Characteristics of the third level of equivalence.
55. In the next group of translations the part of the contents which is to be retained is still larger. This type of equivalence can be exemplified as follows:
| (29) Scrubbing makes me bad-tempered. | Oт мытья полов у меня настроение портится. |
| (30) London saw a cold winter last year. | В прошлом году зима в Лондоне была холодной. |
| (31) You are not serious? | Вы шутите? |
In this case the translation retains the two preceding informative complexes as well as the method of describing the situation. In other words, it contains the same general notions as the original. This means that the translation is a semantic paraphrase of the original, preserving its basic semes and allowing their free reshuffle in the sentence. Thus we are faced with a situation that can be explained in terms of the semantic theory. The common semes are easily discovered in the comparative analysis of the translations of this group. Consider the first of the examples cited. Both in the translation and in the original the situation is described as a "cause-effect" event with a different pattern of identical semes. In the original: A (scrubbing) causes В (I) to have С (temper) characterized by the property D (bad). In the translation: С (temper) belonging to В (I) acquires the property D (bad) because of A (scrubbing).
The use of the identical notions in the two texts means that the basic structure of the messages they convey remains intact. If in the previous types of equivalence the translation gave the information of "what the original message is for" and "what it is about", here it also indicates "what is said in the original", i.e. what aspect of the described situation is mentioned in the communication.
We can now say that the third type of equivalence exemplified by the translations of the third group, implies retention in the translation of the three parts of the original contents which we have conventionally designated as the purport of communication, the identification of the situation and the method of its description.
Comparison of the O and the T of this type reveals the following peculiarities:
1) absence of lexical or syntactic parallelism;
2) the impossibility of uniting the syntactic structure of the O and the T by relations of or syntactic transformation;
3) retention in the T of the purport of communication and identification of the same situation as in the O;
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Retention in the T of the general notions, through which description of the situation in the original is effected, i.e. retention of that part of the original text that was called “method of describing the situation”.
56. Relations between the contents of the O and the T in such cases may be classed as formal-logical relations between notions: equipotence, subordination, contradiction, crossing. Presence of such relations may serve an additional indication to greater semantic similarity of the O and the T of this type, in comparison with the 1st and the 2nd levels of equivalence. Similarity of the main notions means retention of the structure of the message, when the same features are chosen to describe the situation of the O and the T.
Main kinds of semantic variations in the framework of the third level of equivalence.
Within one method of describing the situation there are several kinds of semantic variations. The choice of the contensive category, on the basis of which the situation will be described, does not fully determine the organization of the information conveyed. Variation of the semantic organization of the utterance creates synonymic structures, related by the similarity of number of semes.
In connection with this we can observe both full coincidence of the structure of the message, and the use in translation of synonymic structures, related with the source one by semantic paraphrase.
58. The comparative analysis of translations shows that most often occur the following kinds of variation:
1) the degree of detailization of description;
2) way of uniting the described features in an utterance;
3) direction of relations between the features;
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