -> He warned me not to touch that switch. |
| want | "I’d like you to go out." | ->He wanted me to go out. |
| accuse sb of + -ing form | "You broke the vase." | -> He accused me of breaking the vase. |
| apologise for | "I'm sorry I upset you." | ->He apologized for upsetting /having upset me. |
| admit (to) | "Yes, I lied to her." | ->He admitted (to) lying /having lied to her. |
| boast about | "I am better than you." | -> He boasted about being better than me. |
| complain to sb about | "You never tidy up." | -> He complained to me about my never tidying up. |
| deny | "No, I didn’t steal the car." | ->Hedenied stealing/having stolen the car. |
| insist on | "You must wear warm clothes." | -> He insisted on me/my wearing warm clothes. |
| suggest | "Let’s go to the theatre." | -> He suggested going to the theatre. |
| agree + that-clause | "Yes, that is a beautiful hat." | -> He agreed that it was a beautiful hat. |
| boast | "I’m a brilliant dentist." | -> He boasted that he was a brilliant dentist. |
| claim | "I know the answer." | ->Heclaimed that he knew the answer. |
| complain | "You never listen to me." | -> He complained that I never listened to him. |
| deny | "I’ve never spoken to her." | ->Hedenied that he had ever spoken to her. |
| exclaim | "It’s wonderful!" | -> He exclaimed that it was wonderful. |
| explain | "It’s an easy recipe to follow." | ->Heexplained that it was an easy recipe to follow. |
| inform sb | "You will be called for an interview." | -> He informed me that I would be called for an interview. |
| promise | "I won’t lie to you again." | -> He promised that he wouldn't lie to me again. |
| suggest | "You ought to take the other road." | ->He suggested that I take the other road. |
| explain to sb + how | "This is how you make it." | -> He explained to me how to make it. |
| wonder where/what why/how + clause (when the subject of the introductory verb is not the same as the subject in the reported question) | He asked himself, "How can she reach the top?" He asked himself, "Where is Joan?" He asked himself, "Why is she crying?" He asked himself, "What is she doing?" | -> Hewondered how she could reach the top. -> He wondered where Joan was. -> Hewondered why she was crying. -> He wondered what she was doing. |
| wonder + whether + to-inf or clause wonder where/what/ how + to-inf (when the subject of the infinitive is the same as the subject of the verb) | He asked himself, "Shall I buy that car?" He asked himself, "Where am I going?" He asked himself, "What should I tell her?" He asked himself, "How can I fix it?" | -> He wondered whether to buy that car. -> He wondered whether he should buy that car. ->He wondered where he was going. -> He wondered what he should tell her. -> He wondered how to fix it. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
APPENDIX 6
|
|
|
Questions/short answers
| Subject/Object Questions | |||||||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Who meet Sally? (not: Who did meet Sally?) | Who did Sally meet? | ||||||||||||||
| QUESTION WORDS | ||||||
| people | animals things | place | time | quantity | manner | reason |
| What Which (of) Who Whose (possession) | What Which (of) | Where | How long How often What time When | How many How much | How | Why |
APPENDIX 7
Дата добавления: 2019-02-12; просмотров: 769; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!