Must (affirmative logical assumption) - May/Might (possibility) - Can't/Couldn't (negative logical assumption)

Present Infinitive	I’m sure he works overtime. Perhaps he will work overtime.	He must work overtime. He may/might work overtime.
Present Cont. Infinitive	I'm sure he is working. Perhaps he will be working.	He must be working. He may/might be working.
Perfect Infinitive	I'm sure he didn't work. I'm sure he hasn't worked before. I'm sure he hadn't worked.	He can't have worked. He can't have worked before. He can't have worked.
Perfect Cont. Infinitive	Perhaps he was working. Perhaps he has been working.	He may/might have been working. He may/might have been working.

APPENDIX 4

Passive Voice

	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Present Simple	He gives lectures.	Lectures are given.
Present Continuous	He is giving a lecture.	A lecture is being given.
Past Simple	He gave a lecture.	A lecture was given.
Past Continuous	He was giving a lecture.	A lecture was being given.
Future Simple	He will give a lecture.	A lecture will be given.
Present Perfect	He has given a lecture.	A lecture has been given.
Past Perfect	He had given a lecture.	A lecture had been given.
Future Perfect	He will have given a lecture.	A lecture will have been given.
Present Infinitive	He should give a lecture.	A lecture should be given.
Perfect Infinitive	He should have given a lecture.	A lecture should have been given.
- ing form	She remembers him giving a lecture.	She remembers a lecture being given.
Perfect -ing form	Having given the lecture,...	The lecture having been given,...
modal + be + p.p.	He must give a lecture.	The lecture must be given.

Changing from Active into Passive
Active Voice				Passive Voice
subject	verb		object	subject	verb	agent
John	posted	the letters.		The letters	were posted	by John.

Causative Form (have sth done)
Present Simple	She makes dresses.	She has dresses made.
Present Continuous	She is making a dress.	She is having a dress made.
Past Simple	She made a dress.	She had a dress made.
Past Continuous	She was making a dress.	She was having a dress made.
Future Simple	She will make a dress.	She will have a dress made.
Future Continuous	She will be making a dress.	She will be having a dress made.
Present Perfect	She has made a dress.	She has had a dress made.
Present Perfect Continuous	She has been making dresses.	She has been having dresses made.
Past Perfect	She had made a dress.	She had had a dress made.
Past Perfect Continuous	She had been making dresses.	She had been having dresses made.
Infinitive	She can make dresses.	She can have dresses made.
-ing form	She likes making dresses.	She likes having dresses made.

APPENDIX 5

Reported Speech

	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Present Simple	"She works hard," he said	He said (that) she worked hard.
Present Continuous	"She is working hard," he said.	He said (that) she was working hard.
Past Simple	"She worked hard," he said.	He said (that) she had worked hard.
Past Continuous	"She was working hard," he said	He said (that) she had been working hard.
Future Simple	"She will work hard," he said.	He said (that) she would work hard
Future Continuous	"She will be working hard," he said.	He said (that) she would be working hard.
Present Perfect	"She has worked hard," he said.	He said (that) she had worked hard.
Present Perfect Continuous	"She has been working hard," he said.	He said (that) she had been working hard.

Time Words
Direct Speech	Reported Speech
tonight, today, this week/month/year	that night, that day, that week/month/year
now	then, at that time, at once, immediately
now that	since
yesterday, last night/week/month/year	the day before, the previous night/week/month/year
tomorrow, next week/month/year	the following day/the day after, the following/next week/ month/year
two days/months/years etc ago	two days/months/years etc before

Questions in Reported Speech

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