Прочтите без словаря и постарайтесь понять нижеследующий текст.
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
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СУРГУТСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ
Контрольные задания и тексты
Для студентов-заочников
Биологического факультета
(английский язык)
Сургут
Издательство СурГУ
2002
Контрольные задания и тексты для студентов-заочников биологического факультета (английский язык). / Сост. О.В. Шалышкина. Сургут: Изд-во СурГУ, 2002. 30 с.
Настоящее издание представляет собой методические указания, предназначенные для студентов биологического факультета. В них студенты найдут контрольные задания (4 варианта) и тексты для дополнительного чтения по специальности.
Целью данных указаний является совершенствование у студентов навыков чтения литературы по специальности и близкой к ней тематике для получения и обработки необходимой информации, навыков реферирования и перевода.
Рецензент:старший преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков №1 С.И. Катюхина
Ⓒ Сургутский государственный университет, 2002
Контрольное задание
I. Проработайте следующие разделы по учебнику или справочнику, рекомендованному в конце данного издания, или по любому другому учебнику английского языка для неязыковых вузов:
1. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
2. Страдательный залог видо-временных форм Indefinite (Simple), Continuous, Perfect.
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3. Грамматические функции и значение слов that, one, it.
4. Бессоюзное подчинение в определительных и дополнительных придаточных предложениях.
5. Инфинитив в функции подлежащего, составной части сказуемого, определения, обстоятельства.
II. Работайте со специальным словарем.
Ый вариант контрольного задания
Перепишите следующие предложения. Найдите в них сказуемые в страдательном залоге, подчеркните их и определите их видовременную форму. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Seas and rivers are being filled with rubbish. 2. Solar power energy from the Sun which won’t run out can be used to heat homes instead of energy from coal and oil. 3. Much of the dangerous waste goes into the air and is carried by winds for great distances. 4. The importance of keeping our environment clean is pointed out by ecologists all over the world.
2. Выберите предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты. Перепишите эти предложения и переведите их письменно на русский язык. Подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент.
1. By preserving forests we can stop animals, plants and birds from extinction, help to keep the earth’s water balance stable and present soil erosion. 2. You don’t have to be rude – you are more likely to get an answer if your letter is polite and well argued. 3. We will require more and more energy in future. 4. There is something about dreams that leads people to believe there must be some meaning behind them.
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Перепишите следующие предложения и письменно переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения слов one, it, that.
1. It is by recycling that we cut down our needs and save resources. 2. One must do everything to keep our environment clean. 3. This room is smaller than that one.
4. Перепишите следующие сложные предложения. Найдите в них бессоюзные придаточные предложения, подчеркните их. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Animal behaviorists say the intelligence or learning ability of cats is no greater or less than that of dogs. 2. Climatic changes the big meltdown will bring us appear inevitable.
Перепишите следующие предложения. Найдите в них инфинитив глагола, подчеркните его. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The first Europeans to see the birds of paradise were the early Dutch explorers in the fifteenth century. 2. The electric power stations burn coal to produce the energy that keeps your light on. 3. To take care of the planet is to take care of our own house.
Прочтите без словаря и постарайтесь понять нижеследующий текст.
Order Marsupialia–Marsupials
1. The Marsupial (pouched) mammals are one of the two divisions of live bearing mammals. Their ancestors diverged from the placental mammals 100 million years ago. The first clearly marsupial fossils are found in what is now North America in sediments dating from the late Cretaceous, about 75 million years ago, and were mainly like opossums. However, marsupials had died out in North America by about 15-20 million years ago, but enjoyed a great evolutionary radiation in South America until the so-called Great American Interchange, 2 million years ago, when the linking of north and south via the Panamanian land bridge allowed an influx of competitively superior placental mammals. The earliest marsupials so far found in Australia date from about 23 million years ago, when they had already diverged into modern families.
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2. The parallel evolution of marsupials and placental means that each infraclass has produced its own attempt at filling a given niche. The Red-necked Wallaby fills a slot between small ungulates and lagomorphs. Since marsupials diverged so early from Macental mammals, their closest relatives among the placental must be the most ancient placental, the Insectivores.
3. Marsupials today are endemic to the New World and Australia. Their prime distinguishing feature is their method of reproduction. In its early stages, the marsupial egg is like those of reptiles and birds. The embryo is born very early in its development, for example the Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Female weighs about 30 kg) gives birth after 36 days’ gestation to a 0,8 g offspring. This is carried in a pouch for about 300 days tell it weighs 5 kg, which is about the size, relative to its mother, at which placental mammals would have been born; it continues to suckle till about 18 month old.
4. Marsupials are mostly nocturnal, so their most important senses are hearing and smell. They have a so-called fenestrated palate (i.e. the bones in the roof of the month have window-like holes in them). The only place in Europe that a mammalogist is likely to find such a skull is in the Peak District of England: there, a skull with an incomplete palate belongs to a wallaby.
5. Of 18 marsupial families in the world, just one, the Macropodidae, is found in Europe. The Red-necked Wallaby is one of 266 contemporary marsupial species organized into 76 genera. A special feature of this family (occurring in only a few other marsupial species) is that a pregnancy does not affect the oestrous cycle, and the female is receptive and mates at about the time she gives birth. The resulting embryo begins its development but then becomes quiescent – a situation called embryonic diapause, a phenomenon similar to the «delayed implantation» found in some placental mammals. This diapause is maintained by the hormone prodactin which is produced in response to the sucking stimulus of the young in the pouch. When sucking decreases (i.e. young leaving the pouch and starting to eat other foods, or if the pouch-young dies) prodactin production decreases and the embryo in suspended animation continues its development.
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7. Составьте письменно на русском языке план текста, озаглавив назывными предложениями каждый абзац.
Образец: 1. Описание растения. 2. Способы размножения. 3. Территория распространения. 4. Целебные свойства.
Составьте письменно реферат текста на русском языке, используя для этого свой план.
9. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующий текст:
A Glimpse of the Archaean
Almost all the petroleum we use as fuel comes from rocks than 400 million years old. In geological terms, oil has been regarded as a «young» material, which the oldest-known oil found in rocks 1,650 million years old. Now comes a report of oil in fluid inclusions in sandstones dating back about 3,000 million years. This oil was generated and trapped in the Archaean aeon and survived the adverse thermal conditions of later periods by being sealed inside fluid inclusions in quartz crystals. The fluorescence of the fluid inclusions is mainly due to aromatic compounds present in the oil, raising the tantalizing possibility that some of the inclusions may even contain «molecular fossils» of the organisms from which the oil was derived.
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